THE 



FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES 

OF 

AMERICA; 

OE, 

THE CULTURE, PROPAaATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE 
QARDEN AND ORCHARD, OF FRUIT-TREES GENERALLY ; 

WITH 

DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE 
AND FOREIGN, CULTHTATED IN THIS COUNTRY. 



By a. J. DOWIsTING, 

OOEKESPONDING MEMBER OF THE EOYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON; AND OP THE HOETIOTJL- 
TUEAL SOCIETIES OP BEELIN, THE LOW COITNTKIES, MASSACHUSETTS, 
PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, CINCINNATI, ETC. 



Second Revision and Correction, with large Additions and an Appendix of 1873, 
including many New Varieties, 

By CHAELES DOWNING. 



APPLES. 




mW YOEK: 
JOHN WILEY & SON, 15 ASTOH PLACE. 
1872. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by 
JOHN WILEY & SON, 
In the OfSce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 



Poole & Maclauchlan, Printers, 
205-213 East Twelfth Street, 
New York. 



TO 

MARSHALL P. WILDER, Esq., 

PKESIDENT OF THE 

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY, 
THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, 

BY HIS FEIEXD, 

THE AUTHOR. 



A. isroTE 

ON THB 

FRUITS OF CALIFORNIA 



Since the publication of the recent edition of this book, 
the author has visited California, and his observations in that 
newly developed region have elicited the facts that fruit trees 
grow much faster there, and come into bearing much earlier 
than with us, and it may be fairly inferred, therefore, that 
they will not be as long-lived. 

The same varieties of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Apri- 
cots, Cherries, &c., are grown as with us ; but all kinds of fruit, 
especially some kinds of Apples, do not succeed equally well 
as in the Eastern States. The following sorts were considered 
most profitable : Williams' Favorite, Early Strawberry, Eed 
Astrachan, Early Harvest, Winesap, Pawles' Janet, Newtown 
Pippin, White Winter Pearmain, Smith's Cider, Yellow Belflower. 
Newtown Pippin best and most profitable. The Northern Spy 
and Baldwin had failed. 

The fruit is rather larger, fairer, and handsomer, and the 
quality equally good, except Strawberries and Blackberries, 
which were not quite as high flavored. Grapes are grown exten- 
sively in many localities, and succeed admirably. They are 
chiefly of the foreign varieties, and are grown in the open air, 
without protection, requiring but little labor, compared with our 
system of cultivation. 



They are grown in the tree form on stems or stumps from 
two to three feet hi^h, and those from ten to fifteen years old 
are from five to six inches in diameter. The \dnes are planted 
from seven to eight feet apart, each waj^ They are pruned, 
annually, back to the stems, and when the new shoots have 
grown five or six inches, all are thinned out, except ten or / 
twelve of the strongest, and in most vineyards they have no 
further care till gathering time, except to keep the ground 
clean. 

In some orchards that had been neglected, the trees were 
failing, and I was told that if the ground was not cultivated 
and the trees cared for, they soon died. 

We found Figs abundant and of fine quality in nearly 
every locality we visited. English Walnuts, or Madeira Isnts, 
Almonds, and Olives are grown successfully in most places. 

The climate and soil are favorable for fruit-growing. In 
the latter, clay predominates. The characteristics of fruit are 
about the saiue as with us. 



CONTENTS. 



Preface , ix 

Preface to the Second Revision xiii 

Abbreviations and Books Quoted xvii 

CHAPTER I. 

The Production of New Varieties of Fruit 1 

The Van Mons Theory 5 

Cross-Breeding 7 

CHAPTER 11. 

Remarks on the Duration of the Varieties of Fruit-Trees 10 

CHAPTER III. 

Propagation of Varieties, Grafting, Budding, Cuttings, Layers, 

AND Suckers 16 

CHAPTER lY. 

Pruning 33 

CHAPTER Y. 

Training 88 

CHAPTER YI. 

Transplanting 45 

CHAPTER YH. 

The Position of Fruit-Trees — Soul and Aspect 51 

CHAPTER YHI. 

General Remarks on Insects 54 



viii 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IX. 

PAGE 



The Apple 58 

Uses 59 

Propagation 60 

Soil and Situation 61 

Preparing, Planting, and Cultivation of Orchards 62 

Pruning 63 

Insects 63 

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 67 

Cider 69 

Varieties, Classification, and Terms used in Describing Apples 70 

Descriptive List of Varieties 72 

Siberian Crabs and Improved Siberian Apples, with Descriptive List 421 

Select List of Varieties for Table Use, Cooking, and Keeping, &c. . . . 427 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists 437 

CHAPTER X. 

The Almond 430 

Uses and Cultivation 430 

Descriptive List of Varieties 431 

Ornamental Varieties 432 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 437 



APPENDIX. 



PREFACE. 



A MAJf born on the banks of one of the noblest and most fruitful 
rivers in America, and whose best days have been spent in gardens and 
orchards, may perhaps be pardoned for talking about fruit-trees. 

Indeed the subject deserves not a few, but many words. " Fine 
fruit is the flower of commodities." It is the most perfect union of the 
useful and the beautiful that the earth knows. Trees full of soft 
foliage ; blossoms fresh with spring beauty ; and, finally, — fruit, rich, 
bloom-dusted, melting, and luscious, — such are the treasures of the 
orchard and the garden, temptingly offered to every landholder in this 
bright and sunny, though temperate climate. 

" If a man," says an acute essayist, " should send for me to come a 
hundred miles to visit him, and should set before me a basket of fine 
summer fruit, I should think there was some proportion between the 
labor and the reward." 

I must add a counterpart to this. He who owns a rood of proper 
land in this country, and, in the face of all the pomonal riches of the 
day, only raises crabs and choke-pears, deserves to lose the respect of all 
sensible men. The classical antiquarian must pardon one for doubting 
if, amid all the wonderful beauty of the golden age, there was anything 
to equal our delicious modern fruits — our honeyed Seckels, and Beurres, 
our melting Rareripes. At any rate, the science of modern horticulture 
has restored almost everything that can be desired to give a paradisi- 
acal richness to our fruit-gardens. Yet there are many in utter igno- 
rance of most of these fruits, who seem to live under some ban of expul- 
sion from all the fair and goodly productions of the garden. 

Happily, the number is every day lessening. America is a young 
orchard^ but when the planting of fruit-trees in one of the newest States 
numbers nearly a quarter of a million in a single year ; when there are 
more peaches exposed in the markets of New York, annually, than are 
raised in all France ; when American apples, in large quantities, com- 
mand double prices in European markets ; there is little need for enter- 
ing into any praises of this soil and climate generally, regarding the cul- 
ture of fruit. In one part or another of the Union every man may, 
literally, sit under his own vine and fig-tree. 



X 



PREFACE. 



It is fortunate for an author, in this practical age, when his subject 
requii-es no explanation to show its downright and direct usefulness. 
When I say I heartily desire that every man should cultivate an or- 
chard, or at least a tree, of good fruit, it is not necessary that I should 
point out how much both himself and the public will be, in every sense, 
the gainers. Otherwise I might be obliged to repeat the advice of Dr. 
Johnson to one of his friends. " If possible," said he, " have a good 
orchard. I know a clergyman of small income who brought up a family 
very reputably, which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings." (!) 

The first object, then, of this work is to increase the taste for the 
planting and cultivation of fruit-trees. The second one is to furnish a 
manual for those who, already more or less informed upon the subject, 
desire some work of reference to guide them in the operations of cul- 
ture, and in the selection of varieties. 

If it were only necessary for me to present for the acceptance of my 
readers a choice garland of fruit, comprising the few sorts that I esteem 
of the most priceless value, the space and time to be occupied would be 
very brief. 

But this would only imperfectly answer the demand that is at pres- 
ent made by our cultivators. The country abounds with collections of 
all the finest foreign varieties ; our own soil has produced many native 
sorts of the highest merit ; and from all these, kinds may be selected 
which are highly valuable for every part of the country. But opinions 
difler much as to the merits of some sorts. Those which succeed per- 
fectly in one section, are sometimes ill-adapted to another. And, 
finally, one needs some accurate description to know, when a variety 
comes into bearing, if its fruit is genuine, or even to identify an indifter- 
ent kind, in order to avoid pi'ocuring it again. Hence the number of 
varieties of fruit that are admitted here. Little by little I have sum- 
moned them into my pleasant and quiet court, tested them as far as 
possible, and endeavored to pass the most imj)artial judgment upon 
them. The verdicts will be found in the following pages. 

From this great accumulation of names. Pomology has become an 
embarrassing study, and those of our readers who are large collectors 
will best understand the difficulty — nay, the impossibility of making a 
work like this perfect. 

Towards settling this chaos in nomenclature, the exertions of the 
Horticultural Society of London have been steadily directed for the last 
twenty years. That greatest of experimental gardens contains, or has 
contained, nearly all the varieties of fruit, from all parts of the world, 
possessing the least celebrity. The vast confusion of names, dozens 
sometimes meaning the same variety, has been by careful comparison 
reduced to something like real order. The relative merit of the kinds 
has been proved and published. In short, the horticultural world owes 



PEEFACE. 



xi 



this Society a heavy debt of gi'atitiide for these labors, and to the 
science and accuracy of Mr. Robert Thompson, the head of its fruit 
department, horticulturists here ^^ill gladly join me in bearing the fullest 
testimony. 

To give additional value to these results, I have adopted in nearly 
all cases, for fruits kno^vn abroad, the nomenclature of the London 
Horticultural Society. By this means I hope to render universal on 
this side of the Atlantic the same standard names, so that the difficidty 
and confusion which have al\^'ays more or less surrounded this part of 
the subject may be hereafter avoided. 

These foreign fruits have now been nearly all proved in this country, 
and remarks on their value in this climate, deduced from actual experi- 
ence, are here given to the public. To our native and local fruits espe- 
cial care has also been devoted. Xot only have most of the noted sorts 
been proved in the gardens here, but I have had specimens before me 
for comparison, the gi^o^vth of no less than fourteen of the different 
States. There are still many sorts, nominally fine, vrhich remain to be 
collected, compared, and proved ; some of vrhich vriil undoubtedly 
deserve a place in future editions. To the kindness of pomologists in 
various sections of the country I must trust for the detection of errors in 
the present volume, and for information of really A'aluable nev varieties. ""^ 

Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. 
First, is given the standard name hi capitals. Below this are placed, in 
smaller type, the various synfyroj m.-.s^ or local names, by which the same 
fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country. Thus, on 
page 761, is the following : 

Flemish Beauty. 

Belle de Flanclres. I Pohe Davy. 
Bosch Xouvelle. j IiTip^^ratrice de France. 
Bosch. I Fondant clu Bois. 

Bosc She. I Boschpeer. 

Beurre Spence (erroni'judy). 

By this is signified, fii\st, that Fleaiish Beauty is the standard name 
of the pear; secondly, that the others — synrynyrnes — are various local 
names by which the Flemish Beauty is also known in various places ; 
and, lastly, that by the latter name — Beurre Spence — it is incorrectly 
known, in some collections, this name belonging to another distinct pear. 

It is at once apparent that one of the chief points of value of a 
book like this, lies in the accuracy with which these synonymotts names 

* It is well to remark that many of the so-called new Tarieties. especially from 
the West, prove to be old and ell-known kin Is. slig'hily altered in appearance by 
new sou and different climate. A new variety must possess very superior qualities 
to entitle it to regard, now that we have so many fine fruits in our collections. 



xii 



PREFACE. 



are given — since a person might, in looking over different catalogues 
issued here and abroad, suppose that all ten of the above are different 
varieties — when they are really all different names for a single pear. In 
this record of synonymes, I have therefore availed myself of the valu- 
able experience of the London Horticultural Society, and added all the 
additional information in my own possession. 

Many of the more important varieties of fruit are shown in outline. 
I have chosen this method as likely to give the most correct idea of the 
form of a fruit, and because I believe that the mere outline of a fruit, 
like a profile of the human face, will often be found more characteristic 
than a highly finished portrait in color. The outlines have been nearly 
all traced directly from fruits grown here. They are from specimens 
mostly heloiv the average size. It has been the custom to choose the 
largest and finest fruits for illustration — a practice very likely to mis- 
lead. I believe the general character is better expressed by specimens 
of medium size, or rather below it. 

It only remains for me to present my acknowledgments to the nu- 
merous gentlemen, in various parts of the country, who have kindly fur- 
nished information necessary to the completion of the work. The names 
of many are given in the body of the volume. But to the following I 
must especially tender my thanks, for notes of their experience, or for 
specimens of fruits to solve existing doubts. 

In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder, S. G. Perkins, J. P. 
Gushing, B. V. French, S. Downer, and C. M. Hovey, of Boston; John 
G. Lee, J. M. Ives, the late Pobert Manning, and his son, P. Manning, 
of Salem ; and Otis Johnson, of Lynn. 

In Connecticut, to Dr. E. W. Bull, of Hartford ; Mr. S. Lyman, of 
Manchester ; and the Pev, H. S. Pamsdell, of Thompson. 

In New York, to Messrs. David Thomas, of Aurora ; J. J. Thomas, 
of Macedon ; Luther Tucker and Isaac Denniston, of Albany ; Alexan- 
der Walsh, of Lansingburgh ; T. H. Hyatt, of Pochester ; P. L. Pell, 
of Pelham ; C. Downing, of Newburgh ; and Wm. H. Aspinwall, of 
Staten Island. 

In Ohio, to Professor Kirtland, of Gleveland ; Dr. Hildreth, of 
Marietta ; and Messrs. N. Longworth, C. W. Elliott, and A. H. Ernst, 
of Cincinnati. 

In Indiana, to the Pev. H. W. Beecher, of Indianapolis. In i^ew 
Jersey, to Messrs. Thomas Hancock, of Burlington, and J. W. Hayes, 
of Newark. In Pennsylvania, to Mr. Frederick Brown and Col. Carr. 
of Philadelphia. In Maryland, to Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Baltimore, 
In Georgia, to James Camak, Esq., of Athens. 

A. J.D. 

Highland Gardens, ) 
. Neioburgh^ N. Z, Mny^ 1845. \ 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. 



The second revision of the Fruits axd Feuit-Trees of America, 
originally written by my lamented brother, in 1845, has been under- 
taken with very great hesitancy ; but the extended increased interest in 
fruit-culture, and demand for this work, have seemed to require of me 
such aid in its construction, commensurate with the progress of the age, 
as I could command. 

I have therefore, by the assistance of numerous friends in all parts of 
the States and the Canadas, gathered together material, and embodied, 
enlarged, and re^^.sed the work, trusting that the desire to assist, aid, and 
continue the advancement of fruit-culture may be taken as the incentive 
which has guided my labors ; and that imperfections will not be too 
freely commented upon, without careful thought of the time and obser- 
vation, etc., requisite in deciding many points in Pomology. The cor- 
recting or deciding relative to the various names under which one fruit 
is known in different sections, was originally a feature of great diffi- 
culty, even when they were brought together and grown in one garden, 
as by the London Horticultural Society; but when this has to be done 
with the varieties spread over such a wide territory, and with so many 
varied climates and soils as ours, the task is one of no light character. 
At the first writing of this book the accumulation of names was such 
as to then cause the study of Pomology to be counted as an embarrass- 
ing one. What then shall we say of it now, when the list of names has 
been more than trebled? Kew varieties have sprung into existence 
with the magic rapidity belonging to everything of our country ; but, 
unfortunately, regard has not always been had to the qualifications 
which should have been by them possessed ere their introduction to 
o\ir lists ; and at this day I may safely say that not perhaps one in 
tliirty of the recent introductions, for the past twenty years, will bear 
the criticism of a first-class fruit. 

In my revision I have endeavored to keep as near as possible the 
simple arrangement of the original, omitting the arrangement of classes 
and periods of ripening, and placing the whole alphabetically in order, 
trusting to the text description to give the information sought by the 
reader. The nomenclature of the London Horticultural Society in the 
original edition has been retained, and, so far as known, I have con- 
tinued the original name by which each fruit was first described, as its 
true name, appending all others as sjmonyms. 

In the first edition of this work the names of authors who had 



xiv 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION". 



before given descriptions of the fruits were appended to each descrip- 
tion, but owing to the great number of names such a record would 
now make, and to its little practical benefit, I have omitted it. 

In the labor of ascertaining synonj^ms and identifying disputed varie- 
ties, much credit is due to the American Pomological, Massachu- 
setts, Western New York, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and other 
kindred Societies, by their gathering and comparing great numbers of 
specimens from various sources, and in the accumulation of knowledge 
and opinions here reported as the result of long-continued examinations 
of private individuals. But the confusion of names yet exists to a large 
extent, and while much has been done toward correction, order and accu- 
racy can only be arrived at when the different varieties are well grown 
in the same soil and locality, a result only to be realized in an experi- 
mental garden on a large scale. 

The place of origin of each variety has been attached whenever it 
could be truly traced or known; but many are noted only as having 
been received from certain States or sections, their origin being possibly 
in another State. The period of maturity has been given as its period 
when fruited here ; but it is well known locations South or North cause 
great changes in this respect, as well as in quality, and many good long- 
keeping winter apples of this section, when gro\ATi in our Southern 
States, become early autumn and inferior sorts. Again, nearly all varie- 
ties of our early summer fruits, although ripened at an earlier period, 
are equal, if not improved, in size and quality when grown at the South. 

In the revision of a former edition, as well as in aid of re^dsion of 
the present, I have received valuable notes, specimens of fruits, &c., 
from a large number of gentlemen, and in here making my grateful ac- 
knowledgments, I desire to record all names as a simple tribute, al- 
though some have passed from this land of chaotic terrestrial fruit 
to that where order and system ever reigns. 

In Massachusetts — to John Milton Earl, Samuel Colton, George A. 
Chamberlain, and George Jacques, Worcester ; J. C. Stone, Shrewsbury ; 
F. Burr, Hingham ; Asa Clement, Lowell ; Willis P. Sargent, West 
Amesbury ; O. Y. Hills, Leominster ; Dr. L. W. Puffer, North Bridge- 
water ; Joseph Merrill, James D. Black, and N. Page, Danversport ; Asa- 
hel Foote, Williamstown ; Col. E. Stone, Dedham ; Simon Brown, Con- 
cord ; J. W. Manning, Reading; Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester; C. 
M. Hovey, Boston ; J. F. C. Hyde, Newton Centre ; N. P. Morrison, 
North Cambridge ; M. Ordway, West Newbury ; J. W. Clark, Fram- 
ingham ; J. W. Foster, Dorchester ; Sumner Goss, Millbury ; Jona- 
than A mes. West BridgeAvater ; Robert Manning, Salem ; Joel Knapp, 
Wilkinsonville ; S. W. Cole, Chelsea. 

In Connecticut — to S. D. Pardee and Prof. Eli Ives, New Haven ; 
Sheldon Moore, Kensington ; George Seymour, Norwalk ; G. W. Gager, 
Sharon; P. S. Beers, Southville ; D. S. Dewey and Dr. G. W". Eussell, 



PEEFACE TO THE SECOND EEVISION. 



XV 



Hartford; S. Lyman, Mancliester; Major J. McLella.n, Woodstock; 
Dr. D. W. Goit, Norwich ; E. Newbury, Brooklyn. 

In Canada West — to Charles Arnold, Paris ; D. W. Beadle, St. Ca- 
tharine's ; Wm. H. Reed, Port Dalhousie. 

In Yermont — to Chauncey Goodrich and Rev. John Wheeler, Burling- 
ton ; J. M. Ketchum, Brandon ; G. W. Harman, Bennington ; Buel Lan- 
don, Grand Isle ; Albert Bresee, Hubbardton ; Solon Burroughs, Waltham. 

In New York — to Wm. S. Ferris, Williamsbridge ; T. M. Youngiove 
and S. B. Pairchild, Hammondsport ; Jacob G. Sickles, Stuy vesant ; Chas. 

G. Benedict, Perry ; Wm. Brocksbank, Hudson ; E. Moody and L. 
C. Hoag, Lockport ; Wm. S. Carpenter, Bye ; Dr. James Pountain, 
Jefferson Yalley ; S. P. Carpenter, New Rochelle ; William P. Pidnce, 
Flushing ; Dr. C. W. Grant, Dr. T. B. Shelton, James H. Picketts, and 
A. Saul, Newburgh ; Elisha Dorr and Prof. James Hall, Albany ; J. W. 
Bailey, Plattsburgh ; J. Battey, Keeseville ; J. C. Hastings, Clinton; 
Matthew Mackie, Clyde; Isaac Hildreth, Watkins; T. C. Maxwell 
Brothers, and W. T. & E, Smith, Geneva; Ellwanger and Berry, 

H. E. Hooker, A. Frost & Co., and James H. Watts, Rochester ; J. B. 
Eaton, Buffalo ; Stephen Underhill, Croton Point ; Wm. Collins, 
Smyrna ; M. J. Parrish, Hillsdale ; N. T. Arms, Albany ; Geo. S. Con- 
over, West Fayette; H. N. Longworthy, Rochester; Reagles & Son, 
Schenectady ; James Yick, Rochester ; John R. Comstock, Hart's Yil- 
lage ; James M. Matteson, Jacksonville ; Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons ; 
E. G. Studley, Claverick ; Dr. Henry Reeder, Yarick ; Isaac Hicks, 
Old Westbury ; W. Brown Smith, Syracuse ; J. H. Case, New Hart- 
ford ; Harvey Green, Jefferson Yalley. 

In New Jersey — to Louis E. Berckmanns, Plainfield ; William Reid, 
Elizabetlitown ; James McLean, Roadstown ; William Parry, Cinna- 
nimson ; A. G. Baldwin, Newark; Chas. Davis, jr., Philipsburgh ; 
David Pettit, Salem ; John Needles, Mt. Laurel ; E. Williams, Mont- 
clair ; A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood ; Peter B. Mead, Tenafly. 

In Pennsylvania — to Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Chas. Harmer, and Dr. J. 
S. Houghton, Philadelphia ; Chas. Kessler and Daniel B. Lorah, Read- 
ing ; Dr. J. K. Eshleman and Jonathan Baldwin, Downington ; Thomas 
Harvey, West Grove; David Miller, jr., Carlisle; D. H. Wakefield, 
Rostra ver ; Josiah Hoopes, Westchester ; S. W. Noble, Jenkintown ; 
J. A. Nelson & Sons, Indian Run ; Edward J. Evans, York ; O. T. 
Hobbs, Randolph ; B. L. Ryder, Loudon ; Mahlon Moon, Morrisville ; 
Daniel Engle and Engle Brothers, Marietta ; Caspar Hiller, Cones- 
toga Centre ; Luckens Peirce, Coatesville ; Wm. G. Waring, Tyrone ; 
Samuel Miller, Lebanon ; John Hamilton, Jersey Shore ; Wilson Den- 
nis, Applebackville ; W. L, Nesbit, Lewisburg ; E. H. Cocklin, 
Shepherdstown ; Josiah G. Youngken, Richland Town. 

In Ohio — to Robert Buchanan and A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati ; D. C. 
Richmond, Sandusky ; A. Thompson, Delaware ; M. B. Batcham, 



xvi 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND KEVISION. 



Painesville ; N. L. Wood, Smithfield ; Isaac Dillen, Zanesville ; Samuel 
Myers, Salem; H. K Gillett, Quaker Bottom; J. N. Shepherd, 
Marion ; Rev. J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe ; Geo. W. Campbell, Dela- 
ware ; A. & E,. G. Hanford, Columbus ; Chas. Carpenter, Kelley Island ; 
S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati ; L. S. Mote, West Milton ; Prof. J. P. Kirt- 
land, F. E. Elliott, Dr. E. Taylor, and S. B. Marshall, Cleveland; R. J. 
Black, Bremen ; Geo. Hapgood, Warren ; W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- 
tory ; A. L. Benedict, Ashley ; H. P. McMaster, Leonardsburgh. 

In Illinois — to Dr. J. A. Kennicott, West Northfield ; F. K. Phoenix 
and C. R. Overman, Bloomington ; Arthur Bryant, Princeton ; Tyler 
McWhorter, Pomeroy ; A. M. Lawver, South Pass ; J. W. Stewart, 
Quincy ; E. H. Skinner, Marengo ; Dr. L. S. Pennington, Sterling ; J. S. 
Shearman, Rockford ; J. A. Grain, Undulation. 

In Kentucky — to H. P. Byram, Louisville ; F. Pound, Shortsville ; 
J. S. Downer, Fairview ; D. L. Adair, Hawesville ; Dr. S. J. Leavell, 
Trenton ; Geo. C. Curtiss, Maysville ; Thos. Kennedy, Louisville ; A. 
L. Woodson, Woodsonville. 

In Iowa — to James C. Smith, Des Moines ; Finley & Dwyre, Daven- 
port ; Henry Avery, Burlington. 

In Indiana — to Reuben Regan, Nicholsonville ; John C. Teas, Rays- 
ville ; Wm. H. Loomis and E. Y. Teas, Richmond ; J. D. G. Nelson, 
Fort Wayne. 

In Maine — to S. L. Goodall, Saco. 

In New Hampshire — to Robert Wilson, Keane ; Nathan Norton, 
Greenland, and Charles H. Sanborn, Hampton Yalley. 

In Michigan — to T. T. Lyon, Plymouth ; Dr. D. K. Underwood, 
Adrian. 

In Delaware — to Edward Tatnall, Wilmington. 
In Virginia — to H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh. 
In Missouri — to George Husmann, Hermann. 
In Washington — to John Saul. 

In Georgia — to William N. White and Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens ; 
Richard C. Peters and Wm. H. Thurmond, Atlanta ; J. Van Beuren, 
Clarksville, and P. J. Berckmans, Augusta. 

In North Carolina — to G. W. Johnson, Milton ; Westbrooke & Co., 
Greensboro ; R. L. Steele, Rockingham. 

In South Carolina — to Wm. H. Sumner, Pomona; A. P. Wylie, 
Chester. 

In Alabama — to R. R. Hunley, Harpersville ; R. S. Owen, Tus- 
caloosa. 

In Tennessee — to J, W. Dodge, Pomona. 

In Nova Scotia — to C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis. 



CHARLES DOWNING. 



ABBREYIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 



Arboretum Britannicum ; or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and 
botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described. By J. 
C. Loudon. London, 1845, 8 vols, 8vo. 

Annales de la SocUU d' Horticulture de Paris. — Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo. 
1827 to 1845. 

Annales de Vlnstitut de Fromont. Par le Chevalier Souiange Bodin. Paris, 8yo. 
1829 to 1834, 6 vols. 

Adlum. A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best mode 
of making Wine. By John Adhim. 12mo. Washington, 1828. 

Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour I'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes ge- 
ueraux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau and M. Vilmorin, Paris. 12mo, — 
yearly volume. 

Bushy. A Visit to the principal Vineyards of France and Spain. By Jas. Busby. 

New York, 12mo, 1835. 
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth 

ed. New York, 1844, 8vo. 
BaumanrCs Gat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre disponible dans I'Etab- 

lissement des Freres Baumann, a Bolwiller, 1842. 
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of 

the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadelphia, 

8vo, 1817. 

Chaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. Amer- 
ican ed. , 12mo, Boston, 1835. 

Cobhett. The American G-ardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. 12mo. 

Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. 
Boston, 8vo, 1840-41. 

BorfYh. Qard. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 
1839, 8vo. 

Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris, 
1768, 2 vols. 4to. 

Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c. Edited by 
Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time, 8vo. 

Diel. Versuch einer Systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhandener 
Kernobstsorten. Von Dr. Aug. Freidr. Ad. Diel. 12mo. 24 vols., 1799 — 
1825. 

De Candolle. Physiologic Vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions 
vitales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3 vols. 8vo. 

. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Vegetabilis. Paris, 1818—1830, 

4 vols. 8vo. 

B^Albret. Cours Theorique et Pratique de la Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par 
D'Albret. Paris, 1840, 8vo. 

Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By Wil- 
liam Forsyth. 7th ed., London, 1824, 8vo. 

Floy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by 
Michael Floy. New York, 1833, 12mo. 

Fessenden. New American Gardener, containing practical Directions for the Cul- 
ture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828, 
12mo. 

Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C Loudon. In monthly 
Nos. 8vo, 19 vols, to 1844, London. 



XVUl 



ABBEEVIATIONS AXD BOOKS QUOTED. 



Gard. Chron. Tlie Gardener's Ctironicle and Agricultural Gazette, edited bj 
Professor Lindley. A weekly journal, 4to, 5 vols., 1844 to the present time 

Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on open walls. 
By Clement Hoare. London, 1840, 12mo. 

Eort. SoG. Cat. See Thompson. 

Hart. Trans. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. London 

4to, 1815, and at intervals to the present time. 
IIooJcGV. Pomona Londonensis. By William Hooker. London, 1813, 4to. 
Hayward. The Science of Horticulture. By Joseph Hayward. London, 

1824, 8vo. 

Harris. ^A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. By 
Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1841, 8vo. 

Hov. Mag. or //. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Affairs. 
Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo, monthly Nos. 1834 to the pre- 
sent time. 

Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F. 

Johnston. American ed. , New York, 12mo, 2 vols., 1842. 
Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier. Par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 

2 vols. 8vo. 

KnigJit. Various Articles in the London Horticultural Transactions. By Thomas 
Andrew Knight, its late President. 

Knoo]). Pomologie ; ou, Description des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Joh. Herm. 
Knoop. Amsterdam, 1771, Fol, 

Ken. The New American Orchardist. By William Kem-ick. Boston, 1844. 

Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. 
By Vincent Kollar, Notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo. 

Langley. Pomona; or. The Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. Lon- 
don, 1729, Folio. 

LoiLdon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening, By J. C. Loudon. London, 1835, 
1 thick vol. 8vo. 

An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick 

vol. 8vo. 

An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London, 1831, 1 thick 

vol. 8vo. 

Hortas Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the 

same. London, 8vo. 

The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842, 8vo. 

The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. London, 

1838, 1842, 8vo. 

Arboretum et Fmticetum Britannicum. By the same. 8 vols. , London, 

1838, 8vo. 

Liehig. Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology. 
. By Justus Liebig. American ed. , Cambridge, 1844, 12mo. 

Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden ; or, an Account of the Fruits 
and Vegetables cultivated in. Great Britain. By George Lindley. Lon- 
don, 1831, 8vo. 

Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London. 1832, 
8vo. 

. An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. 

London, 1835, 2d ed., 8vo. 

. British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine— it is the same work. 

• . The Theory of Horticulture ; or. An Attempt to explain the Operation 

of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. London, 

8vo, 1840. 

. The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New York, 

1841, 12mo. 

L. or Linnmis. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols. 8vo. 
Lelieur . La Pomone Francaise ; ou, Traite de la Culture Franyaise, et de la 

Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par le Comte Lelieur. Paris, 1811, 8vo. 
Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning. 2d ed., enlarged by 

John M. Ives, Salem, 1844, 12mo. 
Man. in H. M. Manning's Articles in Hovey's Magazine. 

Mill The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Revised by 
Professor Martyn. London, 1819, 2 vols. 8vo. 



ABBREVIATIONS A^^D BOOKS QUOTED. 



Michaux. The Xorth American Sjlva ; or. Description of the Forest Trees 
of the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, 1819, 
3 vols. 8vo. 

M'LitosJi. The Orchard and Fruit Garden, By Charles 3IcIntosh. London. 
1819. 12mo. 

K. Bull. (The Xew Duhamel) Trait4 des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel. Nou- 
veUe edition augmentee, etc. Par IsCsL. Poiteau et Turpin, Paris. 5 vols, 
folio. 1808. et seq. 

I^ok. See Jardin Fruitier. 

^Tew Eiiglrrad Farraer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horticul- 
ture, ifcc. Boston, 4to, continued to the present time. 
0. Duh. See Dulvund. 

Pom. Mrig. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine ; or. Figures and Descriptions of 
the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Lon- 
don, 1828. 3 vols. 8vo. 

Pom. 3Ian. The Pomological 3Ianual. Bv "William R. Prince. Xew York, 
1831, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. Xew York. 1830, 
8vo. 

Prince. A Short Treatise on Horticulture. Bv William Prince. Xew York, 
1828. 12mo. 

PfLiUvps. Pomarium Britannicum ; an Historical and Botanical Account of 
the Fruits known in Great Britain. By Hemy Phillips. London. 1820, 
8vo. 

' Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francaise. Eecueil des plus beaux Fruits cul- 
tiv^^s en France. Par Poiteau. Paris. 1838, and continued in 4to num- 
bers. 

RitefTS. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Ptivers. Sawbridge- 

worth, 1843-68. pamphlet. 8vo. 
Ron. or Ronalds. Pyrus Mains Brentfordienses ; or, A Concise Description of 

Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds. London. 

1831. 4to. 

Ray. Historia Plantarum, a John Rav, M. D. London, 3 vols. , folio, 1036 — 
1T04._ 

Recue Horticole. Journal 'des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris, 
1844. et chaque mois. 12mo. 

Switzer. The Practical Fruit Gardener. By Stephen Switzer, 1724. 8vo. 

Torrey & Gray. A Flora of Xorth America, containing abridged Descriptions of 
all the known Plants growing north of the Gulf of Mexico. By John 
Torrey, 31. D.. and Asa Gray, M.D. Xew York. vol. 1st, 8vo. Xevv' York, 
1840. and still in progress. 

TJiomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul- 
tural Society of London. 3d ed. . London. 1842. [Prepared with great 
care by Robert Thompson, the Head of tlie Fruit Department ] 

TMcTter. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M.D. Boston, 1822, 
8vo. 

VanMons. Arbres Fruitiers ; ou. Pomologie Beige Exp'rimentale et Raisonn'e. 

Par J. R. Yan Mons. Louvain. 1835— 1-836, 2 vols. 12mo. 
. Catalogue das Arbres Fruitiers, Descriptif. Abr 'ge. Par J. B. Van 

Mons. Louvain. 1823. 
WMer MSS. Manuscript Xotes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq., President of 

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 
Al. Porn. Album de Pomologie ; in which the fruits of Belgium are figured and 

described. 

An. Purn. Annals of Pomology ; a periodical published by royal commission, in 

which choice fruits are figured and described. 
G. H. A. Comice of Horticulture of Angers. 

Hart. The Horticulturist of Rural Ai-t and Riiral Taste. 22 vols. 
Gole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, Boston, Mass. 

TJiomas. American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas, Union Springs, Xe-w 
York. 

Barry. The Emit Garden. By P. Barrv', Rochester, Xew York. 
Waring. The Fruit-Grower's Hand Book Bv Wm. G. Waring, Boalsburg, Pa 
EUiott. American Fruit-Grower s Guide. By^F. R. EUiott, Cleveland, 0. 



XX 



ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED, 



Whitens Gard. Gardening for the South. By Wm. N. White, Athens, Ga, 
Hov. Mag. The Magazine of Horticulture, By C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass 
33 vols. 

JV. Y. Hort. Rev. New York Horticultural Review. By C. Reagles, New York. 
Ad. Int. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 

Ga. Pom. 8. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Georgia Pomological Society. 

Me. Pom. 8. Rep. Annual Report of the Maine Pomological Society, 

A. Pom. 8. Transactions of the American Pomological Society. 

L. E. Berckmari's MS. Manuscript Notes by Louis E. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. 

W. D. BrinckMs M8. Manuscript Notes by W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. 
R. Manning's M8. Manuscript Notes by Robert Manning, Salem, Mass. 
A. H. Ernst MS. Manuscript Notes by A. H. Ernst. Cincinnati, Ohio. 
R. Buchanan MS. Manuscript Notes by Robert Buchanan, Cincionati, Ohio. 

Wm. JSr. White MS. Manuscript Notes by Wm. N. mite, Athens, Ga. 
J. Van Beuren's MS. Manuscript Notes by ,T. Van Beuren, Clarksville, Ga. 
H. R. Rohey MS. Manuscript Notes by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburg, Va. 
Samuel Miilei\ Jr. , MS. Manuscript Notes by Samuel Miller, Jr. , Cumberland, 
Pa. 

T. 8. Downer MS. Manuscript Notes by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky. 

Warder. American Pomology. By J. A. Warder. 

0. P. 8. Ohio Pomological Society Reports. 

M. 8. II. 8. Missouri State Horticultural Society Reports. 

Verg. The Verger. By M. Mas, Paris, France, 

Hogg. British Pomology and Hogg's Fruit Manual, By Robert Hogg, London, 
England, 

Pa. Rep. Report of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 
Mead. American Grape Culture and Wine-making. By Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, 
N. J. 

Gar. Man. Gardener's Monthly. Edited by Thomas Meahan, Philadelphia, Pa. 
10 vols. 

K. Hort. SoG. Transactions of the Kentucky Horticultural Society. 
J. of II. Journal of Horticulture, Boston, Mass. 

Husmann. The Cultivation of the American Grape, and Manufacture of Ameri- 
can Wines, by George Husmann, Hermann, Mo. 
8. V. M. Reports of the Society Van Mons, Brussels. 
Strang. Cultivation of the Grape. By W. C. Strong, Brighton, Mass. 
Trans. St. L. H. Soc. Transactions of the St. Louis Horticultural Society. 
Am. Hort. An. American Horticultural Annual. Orange Judd & Co. , N. Y. 
Count. Gent. Country Gentleman. Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, N. Y, 32 vols. 
Jar. V. M. Fruits of the Jardin Van Mons. By A. Bivort. BruxeUes, 
Mus. Museum of the Jardin of Fruits. By J. Decaisne. 
Hegel. Survey of Plums, by G. Liegel, Braunau, Austria. 
F. &. P. Florist and Pomologist, London, England. 
leroy. Dictionary of Pomology. By Andre Leroy, Angers, France, 
Fuller. Small Fruit Culturist. By A. S. Fuller 
Fidler. The Grape Culturist. By A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J. 
P. J B. MS. Manuscript Notes of P. J. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. 
J. H. CVeighton. Manuscript Notes by J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe, 0, 
Tat. MS. Manuscript Notes by Edward Tatnall, Wilmington, Del. 
J. W. Bailey. Manuscript Notes by J. W. Bailey. Plattsburg, N. Y. 
Arnold. Manuscript Notes by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W. 
R. R. Hunley, MS. Manuscript Notes by R. R. Hunley, Harpersville, Ala. 



FETJITS AND FEUIT-TREES. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE PR0DUCTI0J5" OF NEW VAEIETIES OF FRUIT. 

In our survey of the culture of fruits let us begin at the beginning. 
Gradual amelioration, and the skilful practice of the cultivator, have so 
filled our orchards and gardens with good fruits, that it is necessary now 
to cast a look back at the types from which these delicious products have 
sprung. 

In the tropical zone, amid the surprising luxuriance of vegetation of 
that great natural hot-house, nature offers to man, almost without care, the 
most refreshing, the most delicious, and the most nutritive fruits. The 
Plantain and Banana, excellent either raw or cooked, bearing all the 
year, and producing upon a rood of ground the sustenance of a family ; 
the refreshing Guava and Sapodilla ; the nutritious Bread-fruit ; such 
are the natural fruit-trees of those glowing climates. Indolently seated 
under their shade, and finding a refreshing coolness both from their ever- 
verdant canopy of leaves, and their juicy fruits, it is not here that we 
must look for the patient and skilful cultivator. 

But, in the temperate climates, nature wears a harsher and sterner 
aspect. Plains bounded by rocky hills, visited not only by genial warmth 
and sunshine, but by cold winds and seasons of ice and snow ; these are 
accompanied by sturdy forests, whose outskirts are sprinkled with crabs 
and wild cherries, and festooned with the clambering branches of the 
wild grape. These native fruits, which at first offer so little to the eye 
or the palate, are nevertheless the types of our garden varieties. Des- 
tined in these climates to a perpetual struggle with nature, it is here 
that we find man amelioratinoj and transforminoj her. 

Transplanted into a warmer aspect, stimulated by a richer soil, reared 
from selected seeds, carefully pruned, sheltered, and watched, by slow 
degrees the sour and bitter crab expands into a Golden Pippin, the wild 
pear loses its thorns and becomes a Bergamotte or a Beurre, the Almond 
is deprived of its bitterness, and the dry and flavorless Peach is at length 
a tempting and delicious fruit. It is thus only, in the face of obstacles, 
in a climate where nature is not prodigal of perfections, and in the midst 
of thorns and sloes, that man, the gardener, arises and forces nature to 
yield to his art. 

These improved sorts of fruit, which man everywhere causes to share 
his civilization, bear, almost equally with himself, the impress of an exist- 

1 



2 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



ence removed from the natural state. When reared from seeds they 
always show a tendency to return to a wilder form, and it seems only 
chance when a new seedling is equal to, or surpasses its parent. Removed 
from their natural form, these artificially created sorts are also much 
more liable to diseases and to decay. From these facts arises the fruit- 
garden, with its various processes of grafting, budding, and other means 
of continuing the sort ; with also its sheltered aspects, warm borders, 
deeper soils, and all its various refinements of art and culture. 

In the whole range of cares and pleasures belonging to th€ garden, 
there is nothing more truly interesting than the production of new varie- 
ties of fruit. It is not, indeed, by sowing the seeds that the lover of 
good fruit usually undertakes to stock his garden and orchard with fine 
fruit-trees. Haising new varieties is always a slow, and, as generally 
understood, a most uncertain mode of bringing about this result. The 
novice plants and carefully watches his hundred seedling pippins, to find 
at last, perhaps, ninety-nine worthless or indiff'erent apples. It appears 
to him a lotterj^, in which there are too many blanks to the prizes. He 
therefore wisely resorts to the more certain mode of grafting from well- 
known and esteemed sorts. 

Notwithstanding this, every year, under the influences of garden cul- 
ture, and often without our design, we find our fruit-trees reproducing 
themselves ; and occasionally there springs up a new and delicious sort, 
whose merits tempt us to fresh trials after perfection. 

To a man who is curious in fruit, — the pomologist, — who views with a 
more than common eye the crimson cheek of a peach, the delicate bloom 
of a plum, or understands the epithets, rich, melting, buttery, as applied 
to a pear, nothing in the circle of culture can give more lively and un- 
mixed pleasure than thus to produce and to create — for it is a sort of 
creation — an entirely new sort, which he believes will prove handsomer 
and better than anything that has gone before. And still more: as 
varieties which originate in a certain soil and climate are found best 
adapted to that locality, the production of new sorts of fruit of high 
merit may be looked on as a most valuable as well as interesting result. 

Besides this, all the fine new fruits which of late figure so conspicu- 
ously in the catalogues of the nurseries and fruit-gardens, have not 
been originated at random and by chance efforts. Some of the most dis- 
tinguished pomologisfcs have devoted years to the subject of the improve- 
ment of fruit-trees by seeds, and have attained, if not certain results, at 
least some general laws, which greatly assist us in tliis process of amelio- 
ration. Let us therefore examine the subject a little more in detail. 

In the wild state, every genus of trees consists of one or more species, 
or strongly marked individual sorts ; as, for example, the white birch 
and the black birch ; or, to confine ourselves more strictly to the mat- 
ter in hand, the diff'erent species of cherry, — the wild or bird cherry, the 
sour cherry, the mazard cherry, &c. These sjjecies, in their natural 
state, exactly reproduce themselves;; to use a common pln-ase, they 
" come the same " from seed. This they have done for centuries, and 
doubtless will do forever, so long as they exist under natural circum- 
stances only. 

On the other hand, suppose we select one of these species of fruit-trees 
and adopt it into our gardens. So long as we cultivate that indi- 
vidual tree, or any part of it, in the shape of sucker, graft, or bud, its 
nature will not be materially altered. It may, indeed, through cultiva- 



THE PKODUCTIOX OF IsTEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



3 



tion, be stimulated into a more luxuriant growth ; it will probably pro- 
duce larger leaves and fruit ; but we shall neither alter its fruit in tex- 
ture, color, or taste. It will always be identically the same. 

The process of amelioration begins ivith a new generation, and by 
sowing tlie seeds. Some species of tree, indeed, seem to refuse to yield 
their wild nature, never producing any variation by seed ; but all fruit- 
trees, and many others, are easily domesticated, and more readily take 
the impress of culture. 

If we sow a quantity of seed in garden soil of the common black 
mazard cherry ( Cerasus avium), we shall find that, in the leaves and 
habit of growth, many of the seedlings do not entirely resemble the 
original species. When they come into bearing, it is probable we shall 
also find as great a diversity in the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. 
Each of these individual plants dilfering from the original type (the 
mazard) constitutes a new variety j though only a few, perhaps only 
one, may be superior to the original species. 

It is worthy of remark, that exactly in proportion as this reproduc- 
tion is frequently repeated, is the change to a great variety of forms or 
new sorts increased. It is likely, indeed, that to gather the seeds from 
a wild mazard in the woods, the instances of departure from the form 
of the original species would be very few ; while if gathered from a gar- 
den tree, itself some time cultivated, or several removes from a wild state, 
though still a mazard, the seedlings will show great variety of character. 

Once in the possession of a variety which has moved out of the nat- 
ural into a more domesticated form, we have in our hands the best ma- 
terial for the improving process. The fixed original habit of the species 
is broken in upon, and tliis variety which we have created has always 
afterwards some tendency to make further departures from the original 
form. It is true that all or most of its seedlings will still retain a like- 
ness to the parent, but a few will difi'er in some respects, and it is by 
seizing upon those which show symptoms of variation that the impro- 
ver of vegetable races founds his hopes. 

We have said that it is a part of the character of a species to produce 
the same from seed. This characteristic is retained even where the 
S2wrt (as gardeners term it) into numberless varieties is greatest. Thus, 
to return to cherries : the Kentish or common pie-cherry is one species, 
and the small black mazard another, and although a great number of 
varieties of each of these species have been produced, yet there is always 
the likeness of the species retained. From the first we may have the 
large and rich Mayduke, and from the last the sweet and luscious Black- 
Hearts ; but a glance will show us that the duke cherries retain the dis- 
tinct dark foliage, and, in the fruit, something of the same flavor, shape, 
and color of the original species ; and the heart cherries the broad leaves 
and lofty growth of the mazard. So too the currant and gooseberry are 
difl'erent species of the same genus ; but though the English gooseberry- 
growers have raised thousands of new varieties of this fruit, and shown 
them as large as hens' eggs, and of every variety of form and color, yet 
their efi'orts with the gooselDerry have not produced anj^hing resembling 
the common currant. 

Why do not varieties produce the same from seed ? Why, if we plant 
the stone of a Green Gage plum, will it not always produce a Green 
Gage ? This is often a puzzling question to the practical gardener, while 
his every-day experience forces him to assent to the fact. 



4 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



We are not sure that the vegetable physiologists will undertake to 
answer this query fully. But in the mean time we can throw some light 
on the subject. 

It will be remembered that our garden varieties of fruits are not 
natural forms. They are the artificial productions of our culture. They 
have always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a 
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state. " There can be 
no doubt," says Dr. Lindley, " that if the arts of cultivation were 
abandoned for only a few years, all the annual varieties of plants in our 
gardens would disappear and be replaced by a few original "vsdld forms." 
Between these two tendencies, therefore, the one derived from nature, 
and the other impressed by culture, it is easily seen how little likely is 
the progeny of varieties always to reappear in the same form. 

Again, our American farmers, who raise a number of kinds of Indian 
corn, very well know that, if they wish to keep the sorts distinct, they 
must grow them in different fields. Without this precaution they find, 
on planting the seeds produced on the yellow-corn plants, that they have 
the next season a progeny not of yellow corn alone, but composed of 
every color and size, yellow, white, and black, large and small, upon the 
farm. Now many of the varieties of fruit-trees have a similar power of 
intermixing vdth each other while in blossom by the dust or pollen of 
their flowers, carried through the air by the action of bees and other 
causes. It will readily occur to the reader, in considering this fact, what 
an influence our custom of planting the different varieties of plum or of 
cherry together in a garden or orchard must have upon the constancy of 
habit in tlie seedlings of such fruits. 

But there is still another reason for this habit, so perplexing to the 
noAT.ce, who, having tasted a luscious fruit, plants, watches, and rears its 
seedling, to find it, perhaps, wholly different in most respects. This is 
the influence of grafting. Among the great number of seedling fruits 
produced in the United States, there is found occasionally a variety, per- 
haps a plum or a peach, which will nearly always reproduce itself from 
seed, jj'rom some fortunate circumstances in its origin, unknown to us, 
this sort, in becoming improved, still retains strongly this habit of the 
natural or wild form, and its seeds produce the same. We can call to 
mind several examples of this; fine fruit-trees whose seeds have estab- 
lished the reputation in the neighborhood of fidelity to the sort. But 
when a graft is taken from one of these trees, and placed upon another 
stock, this grafted tree is found to lose its singular power of producing 
the same by seed, and becomes lilie all other worked trees. The stock 
exercises some, as yet, u.nexplained power in. dissolving the strong natu- 
ral habit of the variety, and becomes, like its fellows, subject to the laws 
of its artificial life.* 

When we desire to raise new varieties of fruit, the common practice 

* The doctrine here advanced has perhaps no foundation in fact, nor has there 
been any test made that, to our knowledge, would controvert it. Observation 
of many years, however, leads to the belief that the mere engrafting a variety 
upon another stock in no way affects its habit or capacity for reproducing itself 
just the same as it would if retained upon its parent root. The great vitality 
possessed by some varieties, their strong character, (fee, prevent them, as it 
were, from receiving impregnation while in flower from any less vigorous sort, 
and hence, as a strong variety is oftener than otherwdse surrounded by those of 
less vitality, it mainly fertilizes itself from its own blossoms and thus reproduces 
its leading qualities. 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



5 



is to collect the seeds of tlie finest table fmits — those sorts whose merits 
are everywhere acknowledged to be the highest. In proceeding thus, 
we are all pretty well aware that the chances are generally a hundred to 
one against our obtaining any new -v'ariety of great excellence. Before 
we ofter any advice on rearing seedlings, let us examine briefly the prac- 
tice and views of two distinguished horticulturists abroad, who have 
paid more attention to this subject than any other persons whatever; 
Dr. Yaii Mons, of Belgium, and Thos. Andrew Knight, Esq., the late 
President of the Horticultural Society of London. 

The Van Mons Theory. 

Dr. Van Mons, Professor at Louvain, devoted the greater part of his 
life to the amelioration of fruits. His nurseries contained, in 1823, no 
less than two thousand seedlings of merit. His perseverance was inde- 
fatigable, and, experimenting mainly on Pears, he succeeded in raising an 
immense number of new varieties of high excellent;e. The Beurre Diel, 
De Louvain, Frederic of Wurtemberg, &c., are a few of the many well- 
known sorts which are the result of his unwearied labors. 

The Van Mons theory may be briefly stated as follows : 

All fine fruits are artificial products ; the aim of nature, in a wild 
state, being only a healthy, vigorous state of the tree, and im-fect seeds 
for continuing the species. It is the object of culture, therefore, to sub- 
due or enfeeble this excess of vegetation ; to lessen the coarseness of the 
tree ; to diminish the size of the seeds ; and to refine the quality and in- 
crease the size of the flesh or pulp. 

There is always a tendency in our varieties of fruit-trees to return 
by their seeds towards a wild state. 

This tendency is most strongly shown in the seeds borne by old fruit- 
trees. And " the older the tree is of any cultivated variety of Pear," 
says Dr. Yan Mons, "the nearer will the seedlings raised from it 
approach a w^ild state, without however ever being able to return to that 
state." 

On the other hand, the seeds of a young fruit-tree of a good sort, be- 
ing itself in the state of amelioration, have the least tendency to retro- 
grade, and are the most likely to produce improved sorts. 

Again, there is a certain limit to perfection in fruits. When this 
point is reached, as in the finest varieties, the next generation will more 
probably produce bad fruit, than if reared from seeds of an indifierent 
sort in the course of amelioration. While, in other words, the seeds of 
the oldest varieties of good fruit mostly yield inferior sorts, seeds taken 
from recent varieties of bad fruit, and reproduced uninterruptedly for 
several generations., will certainly produce good fruit. * 

With these premises, Dr. Yan Mons begins by gathering his seeds 
from a young seedling tree, without paying much regard to its quality, 
except that it must be in a state of variation y that is to say, a garden 
variety, and not a wild sort. These he sows in a seed-bed or nursery, 
where he leaves the seedlings until they attain sufiicient size to enable 
him to judge of their character. He then selects those which appear 
the most promising, plants them a few feet distant in the nursery, and 

* Experience of American growers does not bear out the supposition here 
taken. The Seckel, one of the finest and most perfect pears, has perhaps given 
more valuable seedlings than any other one kind. 



6 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



awaits their fruit. Not discouraged at finding most of them mediocre 
in quality, though differing from the parent, he gathers the first seeds of 
the most promising and sows them again. The next generation comes 
more rapidly into bearing than the first, and shows a greater number of 
promising traits. Gathering immediately, and sowing the seeds of this 
generation, lie produces a third, then a fourth, and even a fifth genera- 
tion, uninterruptedly, from the original sort. Each generation he finds 
to come more quickly into bearing than the previous ones (the fifth sow- 
ing of pears fruiting at three years), and to produce a greater number of 
valuable varieties ; until in the fifth generation the seedlings are nearly 
all of great excellence. 

Dr. Van Mons found the pear to require the longest time to attain 
perfection, and he carried his process with this fruit through five gener- 
ations. Apples he found needed but four races, and peaches, cherries, 
plums, and other stone fruits were brought to perfection in three succes- 
sive reproductions from the seed. 

It will be remembered that it is a leading feature in this theory that, 
in order to improve the fruit, we must subdue or enfeeble the original 
coarse luxuriance of the tree. Keeping this in mind. Dr. Yan Mons 
always gathers his fruit before fully ripe, and allows them to rot before 
planting the seeds, in order to refine or render less wild and harsh the 
next generation. In transplanting the young seedlings into quarters to 
bear he cuts off' the tap root, and he annually shortens the leading and 
side branches, besides planting them only a few feet apart. All this les- 
sens the vigor of the trees, and produces an impression upon the nature 
of the seeds which will be produced by their fii^st fruit ; and, in order to 
continue in full foice the progressive variation, he allows his seedlings to 
bear on their own roots.* 

Such is Dr. Yan Mons' theory and method for obtaining new varieties 
of fruit. It has never obtained much favor in England, and from the 
length of time necessary to bring about its results, it is scarcely likely to 
come into very general use here. At the same time it is not to be de- 
nied that in his hands it has proved a very successful mode of obtaining 
new varieties. 

It is also undoubtedly true that it is a mode closely founded on natural 
laws, and that the great bulk of our fine varieties have originated by 
chance. 

The first colonists here, who brought with them many seeds gath- 
ered from the best old varieties of fruits, were surprised to find their 
seedlings producing only very inferior fruits. These seedlings had re- 
turned, by their inherent tendency, almost to a wild state. By rearing 
from them, however, seedlings of many repeated generations, we have 
arrived at a great number of the finest ajDples, pears, peaches, and plums. 
According to Dr. Yan Mons, had this process been continued uninter- 
ruptedly ^ from one generation to the next, a much shorter time would 
have been necessary for the production of first-rate varieties. 

To show how the practice of chance sowing works in the other hemis- 

* " I Itave found this art to consist in regenerating in a direct line of descent, 
and as rapidly as possible, an improving variety, taking care that there be no in- 
terval between the generations. To sow, to re-sow, to sow again, to sow perpet- 
ually, in short, to do nothing but sow, is the practice to be pursued, and which 
cannot be departed from ; and in short this is the whole secret of the art I have 
employed."— Van Mons' Arbres Fruitiers^ 1. p. 22, 223. 



THE PKODUCTION OF KEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



7 



phere, it is stated by one of tlae most celebrated of the old writers on 
fruits, Duhamel of France, that he had been in the habit of planting 
seeds of the finest table pears for fifty years without ever having pro- 
duced a good variety. These seeds were from trees of old varieties of 
fruit. 

The American gardener will easily perceive, from what we have stated, 
a great advantage placed in his hands at the present time for the ameli- 
oration of fruits by this system. He will see that, as most of our Amer- 
ican varieties of fruit are the result of repeated sowings, more or less 
constantly repeated, he has before him almost every day a part of the 
ameliorating process in progress ; to which Dr. Van Mons, beginning de 
novo, was obliged to devote his whole life. Nearly all that it is necessary 
for him to do in attempting to raise a new variety of excellence by this 
simple mode, is to gather his seeds (before they are fully ripe) from a 
seedling sort of promising quality, though not yet arrived at perfection. 
The seedling must be quite young — must be on its own root (not graft- 
ed) ; and it must be a healthy tree, in order to secure a healthy gener- 
ation of seedlings. Our own experience leads us to believe that he will 
scarcely have to go beyond one or two generations to obtain fine fruit. 
These remarks apply to most of our table fruits commonly cultivated. 

In order to be most successful in raising new varieties by successive 
reproduction, let us bear in mind that we must avoid — 1st, the seeds of 
old fruit-trees ; 2d, those of grafted fruit-trees ; and 3d, that we have 
the best grounds for good results when we gather our seeds from a 
young seedling tree, which is itself rather a perfecting than a perfect 
iruit. 

It is not to be denied that, in the face of Dr. Van Mons' theory, in 
this country new varieties of rare excellence are sometimes obtained at 
once by planting the seeds of old grafted varieties ; thus the Lawrence's 
Favorite and the Columbia plums were raised from seeds of the Green 
Gage, one of the oldest European varieties. 

Such are the means of originating new fruits by the Belgian mode. Let 
us now examine another more direct, more interesting, and more scientific 
process — cross-breeding; a mode aluiost universally pursued dow by skil- 
ful cultivators in producing new and finer varieties of plants ; and which 
Mr. Knight, the most distinguished horticulturist of the age, so success- 
fully practised on fruit-trees. 

Cross-'hreeding, 

In the blossoms of fruit-trees, and of most other plants, the seed is the 
offspring of the stamens and pistil, which may be considered the male and 
female parents, growing in the same flower. Cross-breeding is, then, 
nothing more than removing out of the blossom of a fruit-tree the 
stamens, or male parents, and bringing those of another and difierent 
variety of fruit, and dusting the pistil or female parent with them, — a 
process sufficiently simple, but which has the most marked efiect on the 
seeds produced. It is only within about fifty years that cross-breeding 
has been practised ; but Lord Bacon, whose great mind seems to have 
had glimpses into every dark corner of human knowledge, finely fore- 
shadowed it. " The compounding or mixture of plants is not found out, 
which, if it were, is more at command than that of living creatures ; where- 
fore, it were one of the most notable disco v^eries touching plants to find 



8 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



it out, for so you may have great varieties of fruits and flowers yet un- 
known." 

In Figure 1 is sliown the blossom of the Cherry. The central por- 
tion, «, connected dii-ectly with the young fruit, is 
h ■piatil. The numerous surrounding threads, 6, are 
the stamens. The summit of the stamen is called the 
cmther^ and secretes the powdery substance called 2^ol- 
len. The 2^^stU has at its base the embryo fruit, and at 
its simnmit the stigma. The use of the stamens is to 
fertilize the young seed contained at the base of the 
pistil ; and if we fertilize the pistil of one variety of 
fruit by the pollen of another we shall obtain a new 
variety, partaking intermediately of the qualities of both parents. Thus, 
among fruits owing their origin directly to cross-breeding, Coe's Golden 
Drop Plimi was raised from the Green Gage, impregnated by the Magnum 
Bonum or Egg Plum ; a^nd the Elton cherry from the Bigarrieu, impreg- 
nated by the White Heart.* Mr. Kmght Avas of oj^inion that the habits 
of the new variety would always be found to partake most strongly of the 
constitution and habits of the female parent. Subsequent experience 
does not fully confirm this, and it would apjDear that the parent whose 
character is most permanent^ impresses its foi-m most forcibly on the 
offspring. 

The process of obtaining cross-breed seeds of fruit-trees is very easily 
performed. It is only necessary, when the tree blooms which we intend 
to be the mother of the improved race, to select a blossom or blossoms 
growing upon it not yet fully expanded. With a pair of scissors we cut 
out and remove all the anthers. The next day, .or as soon as the blossom 
is quite expanded, we collect vdth a camel's-hair brush the pollen from 
a fully blown flower of the variety we intend for the male parent, apply- 
ing the pollen and leaving it upon the stigma or point of the pistil. If 
your trees are much exposed to those busy little meddlers, the bees, it is 
well to cover the blossoms with a loose bag of thin gauze, or they will 
2:)erhaps get beforehand with you in your experiments in cross-breeding. 
Watch the blossoms closely as they open, and bear in mind that the two 
essential points in the operation are : 1st, to extract the anthers care- 
fully, before they have matured sufficiently to fertilize the pistil ; and 
2d, to apply the pollen when it is in perfection (dry and powdery), and 
while the stigma is moist. A very little practice will enable the amateur 
to judge of these points. 

There are certain limits to the power of crossing plants. What is 
strictly called a cross-bred plant or fruit is a sub-variety raised between 
two varieties of the same species. There are, however, certain species, 
nearly allied, which are capable of fertilizing each other. The offspring 
in this case is called a hyhrid, or mule, and does not always produce per- 
fect seeds. " This power of hybridizing," says Dr. Lindley, "appears to 
be much more common in plants than in animals. It is, however, in 
general only between nearly allied sj)ecies that this intercourse can take 
place ; those which are widely diflerent in structure and constitution not 

* The seedlings sometimes most resemble one parent, sometimes the other ; 
but more frequently share the qualities of both. Mr. Coxe describes an Apple, a 
cross between a Ne wto^vn Pippin and a Russet, the fruit of which resembled exter- 
nally at one end the Russet and at the other the Pippin, and the flavor at either 
end corresponded exactly with the character of the exterior. 




THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



9 



being capable of any artificial union. Thus the different species of 
Strawberry, of the gourd or melon family, intermix with the gi-eatest 
facility, there being a great accordance between them in general struc- 
ture and constitution. But no one has ever succeeded in compelling the 
pear to fertilize the apple, nor the gooseberry the current. And as spe- 
cies that are very dissimilar appear to have some natural impediment 
which prevents their reciprocal fertilization, so does this obstacle, of 
whatever nature it may be, present an insuperable bar to the intercourse 
of the different genera. All the stories that are current as to the inter- 
mixture of oranges and pomegranates, of roses and black currants, and 
the Kke, may therefore be set down to pure invention." 

In practice this power of improving varieties by crossing is very 
largely resorted to by gardeners at the present day. Not only in fruit- 
trees, but in ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, and especially in 
florists' flowers, it lias been carried to a great extent. The great number 
of new and beautiful Roses, Azaleas, Camellias, Fuchsias, Dahlias, and 
other flowering plants so splendid in color and perfect in form, owe their 
origin to cai-efnl cross-breeding. 

In the amelioration of fruits it is by far the most certain and satisfac- 
tory process yet discovered. Its results are more speedily obtained, and 
correspond much more closely to our aim, than those procured by succes- 
sive reproduction. 

In order to obtain a new variety of a certain character, it is only neces- 
sary to select two parents of well known habits, and which are both 
A'arieties of the same or nearly allied species, and cross them for a new 
and intermediate variety. Thus, if we have a very early but insipid 
and worthless sort of pear, and desire to raise from it a variety both 
early and of fine flavor, we should fertilize some of its pistils with the 
pollen of the best flavored variety of a little later maturity. Among the 
seedlings produced we should look for early pears of good quality, and at 
least for one or two varieties nearly or quite as early as the female 
parent, and as delicious as the male. If we have a very small but highly 
flavored pear, and wish for a larger pear with a somewhat similar flavor, 
we must fertilize the first with the pollen of a large and handsome sort. 
If we desire to impart the quality of lateness to a very choice plum, we 
must look out for a late variety as the mother, and cross it with our 
best flavored sort. If we desire to impart hardiness to a tender fruit, 
we must undertake a cross between it and a much hai-dier sort ; if we 
seek greater beauty of color or vigor of growth, we must insure these 
qualities by selecting one parent having such quality strongly marked. 

As the seeds produced by cross fertilization are not found to produce 
precisely the same varieties, though they will nearly all partake of the 
mixed character of the parents, it follows that we shall be most success- 
ful in obtaining precisely all we hope for in the new race in proportion 
to the number of our cross-bred seedlings ; some of which may be infe- 
rior, as well as some superior to the parents. It is always well, there- 
fore, to cross several flowers at once on the same plant, when a single 
blossom does not produce a number of seeds. 

We should observe here, that those who devote their time to raising 
new varieties must bear in mind that it is not always by the first fruits 
of a seedling that it should be judged. Some of the finest varieties require 
a considerable age before their best qualities develop themselves, as it is 
only when the tree has arrived at some degree of maturity that its secre- 



10 



DUKATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



tions, either for flower or fruit, are perfectly elaborated. Tlie first fruit 
of the Black Eagle cherry, a fine cross-bred raised by Mr. Knight, was 
pronounced worthless when first exhibited to the London Horticultural 
Society ; its quality now proves that the tree was not then of sufficient 
age to produce its fruit in perfection. 



CHAPTER II. 

REMARKS OX THE DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 

It was for a long time the popular notion, that when a good variety 
of fruit was once originated from seed, it might be continued by grafting 
and budding forever, — or, at least, as some old parchment deeds pithily 
gave teniu'e of land — " as long as grass grows and water runs." 

About 1830, however, Thomas Andrew Knight, the distinguished 
President of the Horticultural Society of London, published an Essay in 
its Transactions tending entii^ely to overthrow this opinion, and to 
establish the doctrine that all varieties are of very limited duration. 

The theory advanced by Mr. Knight is as follows : All the constitu- 
tional vigor or properties possessed by any variety of fruit are shared at 
the same time by all the plants that can be made from the buds of that 
variety, whether by grafting, budding, or other modes of propagating. 
In similar terms, all the jDlants or trees of any particular kind of pear or 
apple being only parts of one original tree, itself of limited duration, it 
follows, as the parent tree dies, all the others must soon after die also. 
" No trees, of any variety," to use his own w^ords, " can be made to pro- 
duce blossom or fruit till the original tree of that variety has attained 
the age of puberty ; * and, under ordinary modes of propagation, by 
grafts and buds, all become subject, at no very distant period, to the 
debilities and diseases of old age." 

It is remarkable that such a theory as this should have been offered 
by Mr. Knight, to whose careful investigations the science of modern 
horticulture is so deeply indebted — as, however common it is to see the 
apparent local decline of certain sorts of fruit, yet it is a familiar fact that 
many sorts have also been continued a far greater length of time than 
the life of any one parent tree. StilJ, the doctrine has foimd supporters 
abroad, and at least one hearty advocate in tliis country. 

Mr. Kenrick, in his new American Orchardist, adoj)ts this doctrine, 
and in speaking of Pears says : " I shall, in the following pages, desig- 
nate some of these in the class of old varieties, once the finest of all old 
pears, whose duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetuate. For, 
except in certain sections of the city, and some very few and highly 

* This part of the doctrine has of late been most distinctly refuted, and any 
one may repeat the experiment. Seedling- fruit-trees, it is well known, are usu- 
ally several years before they produce fruit. But if a graft is inserted on a 
bearing tree, and, after it makes one season's fair growth, the grafted shoot is 
bent directly down and tied there, with its point to the stock below, it will the 
next season — the sap being checked — produce flower-buds and begin to bear, 
long before the parent tree. 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



11 



favored sitna,tions in the country around, they (the old sorts) have 
become either so uncertain in their bearing — so barren — so unproductive 
— or so miserably blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no 
longer to be trusted ; they are no longer what they once were with us, 
and what many of them are still described to be by most foreign 
writers." 

Mr. Kenrick accordingly arranges in separate classes the Old and 
N'ew Pears ; and while he praises the latter, he can hardly find ej^ithets 
sufficiently severe to bestow on the former poor unfortunates. Of the 
Doyenne he says : " This most eminent of all Pears has now become an 
outcast, intolerable even to sight ; " of the Bro^vu Beurre, " once the 
best of all Pears — now become an outcast." The St. Germain "has 
long since become an abandoned variety," &c., &c. 

Many persons have, therefore, supposing that these delicious varieties 
had really and quietly given up the ghost, made no more inquii'ies after 
them, and only ordered from the nurseries the new varieties. And this 
not always, as they have confessed to us, without some lingering feeling 
of regret at thus abandoning old and tried friends for new-comers — 
which, it must be added, not unfrequently failed to equal the good quali- 
ties of their predecessors. 

But, while this doctrine of Knight's has found ready supporters, we 
are bound to add that it has also met ^vith sturdy oj^position. At the 
head of the opposite party we may rank the most distinguished vege- 
table physiologist of the age. Professor De CandoUe, of Geneva. Varie- 
ties, says De CandoUe, will endure and remain permanent so long as 
man chooses to take care of them, as is evident from the continued 
existence to this day of sorts, the most ancient of those which have 
been described in books. By negligence, or through successive bad sea- 
sons, they may become diseased, but careful culture will restore them, 
and retain them, to all appearance, forever. 

Our own opinion coincides, in the main, with that of De CandoUe. 
"While we admit that, in the common mode of propagation, varieties are 
constantly Uable to decay or become comparatively worthless, we believe 
that this is owing not to natural limits set upon the duration of a vari- 
ety ; that it does not depend on the longevity of the parent tree ; but 
upon the care with which the sort is propagated, and the nature of the 
climate or soU where the tree is grown. 

It is a well-established fact, that a seedUng tree, if allowed to grow 
on its own root, is always much longer Hved, and often more vigorous 
than the same variety when grafted upon another stock ; and experi- 
ence has also proved that in proportion to the Hkeness or close relation 
between the stock and the graft is the long life of the grafted tree. 
Thus a variety of pear gi^afted on a healthy pear seedling lasts almost as 
long as upon its own roots. Upon a thorn stock it does not endure so 
long. Upon a mountain ash or quince stock still less ; untU the aver- 
age life of the pear-tree when grafted on the quince is reduced to one- 
third of its ordinary duration on the pear stock. This is well known to 
every practical gardener, and it arises from the want of affinity between 
the quince stock and the pear graft. The latter is rendered dwarf in its 
habits, bears very early, and perishes equally soon. 

Next to this, the apparent decay of a variety is often caused by graft- 
ing upon unhealthy stocks. For although grafts of very vigorous habit 
have frequently the power of renovating in some measure, or for a time, 



12 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



the health of the stock, yet the tree, when it arrives at a bearing state, 
will, sooner or later, suffer from the diseased or feeble nature of the 
stock. 

Carelessness in selecting scions for engrafting is another fertile source 
of degeneracy in varieties. Every good cultivator is aware that if 
grafts are cat from the ends of old bearing branches, exhausted by over- 
bearing, the same feebleness of habit will, in a great degree, be shared 
by the young graft. And on the contrary, if the thrifty straight shoots 
that are thrown out by the upright extremities, or the strong limb- 
sprouts, are selected for grafting, they ensure vigorous growth, and 
healthy habit in the graft. 

Finally, unfavorable soil and climate are powerful agents in deterio- 
rating varieties of fruit-tree. Certain sorts that have originated in a 
cold climate are often short-lived and unproductive when taken to 
warmer ones, and the reverse. This arises from a want of constitutional 
fitness for a climate different from its natural one. 

Most varieties of apples originating in the climate of the Middle 
States, if their period of maturity be mid-winter, when taken to the ex- 
treme northern limits lose their value, because of the season not being 
long enough for their juices to become fully matured. Again, if they 
are taken to the Southern States their period of maturity is hastened 
by a greater amount of continued heat, and the quality impaired. 

Varieties, however, that originate at the North, and have their matu- 
rity naturally in the warm summer months, are improved by their 
removal South. But this only proves that it is impossible to pass cer- 
tain natural limits of fitness for climate, and not that the existence of 
the variety itself is in any way affected by these local failures. 

Any or all of these causes are sufficient to explain the apparent decay 
of some varieties of fruit, and especially of pears, over which some culti- 
vators, of late, have uttered so many lamentations, scarcely less pathetic 
than those of Jeremiah. 

Having stated the theories on this subject, and given an outline of 
our explanation, let us glance for a moment at the actual state of the 
so-called decayed varieties, and see whether they are really either extinct, 
or on the verge of annihilation. 

Mr. Knio-ht's own observation in Eno-land led him to consider the 
English Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil, their two most celebrated 
varieties of apple, as the strongest examples of varieties just gone to de- 
cay, or, in fact, the natural life of which had virtually expired twenty 
years before. A few years longer he thought it might linger on in the 
warmer parts of England, as he supposed varieties to fall most speedily 
into decay in the north, or in a cold climate. 

Lindley, however, his contemporary, and second to no one in practi- 
cal knowledge of the subject, writing of the Golden Pippin,* very frank- 
ly states his dissent, as follows : " This apple is considered by some of 
our modern writers on Pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of 
inferior quality, and its existence near its termination. I cannot for a 
moment agree with such an opinion, because we have facts annually be- 
fore our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion. In Co vent 
Garden, and indeed in any other large market in the southern or mid- 
land counties of England, will be found specimens of fruit as perfect 



* Guide to tlie Orchard^ by George Lindley. 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



13 



and as fine as have been figured or described by any writer, either in 
this or any other country whatever. Instead of the trees being in a 
state of ' rapid decay,' they may be found of unusually large size, per- 
fectly healthy, and their crops abundant ; the fruit perfect in form, 
beautiful in color, and excellent in quality." And the like remarks are 
made of the Nonpareil. 

Certain French writers, about this time, gladly seized Knight's theory 
as an explanation of the miserable state into which several fine old sorts 
of pears had fallen about Paris, owing to bad culture and propagation. 
They sealed the death-warrant, in like manner, of the Brown Beurre, 
Doyenne, Chaumontel, and many others, and consigned them to oblivion 
in terms which Mr. Kenrick has already abundantly quoted. 

Notwithstanding this, and that ten or fifteen years have since elaps- 
ed, it is worthy of notice that the repudiated apples and pears still hold 
their place among all the best cultivators in both England and France. 
And the " extinct varieties " seem yet to bid defiance to theorists and 
bad cultivators. 

But half the ground is not yet covered. How does the theory work 
in America ? is the most natural inquiry. In this country we have 
soil varying from the poorest sand to the richest alluvial, climate vary- 
ing from frigid to almost torrid — a range wide enough to include all 
fruit-trees between the apple and the orange. 

We answer that the facts here, judged in the whole, are decidedly 
against the theory of the extinction of varieties. While here, as abroad, 
unfavorable soil, climate, or culture have produced their natural results 
of a feeble and diseased state of certain sorts of fruit, these are only the 
exceptions to the general vigor and health of the finest old sorts in the 
country at large. 

Recent experiments have proved that it is not sufficient to bring 
healthy trees of the old varieties from the interior of the seaboard to in- 
sure, in the latter localities, fair and excellent crops. But, on the other 
hand, the complete renovation of blighted trees by the plentiful use of 
wood-ashes, bone-dust, lime, and blacksmith cinders, along with common 
manure, shows us distinctly that it is not the age of these varieties of 
fruit which causes their apparent decline, but a want of that food abso- 
lutely necessary to the production of healthy fruit.* 

But there is another interesting point in this investigation. Do 
the newly originated sorts really maintain in the unfavorable districts 
the appearance of perfect health? Are the new pears uniformly 
healthy where the old ones are always feeble ? 

Undoubtedly this question must be answered in the negative. Some 

* Since the writing of this, in 1845, there have occurred seasons when nearly 
every variety of fruit perfected, and there have also been seasons when the 
old as well as new varieties have failed, and that too in almost all soils and in 
many varied sections of the country. To our knowledge, no continued experi- 
ments in the practice of applying special manures as remedial agents have been 
tried, but, from the fact that old as well as new sorts have frequently failed in 
our rich western soils and inland climates, we have come to regard the cause of 
cracking and other diseases of the pear more to proceed from climatic or atmos- 
pheric influence than from any special condition or quality of the soil. It is 
now generally conceded that our seasons are more changeable and the extremes 
greater than they were half a century back, and to this influence do we attribute 
in a great measure the deterioration noted in occasional seasons and localities. 



14 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



of the latest Flemish pears already exhibit symptoms of decay or bad 
health in these districts. Even Mr. Kenrick, with all his enthusiasm 
for the new sorts, is obliged to make the following admission respecting 
the Beurre Diel pear, the most vigorous and hardy here of all : " I re- 
gret to add, that near Boston this noble fruit is liable to crack badly." 
We predict that many of the Flemish pears originated by Yan Mods 
will become feeble, and the fruit liable to crack, in the neighborhood of 
Boston, in a much less time than did the old varieties. 

And this leads us to remark here, that the hardiness of any variety 
depends greatly upon the circumstances of its origin. When a new 
variety springs up accidentally from a healthy seed in a semi-natural 
manner, like the Seckel, the Dix, and other native sorts, it will usually 
prove the hardiest. It is, as it were, an effort of nature to produce a 
new individual out of the materials in a progressive state which garden 
culture has afforded. Cross-bred seedlings — one parent being of a hardy 
nature, and both healthy ; such as Knight's own seedlings, the Monarch 
and Dun more pears — are next in hardiness. Lastly, we rank varieties 
reared by Van Mons' method — that of continually repeated reproduc- 
tions. This, as Yan Mons distinctly states, is an enfeebling process — 
without any compensating element of vigor. Hence it follows, as a 
matter of course, that seedlings of the fifth or sixth generation, as are 
some of his varieties, must in their origin be of feeble habit. Yan Mons 
himself was fully aware of this, and therefore resorted to " grafting by 
copulation," — in fact, root-grafting, — well knowing that on common 
stocks these new varieties would, in light soils, soon become feeble and 
decayed. It is needless for us to add that hence we consider the Belgian 
mode of producing new varieties greatly inferior to the English one, 
since it gives us varieties often impaired in health in their very origin. 

If any further proof of this is desired, we think it is easily found by 
comparing the robust vigor and longevity of many native pear-trees to 
be found in the XTnited States — some of them 80 or 100 years old, and 
still producing large crops of fruit — with the delicate trees of several 
new varieties now in our gardens from Europe. These varieties are 
delicate not only with respect to their constitutional vigor, but they are 
also more susceptible to injury from the severity of our winter's cold 
and summer's sun. 

There are great advantages, undoubtedly, for soils naturally unfavor- 
able, and for small gardens, in grafting the pear upon quince stocks ; 
yet, as it diminishes the vigor of the tree, it is not impossible that con- 
tinued propagation from dwarf trees may somewhat lessen the vital 
powers and the longevity of a given variety. 

The decay of varieties of the Apricot, or Peach, much shorter lived 
trees by nature, we seldom or never hear of. Yarieties of both are now 
in cultivation, and in the most perfect vigor, of 200 years' duration. 
This, probably, is owing to the more natural treatment these trees 
receive generally. Yarieties of the vine are said never to degenerate, 
and this is perhaps owing to their having very rarely been propagated by 
grafting.* 

* We do not deny that in any given soil there is a period at which a variety of 
tree or plant exhibits most vigor, and after having grown there awhile it ceases 
to have its former luxuriance. The same is true of wheat or potatoes, and 
accordingly farmers are in the habit of changing their seed." The nutriment 
for a given variety is after a time exhausted from the soil, and unless it is again 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



15 



We are not without remedy for varieties tliat have partially decayed 
in a certain district. If the trees have once been productive of excellent 
fruit, and are still in a sound condition, though enfeebled, a thorough 
renewal of their powers will again restore them to health. To effect 
this, the soil about the roots should be replaced by new, enriched by 
manure or peat-compost, and mixed with the mineral substances named 
in the preceding page. The bark of the trunk and large branches should 
be well scraped, and, as well as all the limbs, thoroughly washed with 
soft soap ; the head should be moderately pruned ; and finally, the tree 
should be sufiered to bear no fi'uit for the two following seasons. After 
this it ^tII generally bear excellent fruit for several years again. 

In making plantations of fine old varieties, in districts where the 
stock has become feeble, something may be gained by procuring grafts or 
trees from more favorable localities,»where the fruit is still as fair as ever, 
and care should be exercised in selecting only the healthiest grafts or 
trees, isurserymen in unfavorable districts should endeavor to pro- 
pagate only from trees of healthy character ; and if those in their own 
vicinity are diseased, they should spare no pains to bring into their nurse- 
ries and propagate only such as they feel confident are healthy and 
sound. On them, next to the soil, de^oends very considerably the vigor 
or debility of the stock of any given variety in the country around 
them. 

In Mr. Knight's original essay on the Decay of Varieties, he clearly 
stated a circumstance that most strongly proves what we have here endea- 
vored to show, viz. : that the local decline of a variety is mainly owing to 
neglect, and to grafting on bad stock. We allude to the fact repeatedly 
verified, that healthy young shoots, taken from the roots of an old variety 
in apparent decline, produce trees which are vigorous and healthy. " The 
decay," says he, " of the powers of Kfe in the roots of seedling trees is 
exceedingly slow comparatively with that in the branches. Scions (or 
shoots) obtained from the roots of pear-trees two hundred years old 
afford grafts which grow with great vigor, and which are often covered 
with thorns like young seedling stocks ; whilst other grafts, taken at the 
same time from the extremities of the branches of such trees, present a 
totally difi^erent character, and a very slow and unhealthy growth. I do 
not conceive that such shoots possess all the powers of a young seedling, 
but they certainly possess no inconsiderable portion of such powers." 

This is nothing more, in fact, than going back to the roots — the por- 
tion of the tree least exhausted — for the renewal of the health of a variety 
when the branches of the tree have been exhausted by overbearing, (fee. 
It is a simple and easy mode of increasing the vigor of a sort of delicate 
habit, to take scions from young root-suckers for grafting anew. This 
can of course only be done vdth. trees that grow on theii' own roots, or 
have not been grafted. 

supplied the tree must decline. In light soils this speedily happens. In strong 
clayey or rocky soils, the natural decomposition of which affords a continual store 
of lime, potash. &c. , the necessary supply of inorganic food is marataiaed, and 
the variety continues healthy and productive. 



16 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



CHAPTER III. 

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES — GRAFTING BUDDING CUTTINGS, LAYERS, 

AND SUCKERS. 

After having obtained a new and choice kind of fruit, which in onr 
hands is perhaps only a single tree, and which, as we have ah-eady shown, 
seldom produces the same from seed, the next inquiry is how to continue 
this variety in existence, and how to increase and extend it, so that other 
gardens and countries may possess it as well as ourselves. This leads us 
to the subject of the propagation of fruit-trees, or the continuation of 
varieties by grafting and budding. 

Grafting and budding are the means in most common use for pro- 
pagating fruit-trees. They are, in fact, nothing more than inserting 
upon one tree the shoot or bud of another, in such a manner that the 
two may imite and form a new compound, l^o person having any inte- 
rest in a garden should be unable to perform these operations, as they are 
capable of effecting transformations and improvements in all trees and 
shrubs, no less valuable than they are beautiful and interesting. 

Grafting is a very ancient invention, having been well known and 
practised by the Greeks and Romans. The latter, indeed, describe a 
great variety of modes, quite as ingenious as any of the fanciful varia- 
tions now used by gardeners. The French, who are most expert in 
grafting, practise occasionally more than fifty modes, and within a few 
years have succeeded perfectly in grafting annual plants, such as the 
tomato, the dahlia, and the like. 

The uses of grafting and budding, as applied to fruit-trees, may be 
briefly stated as follows : 

1. The rapid increase of propagation of valuable sorts of frmt not 
easily raised by seeds or cuttings, as is the case \^ith nearly all varieties. 

2. To renew or alter the heads of trees partially or fully grown, pro- 
ducing in two or three years, by heading-in and grafting, a new head, 
bearing the finest fruit, on a formerly worthless tree. 

3. To render certain foreign and delicate sorts of fruit more hardy by 
grafting them on robust stocks of the same species native to the country, 
as the foreign grape on the native ; and to produce fine fruit in climates 
or situations not naturally favorable, by grafting on another species more 
hardy, as in a cool climate and damp strong soil by working the Peach 
on the Plum. 

4. To render dwarf certain kinds of fruit, by grafting them on suit- 
able stocks of slower growth, as in the case of the Pear on the Quince, 
the Apple on the Paradise stock, &c. 

5. By grafting several kinds on the same tree, to be able to have a 
succession of fruit, from early to late, in a small garden. 

6. To hasten the bearing of seedling varieties of fruit, or of such as 
are a long time in producing fruit, by grafting them on the branches of 
full-grown or mature bearing trees. Thus a seedling pear, which would 
not produce fruit on its own root in a dozen years, will generally begin 
to bear the third or fourth year if grafted on the extremiry of the bear- 
ing branches of a mature tree. 

The proper time for grafting fruit-trees is in the spring, as soon as 
the sap is in motion, which commences earliest with the Cherry and 



PEOPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



17 



Plum, and ends with the Pear and Apple. The precise time of course 
varies with the season and the climate, but is generally comprised from 
Pebruary to the middle of April. The grape-vine, however, which 
suffers by bleeding, is not usually grafted until it is in leaf. The most 
favorable weather for grafting is a mild atmosphere with occasional 
showers. 

The scions are generally selected previously, as it is found, in nearly 
all kinds of grafting by scions, that success is more complete when the 
stock upon which they are placed is a little more advanced — the sap in a 
more active state than in the scion. To secure this, we usually cut the 
scions very early in the spring, during the winter, or even in the autumn, 
burying their lower ends in the ground in a shaded place, or keeping 
them in fine soil in the cellar till wanted for use. In cutting scions we 
choose straight thrifty shoots of the last year's growth, which may remain 
entire until we commence grafting, when they may be cut into scions of 
three or four buds each. In selecting scions from old trees it is always 
advisable to choose the most vigorous of the last year's shoots growing 
near the centre or top of the tree. Scions fiom sickly and unliealthy 
branches should be rejected, as they are apt to carry with them this feeble 
and sickly state. Scions taken from the lower bearing branches will pro- 
duce fruit soonest, but they will not alford trees of so handsome a shape 
or so vigorous a growth as tliose taken from the thrifty upright shoots near 
the centre or top of the tree. Nurserymen generally take their scions 
from young grafted trees in the nursery-rows, these being usually in better 
condition than those taken from old trees, not always u\ a healthy state. 

The stock for grafting upon is generally a tree which has been 
standing, at least for a year previously, on the sjoot where it is grafted, 
as success is much less certain on newly moved trees. 

In the case, however, of very small trees or stocks, which are grafted 
below the surface of the ground, as is frequently the practice with the 
Apple in American nurseries, the stocks are grafted in the house in 
winter, or early spring, put away carefully in a damp cellar, and planted 
out in the spring ; but this method is only successful when the root is 
small, and when the top of the stock is taken oft', and the whole root is 
devoted to supplying the graft with nourishment. 

The theory of grafting is based on the power of union between the 
young tissues or organizable matter of growing wood. When the parts 
are placed nicely in contact, the ascending sap of the stock passes into 
and sustains life in the scion ; the buds of the latter, excited by this 
supply of sap and the warmth of the season, begin to elaborate and send 
down woody matter, which, passing through the newly granulated sub- 
stance of the parts in contact, unites the graft firmly with the stock. 
" If," says De Candolle, " the descending sap has only an incomplete 
analogy with the wants of the stock, tlie latter does not thrive, though 
the organic union may have taken place ; and if the analog}^ between the 
albumen of stock and scion is wanting, the organic union does not ope- 
raif, the scion cannot absorb the sap of the stock, and the graft fails." 

Grafting therefore is confined ivithin certain limits. A scion from 
one tree will not, from the want of afiinity, succeed on every other tree, 
but only upon those to which it is allied. We are, in short, only success- 
ful in budding or grafting where there is a close relationsliip and simi- 
larity of structure between the stock and the scion. Tliis is the case 
with varieties of the same species which take most freely, as the diflerent 

2 



18 



PROPAGATION OF VAEIETIES. 



sorts of Apple ; next witli the different species of a genus, as the Apple 
and the Pear, which grow, but in Avhich the union is less complete and 
permanent ; and lastly with the genera of the same natural family, as the 
Cherry on the Plimi, which die after a season or two. The ancients 
boasted of Vines and Apples grafted on Poplars and Elms ; but repeated 
experiments, by the most skilful cultivators of modern times, have clea^rly 
proved that although we may, once in a thousand trials, succeed in effect- 
ing these ill-assorted unions, yet the graft invariably dies after a few 
months' growth.* 

The range in grafting or budding, for fruit-trees in ordinary culture, 
is as the following : Apples, on apple or crab seedlings for orchards 
(standards), or on Paradise apple stocks, for dwarfs ; Pears, on pear 
seedlings for common culture, or Quince stocks for dwarfs, and some- 
times on the thorn for clayey soils ; Peaches, on their own seedlings for 
standards or for orchards ; on Almonds, for hot and dry climates ; on 
Plums in cold or moist soils, or to secure tliem against the worm; Apri- 
cots, on Plum stocks, to render them hardy and productive, or on their 
own seedlings to render them long-lived. Nectarines are usually worked 
on the Peach or Phmi ; and Cherries on mazard seedlings, or on the per- 
fumed Cherry, and on the morello for forming half dwarfs. 

The manual operation of grafting is performed in a 
very easy and complete maimer when the size of the stock, or 
branch to be grafted, corresponds precisely with that of the 
scion. In this case, which is called sp)lice-grafting, it is 
oi^y necessary yriih. a smooth sloping cut, upwards on the 
stock <x, and downwards on the scion h, Fig 2, to make 
the two fit precisely, so that the inner bark of one corre- 
sponds exactly with that of the other, to bind them fii-mly 
together with a strand of matting, and to cover the wound 
entirely with grafting clay or wax, and the whole is fin- 
ished. In this, which is one of the neatest modes, the 
whole forms a complete union nearly at once, lea^dng 
scarcely any wounded part to heal over. But, as it is 
only rarely that the stock is of so small a size as to fit 
thus perfectly to the scion, the operation must be varied 
somewhat, and requires more skill. The method in most 
connnon use to cover all difficulties is called tongue 
grafting. 

We may remark here that grafting the shoots of 
Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, oT\-ing to their large 
pith, is more difiicult than that of other fruit-trees. A variation of 
splice-grafting, Fig. 3, has been invented to obviate this. This consists 
in selecting the scion a, so as to leave at its lower end about a fourth of 
an inch of two years old wood, which is much firmer. The bottom of 

* Tlxe classical horticulturist will not fail to recall to mind Pliny's account of 
the tree in the garden of LucuUus, g-rafted in such, a manner as to bear Olives, 
Almonds. Apples, Pears, Plums. Figs, and Grapes. There is little doubt, how- 
ever, that this was some ingenious decex^tion, as to this day the Italian gardeners 
pretend to sell Jasmines. Honeysuckles, etc., growing together and grafted on 
Oranges and Pomegranates. This is ingeniously managed, for a short-lived 
effect, by introducing the stems of these smaller plants through a hole bored up 
the centre of the stock of the trees — their roots being in the same soil, and their 
stems, which after a little gro^^'th fill up these holes, appearing as if really 
grafted. 




PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



19 



the slope on the stock is cut with a dovetail notch, h, into which the 
scion is fitted. 

Tongue- grafting (or whip-grafting), Fig. 4, resembles very nearly 




Splice-Grafting the Peach, Tongue -Grafting, progressive stages. 

splice-grafting, except, instead of the simple splice, a tongue is made 
to hold the two together more firmly. In order to understand this 
method, let us explain it a little in detail. 

Having chosen your stock of the proper size, cut it off at the point 
where, a, it appears best to fix the graft. If the stock is quite small, 
it may be within three or four inches of the ground. Then, with a 
very sharp hnife^ make a smooth cut upwards, 6, about two inches in 
length. Next make a slit from the top of this cut about one-fourth of 
the way downwards, c, taking out a thin tongue of wood. Cut the scion 
four or five inches long, or so as to have three buds ; then shape the 
lower end with a single smooth sloping cut, e, about the same length as 
that on the stock, and make the tongue upward, f to fit in the down- 
ward slit of the stock. Now apply the scion accurately to the stock, 
making the inner hark of the scion fit exactly the inner hark of the stock, 
at least on one side, g. Without changing their position, tie them 
together carefully with a piece of bass matting or tape, h. And finally 
cover the wound with well-prepared grafting clay or wax, i. This ball 
of clay should more than cover the union, by an inch above and below, 
and should be about an inch thick. If grafting-wax is used, the cover- 
ing need not be above half an inch thick. 

American 'Whip Tongue- Grafting — the mode generally practised by 
American nurserymen — is similar to the foregoing method, but much 
more rapid in its execution. The scion and stock are first cut, as rep- 
resented in Fig. 2, for splice-grafting, and then the knife is passed 
upward in the scion, a, Fig. 5, and downward in the stock, 6, forming 
a sliced tongue in appearance, and when joined together, c, serves to hold 
the scion in place. The tying for out-door grafting is then done by a 
narrow strip of cloth, say half an inch to an inch wide, one side of which 
is saturated or coated with grafting-wax, and as each turn round the 



20 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 




American Whip Tongue-Grafting in its 
different stages. 

(a). Scion cut for insertion, (&). Stock 
prepared to receive the scion, (c). Stock 
and scion united, {d ). The same tied up. 




Whip-Grafting large stock, 
(a). Stock prepared to receive the scion. 
(6). Scion cut for insertion, (c). Stock and 
Bcion united. 



graft and stock is made, the adhesive 
power of the wax holds the strip firmly 
and renders the work complete (d). 

IV hip-grafting large stocks is fre- 
quently practised, and is a very success- 
ful manner of operating upon quite 
large trees in the nursery row. The 
sloping cut upon the stock, and the 
forming of the graft, is the same as in 
the ordinary American whip tongue- 
grafting, except that one side of the 
stock, opposite that on which the graft 
is placed, should be cut away upon the 
same slope as the grafted side, as indi- 
cated by the dotted lines in Fig. 6. As 
soon as the graft has taken, and com- 
menced expanding its leaves and send- 
ing out shoots, it will be necessary to 
rub or cut olf all shoots between the ball 
and the ground, if it is a small stock, or 
all those which would rob it of a princi- 
pal share of nourishment, if upon a large 
tree. If the scion or stock is very 
weak, it is usual to leave one or two 
other buds for a time, to assist in 
drawing iip the sap. Wlien the graft 
has made a growth of two or three 
inches the ball of clay may be remov- 
ed, and if the graft is securely united, 
the bandage may be loosened and re- 
tied, or it may be cut partially away at 
the back of the graft, for the purpose of 
permitting the expansion of growth, 
that otherwise would soon be checked, 
and cause the graft to break off. In the 
use of the wax-cloth strips, passing the 
knife at the back and cutting the tie is 
all that is requisite. Early in August 
the angle left at the top of the stock 
should be cut off smoothly, in order to 
allow the bark of the stock and the scion 
to heal neatly over the whole wound. 

Though it is little attended to in 
common practice, the amateur will be 
glad to know that the success of a graft 
is always greatly insured by choosing 
the parts so that a bud is left near the 
top of the stock, k, Fig. 4, and another 
near the bottom of the scion, I. These 
buds attract the rising sap to the por- 
tions where they are placed, form woody 
matter, and greatly facilitate the union of 
the parts near them ; the upper part of 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



21 




the stock and the lower part of the scion being the portions soonest 
liable to perish from a want of nourishment.* 

Cleft-grafting is a very easy though rather clumsy mode, and is in 
more common use than any other in the United States. It is chiefly 
practised on large stocks, or trees the branches 
of which have been headed back, and are too 
large for tongue-grafting. The head of the 
stock is first cut over horizontally with the saw 
and smoothed with a knife. A cleft about two 
inches deep is then made in the stock with a 
hammer and splitting-knife. The scion is now 
prepared by sloping its lower end in the form of 
a wedge about an inch and a half long, leaving 
it a little thicker on the outer edge. Opening 
the cleft with the splitting-knife, or a small 
chisel for that purpose, push the scion carefully 
down to its place, fitting its inner bark on one 
side to that of one side of the stock. When the 
stock is large, it is usual to insert two scions. 
Fig. 7. On withdrawing the chisel, the cleft 
closes firmly on the scions, when the graft is 
tied and clayed in the usual manner. 

Apple-stocks, in many American nurseries, 
are grafted in great quantities in this mode — the 
stocks being previously taken out of the 

ground, headed down very near the root, cleft-grafted with a single 
scion, sloping off" with an oblique cut the side of the stock opposite that 
where the graft is placed, and then planted at once in the rows, so as to 
allow only a single bud of the scion to appear above ground. It is 
not usual with many either to tie or clay the grafts in this case, as the 
wound is placed below the surfa.ce ; but when this plan is adopted, the 
grafts must be set and the trees planted at once, drawing the well- 
pulverized soil with great care around the graft. Another way of 
grafting apple-stocks, common in western nurseries, consists in tongue- 
grafting on seedling stocks of very small size, cut back almost to the 
root. 

Large quantities of trees are also propagated by using pieces of roots 
each three to five inches long, thus forming from the root of one stock 
sufficient root for two or more grafts. This practice, although quite com- 
mon, is of very doubtful value, and by some prominent horticulturists 
considered as tending to debilitate and reduce vitality — the seat of vital 
life in fact resting in the natural crown of the seedling, and that once 
destroyed cannot be renewed. It is therefore apparent that but one 
healthy permanent tree can ever be grown from a seedling stock. This 
is performed in winter, by the fireside, the grafts carefully tied, and the 



Cleft-Grafting. 
(«). Scion ready for inser- 
tion. (&). Stock with two 
scions inserted. 



* In grafting- larg-e quantities of young- trees when stocks are scarce, it is not an 
unusual practice in some nurseries to tongue or whip-graft upon small pieces of 
roots of the proper sort of tree, planting the same in the earth as soon as grafted. 
Indeed Dr. Van Mons considers this the most complete of all modes, with regard 
to the proper condition of the grafted sort : 1st, because the smallest quantity of 
the stock is used ; and 2d, because the lower part of the scion being thus placed 
in the ground, after a time it throws out fibres from that portion, and so at last 
is actually growing on its own roots. 



22 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



roots placed in the cellar, in sand, till spring, when they are planted, the 
top of the graft just above ground. 

Grafting the Vine is attended with success in the cleft or whip 
manner, if treated as follows : — Cut your scious during the winter or 
early spring, keeping them partially buried in a cool damp cellar till 
wanted. As soon as the first leaves of the old vine or stock have 
grown to about two inches in diameter, and all danger of bleeding is 
past, cut it off smoothly below the surface of the ground, and split the 
stock and insert one or two scions in the usual manner, binding the cleft 
well together if it does not close firmly. Draw the soil carefully over 
the whole, leaving one bud of the scion at the surface. If the root of 
the stock is a strong native grape, the graft will frequently grow ten or 
fifteen feet during the first season, and yield a fair crop the second year. 




Saddle-Grafting. Saddle-Grafting Large Stocks. 

Saddle-grafting, Fig. 8, consists in cutting the top of the stock in 
the form of a wedge, splitting the scion and thinning away each half 
to a tongue shape, placing it astride the stock, and fitting the two, at 
least on one side, as in tongue-grafting. This mode otters the largest 
surface for the junction of the scion and stock, and the union is very per- 
fect. Mr. Knight, who practised it chiefly upon Cherry-trees, states 
that he has rarely ever seen a graft fail, even when the wood has been 
so succulent and immature as to preclude every hope of success by 
any other mode. 

A variety of this mode, for stocks larger than the scions, is prac- 
tised with much success in England after the usual season is past, and 
when the bark of the stock separates readily. "The scion, which 
must be smaller than the stock, is split up between two or three 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



23 



inclies from its lower end, so as to liave one side stronger than the other. 
This strong side is then properly prepared and introduced between the 
bark and the wood, while the tliinner division is fitted to the oppo- 
site side of the stock." The graft, thus placed, receives a large supply 
of the sustaining fluid from the stock, and the nnion is rapid ; while the 
wound on the stock is speedily covered by a new layer of bark from that 
part of the scion which stands astride it. 

Side-grafting is a mode described by Elliott, and considered very 
successful for grafting the Magnolia, and other trees difficult of propaga- 
tion ; and also for the greater safety of grafts received or delayed late in 
spring. It is performed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch 
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer portion, splitting the lower 
end of the graft and paring the inner portion, then inserting it, so as to 
form a union of the bark and wood, leaving meanwhile the top of the 
stock to carry on the circulation of the sap until the graft becomes 
united, when the stock is to be cut away. 

Grafting-clay is prepared by mixing one-tliird cow-dung, free from 
straw, and two-thirds clay, or clayey loam, with a little hair, like that 
used in plaster, to prevent its cracking. Beat and temper it for two or 
three days, until it is thoroughly incorporated. When used, it should 
be of such a consistency as to be easily put on and shaped with the hands. 

Grafting-wax. The common grafting- wax of the French gardeners is 
of two kinds. The first is melted and laid on with a brush in a fiuid 
state, and is made of half a pound of pitch, half a pound of beesv/ax, and 
a pound of cow-dung, boiled together. The second, which is spread 
while warm on strips of coarse cotton or strong paper, and wrapped 
directly about the graft, answering at once to tie and to protect it, is com- 
posed of equal parts of beeswax, turpentine, and resin. The grafting-wax 
most commonly used here is made of tallow, beeswax, and resin, in 
equal parts, or, as many prefer, with a little more tallow to render 
it pliable. It may be applied directly around the graft, or it may 
be spread with a brush, wh-en warm, upon cloth or paper, and after- 
ward the cloth or paper cut into suitable strips for wrapping, as indicated 
in the directions for grafting. 

Grafting-wax is a much neater and more perfect protection than 
grafting-clay. 

Hudding. 

budding {inoculating, of the old authors) differs from common graft- 
ing not the least in its nature or effects. Eve y bud is a distinct indi- 
vidual, capable of becoming a tree under favorable circumstances. In 
grafting we use a branch composed of several buds, with a considerable 
quantity of bark and wood ; while in budding we employ but a single 
bud, with a very small quantity of the adjoining bark and wood. 

The advantages of budding fruit-trees, compared with grafting, are 
so considerable that in this country it is ten times as much practised.. 
These are, first, the great rapidity with which it is performed ; a skilful 
budder, with a clever boy following him to tie the buds, being able to 
work from a thousand to twelve hundred young nursery stocks in a day, 
2d. The more convenient season at which it is performed in all coun- 
tries where a short spring crowds garden labors within a small space. 
3d. Being able to perform the operation without injuring the stock in 



24 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



case of failure, wliich is always more or less the case in stocks headed 
down for grafting. 4th. The opportunity which it affords, when per- 
formed in good season, of repeating the 
trial on the same stock. To these we 
may add that budding is universally pre- 
ferred here for all stone-fruits, such as 
Peaches, Apricots, and the like, as these 
require extra skill in grafting, but are 
budded with great ease. 

The proper season for budding fruit- 
trees in this country is from the first of 
J uly to the middle of September ; the dif- 
ferent trees coming into season as fol- 
lows: — Plums, Cherries, Apricots on 
Plums, Apricots, Pears, Apples, Quinces, 
ISTectarines, and Peaches. Trees of con- 
siderable size %\T.ll require budding earlier 
than young seedling stocks. But the 
operation is always, and only, performed 
when the harh of the stock parts or sep- 
arates freely from the wood^ and when 
the buds of the current year's gi'owth 
are somewhat plump, and the young wood 
is growing firm. Young stocks in the 
nursery, if thrifty, are usually planted 
oat in the rows in the spring, and bud- 
Budding-Knives. ded the Same summer or autumn. 

Before commencing you should pro- 
vide yourself with a budding-knife. Fig. 10 (about four 
and a half inches long), ha\TJig a round blade at one end, 
and an ivory handle, terminating in a thin rounded edge 
called the haft, at the other. 

Fig. 11 represents another style or form of budding- 
knife, by many considered preferable. The cutting por- 
tion extends about one-third around the end of the blade, 
and about two-thirds of its length, leaving the lower part 
dull. The rounded end of the blade to this knife ob\dates 
the necessity of reversing it for opening the bark when 
setting a bud, and thus facilitates work. 

In choosing your buds, select thrifty shoots that have 
nearly done growing, and prepare what is called a stick 
of buds, Fig. 12, by cutting off a few of the imperfect buds 
at the lower, and such as may be yet too soft at the upper 
ends, leaving only smooth, well-developed single buds ; 
double buds being fruit-buds. 

Great care is essential in selecting buds, as often even 
on sticks cut from young trees, and especially from bear- 
ing trees, many of the single buds will be found developed 
into fruit-buds, and are therefore unfitted for use. The 
form of a wood-bud is always long rather than round, and, 
in the case of peaches, there are sometimes triple buds, 
A stick of Buds, the Centre one of which is always a wood-bud. 

Cut off the leaves, allowing about half an inch of the 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



25 




footstalks to remain for conveniently inserting the buds. Some strands 
of bass matting, about twelve or fourteen inches long, and from a quarter 
to half an inch in width, moistened in water to render them soft and 
pliable (or in the absence of these some soft woollen yarn), must also be 
at hand for tying the buds. 

Shield or T-budding is the most approved mode in all countries. 
A new variety of this method, now generally practised in this country, we 
shall describe first, as being the simplest and the best mode for fruit-trees. 

American shield-budding. Having your stick of buds ready, choose 
a smooth portion of the stock. When the latter is small, let it be near 
the ground, and, if equally convenient, select also the north side of the 
stock, as less exposed to the sun. Make an upright incision in the bark 
from an inch to an inch and a half long, and at the top 
of this make a cross cut, so that the whole shall form 
a T. From the stick of buds, your knife being very 
sharp, cut a thin, smooth slice of wood and bark con- 
taining a bud, Fig. 13, a. With the rounded end of your 
budding-knife, now raise the bark on each side of the 
incision just wide enough to admit easily the prepared 
bud. Taking hold of the footstalk of the leaf, insert 
the bud under the bark, jDushing it gently down to the 
bottom of the incision. If the upper portion of the 
bud projects above the horizontal part of the T, cut 
it smoothly off, so that it may completely fit h. A 
bandage of the soft matting is now tied over the whole 
wound, Fig. 14, commencing at the bottom, and tying 
most firmly above, leaving the bud and the footstalk 
of the leaf only exposed to the light air. 

Common shield-hudding , Fig. 15, practised in all gardens in 
-Europe, differs from the foregoing only in one respect — the removal of 
the slice of wood contained in the bud. This is taken out with the 
point of the knife, holding the bud or shield 
by the leaf-stalk with one hand, inserting the 
knife under the wood at the lower extremity, 
and then raising and drawing out the wood by 
bending it upwards and downwards, with a 
slight jerk, until it is loosened from the bark ; 

always taking care that a small 
portion of the wood remains • 
behind to fill up the hollow at 
the base or heart of the bud. 
The bud thus prepared is in- 
serted precisely as before de- 
scribed. 

The American variety of 
shield-budding is found greatly 
preferable to the European 
mode, at least for this climate. 
Many sorts of fruit-trees, es- 
pecially Plums and Cheriies, nearly mature 

tbeir growth, and require to be budded in the hottest part of our 
summer. In the old method, the bud having only a shield of bark with 
but a particle of wood in the heart of the bud, is much more liable to 



American shield- 
budding. 





26 



PROPAGATIOX OF VARIETIES. 



be destroyed by heat, or dryness, tlian when the slice of wood is left 
behind in the American way. Taking out this wood is always an 
operation requiring some dexterity and practice, as few buds grow 
when their eye or heart-wood is damaged. The American method 
therefore requires less skill, can be done earlier in the season v/ith 
younger wood, is performed in much less time, and is uniformly more 
successful. It has been very fairly tested upon hundreds of thousands 
of fruit-trees in our gardens for the last twenty years, and although 
practised English budders coming here at first are greatly prejudiced 
against it, as being in direct opposition to one of the most essential 
features in the old mode, yet a fair trial has never failed to convince 
them of the superiority of the new. 

After-treatment. In two weeks after the operation you will be able 
to see whether the bud has taken, by its plumpness and freshness. If 
it has failed, you may, if the bark still parts readily, make another 
trial ; a clever budder will not lose more than 6 or 8 per cent. If it has 
succeeded, after a fortnight more has elapsed the bandage must be 
loosened, or, if the stock has swelled much, it should be removed alto- 
gether, by cutting on the back side opposite the bud. When budding 
has been performed very late, we have occasionally found it an advan- 
tage to leave the bandage on during the winter. 

As soon as the buds commence swelling in the ensu- 
ing spring, head down the stock, with a sloping back cut, 
within two or three inches of the bud. The bud will 
then start vigorously, and all " robbers," as the shoots 
of the stock near to and below the bud are termed, must 
be taken off from time to time. To secure the upright 
growth of- the bud, and to prevent its being broken by 
the winds, it is tied, when a few inches long, to that por- 
tion of the stock left for the purpose. Pig. 16, a. During 
the month of August, if the shoot is strong, this support 
may be removed, and the superfluous portion of the stock 
smoothly cut away in the dotted line h, when it will be 
rapidly covered with young bark. 

We have found a great advantage, when budding trees 
which do not take readily, in adopting Mr. Knight's ex- 
cellent mode of tying with two distinct bandages, one 
covering that part below the bud, and the other the 
portion above it. In this case the lower bandage is 
removed as soon as the bud has taken, and the upper 
left for two or three weeks longer. This, by arresting the upward sap, 
completes the union of the upper portion of bud (which in plums fre- 
quently dies while the loA^er part is united) and secures success. 

Reversed sliield-hudding^ which is nothing more than making the 
cross cut at the bottom instead of the top of the upright incision in 
the bark, and inserting the bud from below, is a good deal practised 
in the south of Europe, but we have not found that it possesses any 
superior merit for fruit-trees. 

An ingenious application of budding, worthy the attention of ama- 
teur cultivators, consists in using a blossom-bud instead of a wood-bud ; 
when, if the operation is carefully done, blossoms and fruit will be pro- 
duced at once. This is most successful with the Pear, though we have 
often succeeded also with the Peach. Blossom-buds are readily distia- 




Treatment of the 
growing bud. 



PHOPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



27 



guislied, as soon as well formed, by their roundness, and in some trees 
by their growing in pairs ; while wood-buds grow singly, and are more 
or less pointed. We have seen a curious fruit-grower borrow in this 
way, in September, from a neighbor ten miles distant, a single blos- 
som-bud of a rare new pear, and produce from it a fair and beautiful 
fruit the next summer. The bud, in such cases, should be inserted 
on a favorable limb of a bearing tree. 

Annular budding, Fig. 17, we have found a valuable 
mode for trees with hard wood and thick bark, or those 
which, like the walnut, have buds so large as to render 
it difficult to bud them in the common way. A ring of 
bark, when the sap is flowing freely, is taken from the /gl^ 
stock, a, and a ring of corresponding size containing a |t||S 
bud, 6, from the scion. If the latter should be too IJ'^^ 
large a piece must be taken from it to make it fit ; ^ 
or should all the scions be too small, the ring upon the 
stock may extend only three-fourths the way round, to 

suit the ring of the bud. Annular Budding. 

An ajjplication of this mode, of great value, occa- 
sionally occurs in this country. In snowy winters, fruit-trees in orchards 
are sometimes girdled at the ground by field-mice, and a growth of 
twenty years is thus destroyed in a single day, should the girdle extend 
quite round the tree. To save such a tree it is only necessary, as 
soon as the sap rises vigorously in the spring, to apply a new ring 
of bark, in the annular mode, taken from a branch of proper size ; 
tying it firmly, and drawing up the earth so as to cover the wound com- 
pletely. When the tree is too large to apply an entire ring, separate 
pieces, carefully fitted, will answer ; it is well to reduce the top some- 
what by pruning, that it may not make too large a demand on the root 
for a supply of food. 

Another practice, and perhaps one more easily applicable, is the tak- 
ing several large grafts or strong twigs of last year's growth, and after 
splitting them in halves, pare each end down to a thin edge, and in- 
sert them underneath the bark of the tree just above and below the 
wound. Tie around firmly with strong bass matting, and then draw up 
the earth to cover the whole and keep out the air. 

Budding may be done in the spring as well as at the latter end of 
summer, and is frequently so performed upon roses and other orna- 
mental shrubs by French gardeners, but is only in occasional use upon 
fruit-trees. 

Influence of the stock and graft. 

The well-known fact that we may have a hundred diflerent varieties 
of pear on the same tree, each of which produces its fruit of the proper 
form, color, and quality ; and that we may have, at least for a time, 
several distinct though nearly related species upon one stock, as the Peach, 
Apricot, Nectarine, and Plum, prove very conclusively the power of 
every grafted or budded branch, however small, in preserving its identity. 
To explain this, it is only necessary to recall to mind that the ascending 
sap, which is furnished by the root or stock, is nearly a simple fluid ; 
that the leaves digest and modify this sap, forming a proper juice, which 
re-descends in the inner barkj and that thus every bud and leaf upon a 




28 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



brancli maintains its individuality by preparing its own proper nourish- 
ment, or organizing matter, out of that general aliment the sap. In- 
deed, according to De CandoUe,* each separate cellule of the inner bark 
has this power of preparing its food according to its nature ; in proof of 
which a striking experiment has been tried by grafting rings of bark, of 
different allied species, one above another, on the same tree, without 
allowing any buds to grow upon them. On cutting down and examining 
this tree, it was found that under each ring of bark was deposited the 
proper wood of its species, thus clearly proving the power of the bark in 
preserving its identity, even without leaves. 

On the other hand, though the stock increases in size by the woody 
matter received in the descending sap from the graft, yet as this descends 
through the inner bark of the stock, it is elaborated by, and receives its 
character from the latter ; so that, after a tree has been grafted fifty 
years, a shoot which springs out from its trunk below the place of union 
will always be found to bear the original wild fruit, and not to have been 
in the least affected by the graft. 

But whilst grafting never effects any alteration in the identity of the 
variety or species of fruit, still it is not to be denied that the stock does 
exert certain influences over the habits of the gi-aft. The most important 
of these are dwarfing, inducing fruitfulness, and adapting the graft to the 
soil or climate. 

Thus every one knows that the slower habit of gro^vth in the Quince 
stock is shared by the Pear grafted upon it, which becomes a dwarf ; as 
does also the Apple when worked on the Paradise stock, and, in some 
degree, the Peach on the Plum. The want of entire similarity of struc- 
ture between the stock and graft confines the growth of the latter, 
and changes it, in the case of the Pear, from a lofty tree to a shrub of 
eight or ten feet in height. The effect of this difference of structure is 
very apparent, when the Peach is grafted on the Plum, in the greater 
size of the trunk above, as compared with that below the graft ; a fact 
which seems to arise from the obstruction w^hich the descending sap of 
the graft finds in its course through the bark of the stock. 

To account for the earlier and greater fruitfulness caused by grafting 
on a stock of slower growth, Mr. Knight, in one of his able papers, offers 
the following excellent remarks : — 

" The disposition in young trees to produce and nourish blossom buds 
and fruit is increased by this apparent obstruction of the descending 
sap ; and the fruit, I think, ripens somewhat earlier than upon other 
young trees of the same age which grow upon stocks of their own species. 
But the growth and vigor of the tree, and its power to nourish a succes- 
sion of heavy crops, are diminished, apparently, by the stagnation in the 
branches and stock of a portion of that sap which, in a tree growing on 
its own stem or upon a stock of its own species, would descend to nourish 
and promote the extension of its own roots. The practice, therefore, of 
grafting the Pear on the Quince, and the Peach on the Plum, when ex- 
tensive growth and durability are wanted, is wi-ong ; but it is eligible 
wherever it is wished to diminish the vigor and growth of the tree, and 
its durability is not so important." 

In adapting the graft to the soil the stock has a marked influence. 
Thus in dry chalky soils, where the Peach on its own roots will scarcely 



* Pliysiologie Vegetable. 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



29 



grow, it is foiind to thrive admirably budded on the Almond. We have 
already mentioned that in clay soils too heavy and moist for the Peach, 
it succeeds very well if worked on the Plum. M. Floss, a Prussian 
gardener, succeeded in growing line pears in very sandy soils, where it 
was nearly impossible to raise them before, by grafting them on the 
Mountain Ash, a nearly related tree, which thrives on the driest and 
lightest soil. 

A. variety of fruit which is found rather tender for a certain climate, 
or a particular neighborhood, is frequently acclimatized by grafting it on 
a native stock of very hardy habits. Thus near the sea-coast, where the 
finer plums thrive badly, we have seen them greatly improved by being 
worked on the beech-plum, a native stock adapted to the spot ; and the 
foreign grape is more luxuriant when grafted on our native stocks. 

A slight eflfect is sometimes produced by the stock on the quality of 
the fruit. A few sorts of pear are superior in flavor, but many are also 
inferior, when grafted on the Quince, while they are more gritty on the 
thorn. The Green Gage, a Plum of great delicacy of flavor, varies con- 
siderably upon difi*erent stocks ; and Apples raised on the crab, and pears 
on the Mountain Ash, are said to keep longer than when grown on their 
own roots. 

In addition to the foregoing, a diseased stock should always be 
avoided, as it will communicate disease slowly to the graft, unless the 
latter is a variety of sufiicient vigor to renew the health of the stock, 
which is but seldom the case. 

The cultivator will gather from these remarks that, in a favorable 
climate and soil, if we desire the greatest growth, duration, and develop- 
ment in any fruit (and this applies to orchards generally), we should 
choose a stock of a closely similar nature to the graft — an apple 
seedling for an apple ; a pear seedling for a pear. If we desire dwarf 
trees that come into bearing very young, and take little space in a gar- 
den, we employ for a stock an allied species of slower growth. If our 
soil or climate is unfavorable, we use a stock which is adapted to the 
soil, or which will, by its hardier roots, endure the cold. 

The injiuence of the graft on the stock seems scarcely to extend be- 
yond the power of communicating disease. A graft taken from a tree 
enfeebled by disease will recover with difiiculty, even if grafted on 
healthy stocks for a dozen times in repeated succession. And when the 
disease is an inherent or hereditary one, it will certainly communicate it 
to the stock. We have seen the yellows, from a diseased peach-tree, 
propagated through hundreds of individuals by budding, and the stock 
and graft both perish together from its efiects. Hence the importance, 
to nurserymen especially, of securing healthy grafts, and working only 
upon healthy stocks. 

Propagation hy Cuttings. 

Propagating by cuttings, as applied to fruit-trees, consists in causing 
a shoot of the previous season's wood to grow, by detaching it from the 
parent tree at a suitable season, and planting it in the ground under fa- 
vorable circumstances. 

In this case, instead of uniting itself by woody matter to another 
tree, as does the scion in grafting, the descending woody matter becomes 
roots at the lower end. and tho cuttinq- of which is then a new and entii-e 



30 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



plant. Every bud being a distinct individual, capable of forming a new 
j)lant, has indeed tlieoreticaily the power, if separated from the parent 
stem, of thro^^g out roots and maintaining a separate existence ; and 
some plants, as the grape-\dne, are frequently propagated by single buds 
planted in the soil. But in practice it is found necessary, with almost 
all trees and plants, to retain a considerable portion of the s^emwith the 
bud, to supj)ly it ^dth food until it has formed roots to di^aw nourish- 
ment from the soil. 

AH fruit-trees may be propagated by cuttings, witli proper care and 
attention, but only a few grow with sufficient facility in this way to 
render their propagation by cuttings a common mode. These are the 
Gooseberry, the Currant, the Vine, the Quince, the Fig, and the Mulberry. 

Cuttings of the Currant, Goosebeny, and the hardy sorts of Vine 
will root readily, in a soil not too dry, in the open garden. Currants 
and Gooseberries are generally taken off in the fall or winter, prepared 
for planting, and two-thirds of their low^er ends buried in the ground till 
the commencement of spring, when they are planted out, either where 
they are to remain or in nursery rows. They will succeed nearly as 
well if taken off in the spring, but, owing to the period at which they 
commence growing, this must be attended to very early ^ if deferred till 
that season. 

A successful practice is to prepare the cuttings of Gooseberries and 
Currants early in the autumn, and to plant them at once in the position 
where they are to grow the succeeding summer. In planting, set the 
cuttings into the ground so deeply that but one bud will be left at or 
near the surface, and then, as soon as the frosts of winter come, cover 
the whole ground with a light mulch of coarse straw manure, or other 
litter three or four inches deep. 

In order to raise plants of the Gooseberry and Currant, 
with straight clean stems, which shall not throw up suckers, 
it is only necessary, before planting the cutting, to cut out 
every eye or bud to be placed below the surface of the 
ground. Fig. 18, The cutting should be about a foot long, 
eight inches of wliich may be inserted in the ground. To 
insure greater success in raising the finer sorts of Gooseberry, 
or other shrubs, it is customary to plant the cuttings on 
the shaded side of a wall or fence, in deep rich loam, rather 
damp than dry. Cuttings of the vine are generally prepared 
when trimming the old plants in autumn or winter; they 
may then be buried with their lower ends in the ground, 
or kept in earth in the cellar till spring. 

Grape cuttings are also made as soon as it will answer 
to prune the vines in the autumn ; and, being planted at 
once in the ground, covered as above noted for Gooseberries 
and Currants, are found to grow successfully. 

Scarce sorts of grapes, which it is desirable to multiply 
extensively, are frequently propagated by j oints : that is, 
buds having about two inches of wood attached to each — 
cutting pre- every bud in this Avay forming a plant. When this mode 
phmted. is adopted, it is usual to plant the joints about half an inch 
deep, in light soil, in a common hot-bed prepared for the 
purpose, or each joint is planted in a pot by itself. In the first way 
a great number of plants may be growm in a small space. 




PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



31 



Formerly more certain success in propagating tlie vine by joints was 
considered gained by halving the joint before planting, as shown in Fig. 
19 ; but, recently, operators have practised the simple manner of prepar- 
ing the cuttings with about two inches of 

wood below, and half an inch above the -^..■^';.^c-^=--^^^^ ^^■■^^^r^ 
bud, and then planting in frames or pro- 
pagating-liouses, by simply placing the 
eye or cutting in a perpendicular posi- 
tion, the bud just level with, or nearly 
covered in a bed of clean, sharp, building ^ prepared and planted, 

or lake sand. A gentle bottom heat is to be maintained steadily, at the 
same time keeping the air in the house or frame quite cool until the lower 
end of the cutting or bud has commenced to form roots, when the air of 
the surface or volume of the house may be increased in warmth to stimu- 
late growth of vine. 

In the method of growing from single eyes, or two-eye cuttings, in 
out-door practice, it is considered best to prepare the cuttings during 
winter, and pack them in clean damp — not wet — sand, in a cool dark cel- 
lar, where they will callus ; and then, just as soon in the spring as the 
ground can be worked, jDlant the cuttings out, selecting as far as possible 
a sharp sandy loam for the location, covering the bed half an inch deep 
with the soil, and then two to three inches deep with mulch of sawdust, 
tan bark, &c. 

In preparing cuttings of what are termed hard- wood varieties, such as 
Delaware, Norton's Yirginia, &c., it is customary with some propaga- 
tors to scrape otf the outer baik from the lower end of the cutting, and 
to soften it by soaking in water from ten to twenty hours before placing 
them in the bed or frame. 

The large English black mulberry is propagated by cuttings, as 
follows : About the last of October take cuttings fi'om the thrifty shoots 
of a bearing tree, cut out all the buds except two or three at the top, 
and pare off the bottom of the cutting just below a bud. Lay in the 
cuttings in a sheltered border, burying them so that only the two buds 
at the top are exposed, and covering them with some loose straw or lit- 
ter. In the spring make a small hot-bed with very sandy soil, in which 
to plant the cuttings on taking them out of the ground, or place each 
one in a small pot in any hot-bed ready at hand, and in a few weeks 
they will be found to have made roots freely. 

As a general rule, cuttings succeed best when they are taken off 
just between the young ?4id the previous year's wood ; or, in the case of 
young side shoots, when they are cut off close to the branch preserving 
the coUai^ of the shoot. The lower end should be cut smoothly across 
just below a bud, the soil should in all cases be pressed firmly about the 
lower end of the cutting, and it should alw^ays be planted before the 
buds commence swelling, that the wound may in some measure heal 
before growth and the absorption of fluid commences. 

JPro2^agation hy Layers and Suckers. 

A layer may be considered as a cutting not entirely separated from 
the plant. 

Layering is a mode of propagation resorted to in increasing some 
fruit-tree stocks, as the Paradise stock, the Muscle Plum, and some 




32 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 




kinds which do not grow so well from the seed. Certain varieties 
of native grape, as the Norton's Virginia, which do not root readily by 
cuttings, are also raised in this way, and it may be applied to any sort 
of fruit-tree which it is desirable to continue on its own root without 
grafting. 

Fruit-trees are generally layered in the spring, and the layers may be 
taken off well-rooted plants in the autumn. But they may also be lay- 
ered with success early in July. 

In making layers the ground around the mother plant should be 
made light and mellow by digging. Being provided with some hooked 

pegs to fasten down the 
layers, bend down a branch, 
so that the end may recline 
upon the ground. Open a 
little trench three or four 
inches deep to receive the 
young wood to be layered ; 
make a cut or tonen.ie, rig. 
20, a, half way through the 
under or upper side of the 
shoot, pegging down the 
branch with the hooked peg, 
5, to keep it in its place ; 
press the earth slightly 
Layering. round the tongue, and, in 

filling in the soil, raise nearly upright the end of the layer, c, which re- 
mains above the surface of the ground. 

The descending sap, filled with organizable matter, is arrested by this 
tongue, accumulates there, and the emission of roots speedily takes place. 
Binging, wounding, or twisting the limb answers the same purpose less 
perfectly, and indeed many trees root readily from the mere position of 
the branches as layers, and the moisture of the soil. 

A tree or plant which is kept for raising layers is called a stool, and 
is headed down both to facilitate the rooting of the layers and to 
afford an abundance of shoots near the earth. Shoots of some of the 
fruit-tree stocks in the English nurseries are pegged do^\Ti to the surface 
before growth commences in the spring, covered about an inch deep with 
soil, and at the end of autunm afford hundreds of plants; almost every 
bud making a separate root. 

Suckers are shoots sent up from the root, or from portions of the 
stem below the surface of the soil, which are easily separated from the 
parent plant. 

Suckers of fruit-trees are frequently used as stocks for budding or 
grafting upon ; but they are greatly inferior to seedlings for this purpose, 
as they are alv/ays more liable to produce suckers, and they have not the 
thrifty, vigorous habit, or the same power of forming as good roots as 
seedlings. Besides this, should the tree from which they are taken bo 
diseased, they will be likely to carry the malady with them. 

Propagating by suckers is an easy and desirable way when we ^^dsh 
to continue a seedling fruit of value on its own root, and some of our 
common fruits appear to be more healthy and permanent when growing in 
that way. It is also a mode for increasing the Baspberry ; as is also that 
of runners, which is a kind of sucker above ground, for the Strawberry. 



PRUNING. 



33 



Propagation hy Pieces of Pools, 

Many varieties of trees, and nearly all varieties of Blackberries, 
Raspberries, Gooseberries, Currants, &c., can be readily propagated by 
small pieces of roots. Cut the root into pieces of about two inches 
in length, any time in autumn or winter, and pack them in moist 
sand, storing where they will be free from frost. In spring prepare 
a frame with a gentle bottom heat and plant them, covering about an 
inch deep, in a sandy loam ; as soon as they have well started they may 
be transplanted out into the open field. Some propagators keep them 
in the winter packages until the spring is well advanced and the ground 
becomes somewhat warmed, v/hen they plant at once in the open ground, 
setting the upper end of the piece of root just level with the ground, 
and then covering the whole surface with about three inches deep of 
some light mulching material. . 



CHAPTER lY. 

PRUNING. 

1. Pruning to promote Growth or modify the Form of Fruit-trees. 

In this country almost all fruit-trees are grown as standards. In 
this way they develop their natural forms, attain the largest size, 
and produce the greatest quantity of fruit with the least possible care. 
Our bright and powerful sun, reaching every part of the tree, renders 
the minute systems of pruning and training, which occupy so large a por- 
tion of the English works on the subject, of little or no moment to the 
cultivator here. Pruning is therefore commonly resorted to only for 
the purpose of increasing the vigor of feeble trees, or to regulate and 
improve the form of healthy and luxuriant trees. 

Pruning has the power of increasing the vigor of a tree in two ways. 
If we assume that a certain amount of nourishment is supplied by the 
roots to all the branches and buds of a tree, by cutting ofi:* one-half of the 
branches at the proper season we direct the whole supply of nourish- 
ment to the remaining portion, which will consequently grow with 
nearly double their former luxuriance. Again, when a tree becomes 
stunted or enfeebled in its growth, the thinness of its inner bark, with its 
consequent small sap-vessels (wliich it must be remembered are the prin- 
cipal channel for the j)assage of the ascending supply of food), renders 
the upward and downward circulation tardy, and the growth is small. 
By heading back or pruning judiciously, all the force of the nourishing 
fluid is thrown into a smaller number of buds, which make new and 
luxuriant shoots, larger sap-vessels, and whicli afford a ready passage to 
the fluids, and the tree with these renewed energies will continue in vigor 
for a long time. 

This treatment is especially valuable in the case of small trees of 
feeble or stunted growth, which are frequently cut back to a single bud, 
and a new shoot or shoots, full of vigor, gives a healthy habit to the 

3 



34 



PRUNING. 



tree. In the nurseries this practice of heading down unthrifty trees is 
frequently pursued, and small orchard trees which have become enfeebled 
may be treated in the same manner, cutting back the head as far as the 
place where it is wished that new shoots should spring out. Older trees 
should be headed back more sparingly, unless they are greatly enfeebled, 
and their roots should at the same time be assisted by manure. 

A judicious pruning, to modify the form of our standard trees, is 
nearly all that is required in ordinary practice. Every f ruit-tree^ grown 
in the open orchard or garden as a common standard, should he allowed 
to take its natural form, the whole efforts of the pruner going no further 
than to take out all weak and crowded branches j those which are filling 
uselessly the inteidor of the tree, where theii- leaves cannot be duly 
exposed to the light and sun, or those which interfere with the growth 
of others. All pruning of large branches in healthy trees should be 
avoided, by examining them every season and taking out superfluous 
shoots while small. Mr. Coxe, the best American author on fruit-trees, 
remarks very truly : " When orchard trees are pruned, they are apt to 
throw out numerous (suj)erfluous) suckers from the boughs in the follow- 
ing summer ; these should be rubbed off when they first appear, or they 
may easily be broken ofi' while young and brittle — cutting is apt to 
increase their number." 

Where pruning is not required to renovate the vigor of an enfeebled 
tree, or to regulate its shape, — in other words, in the case of a healthy 
tree which we wish to retain in a state of the greatest luxuriance, health, 
and vigor, — it may be considered worse than useless. Bearing in mind 
that growth is always corresponding to the action of the leaves and 
branches, if these are in due proportion and in perfect health, the kjiife 
will always be found rather detrimental to luxuriance and constitutional 
vigor than beneficial. * 

The best season for 2^riming to promote groioth, theoretically, is in 
autumn, soon after the fall of the leaf. Next to this, winter pruning, 
performed in mild weather, is best, and in orchards this is the season 
usually most convenient. f In all parts of the country where the ^vTjiters 
are not very severe (and always in the Southern or Western States) the 
roots are collecting a certain stock of nourishment during the whole 
autumn and winter. When a tree is pruned in autumn or winter this 
whole supply goes to the remaining branches, Avhile in the case of spring 
pruning it is partly lost. North of the 43d. degree of latitude, however, 
the winters are so severe that winter-pruning should be deferred till the 
last of February. 

We should especially avoid pruning at that period in spring when 

* Ig-norant cultivators frequently weaken the energies of young- trees, and 
cause them to grow up with lean and slender stems, by injudiciously trimming 
off the young side shoots and leaves in the growing season. By taking off these 
shoots the stem is deprived of all the leaves which would attract and elaborate 
the sap, thus preparing nourishment for the growth of the stem ; and the trunk 
of the tree does not increase in size half so fast as when the side branches are 
allowed to remain for a time, pruning them avray gradually. It is better, in the 
case of these young trees, to stop the side branches, when of moderate length, by 
pinching out the terminal bud. 

f Experience of many years convinces us that, whatever theory may sug- 
gest, the best time to prune in order to pvomote growth, and to have the wound 
healed perfectly, is very early in spring, or as soon as the severity of winter has 
passed. 



PRUNING. 



35 



the buds are swelling, and the sap is in full flow, as the loss of sap hy 
bleeding is very injurious to most trees, and in some brings on a serious 
and incurable canker in the limbs. 

In pruning large limbs, some composition should always be at hand 
to cover the wound. This will not only prevent its cracking by the 
cold in winter-pruning, but will keep out the air, and maintain the 
exposed wood in a sound state until it is covered with a new layer of 
bark. Many compositions have been in fashion abroad for this pur- 
pose, which under our summer sun and wintry frosts are nearly worth- 
less, as they generally crack and fall off in a single year. The following 
is a cheap and admirable application, wliich we recommend to all culti- 
vators of fruit-trees. 

Comjjosition for wounds made in jy^runing. Take a quart of alcohol 
and dissolve in it as much gum-shellac as will make a liquid of the con- 
sistence of paint. Apply this to the wound with a common painter's 
brush ; always paring the wound smoothly first with the knife. The 
liquid becomes perfectly hard, adheres closely, excludes the air perfectly, 
and is aflected by no changes of weather ; while at the same time its 
thinness offers no resistance to the lip of new bark that gradually closes 
over the wound. If the composition is kept in a well-corked bottle, 
sufficiently \vide-mouthed to admit the brush, it will always be ready for 
use and suited to the want of the moment. 

To prevent mice or rabhits from girdling trees. Great injury is done to 
young orchards in some districts by the meadovj mouse. This little ani- 
mal always works under cover ^ and therefore does its mischief in winter 
when the snow lies deeply upon the ground. A common and effectual mode 
of deterring it is that of treading down the snow firmly about the stem 
directly after- every fall of snow. But this is a very troublesome affair. 

The following mixture will be found to be an effectual prevention. 
Take one spadeful of hot slaked lime, one do. of clean cow-dung, half do. 
of soot, one handful of flowers of sulphur : mix the whole together with the 
addition of sufficient water to bring it to the consistency of thick paint. 
At the approach of winter paint the trunks of the trees sufficiently high to 
be beyond the reach of these vermin. Experience has proved that it does 
no injury to the tree. A dry day should be chosen for its application. 

English nurserymen are in the habit of protecting nurseries of smcdl 
trees from the attacks of rahhits, simply by distributing through the 
squares of the nursery coarse matches made by dipping bunches of rags, 
or bits of tow, in melted sulphur, and fastening these in split stakes a 
couple of feet high. The latter are stuck into the ground, among the 
trees, at from 12 to 20 feet apart, and are said completely to answer the 
purpose. 

Wrapping the body of the tree with coarse hardware paper, letting 
the lower end of the paper go below the soil at the crown of the tree, 
will effectually prevent the attacks of rabbits. 

Wash for the trunks and branches of fruit-trees. The best wash for 
the stems and branches of fruit-trees is made by dissolving two pounds 
of potash in two gallons of water. This is applied with a brush at any 
season, but perhaps with most effect in the spring. One, or at most 
two applications will rid the stem of trees of the bark-louse, and render 
it smooth and glossy. It is far more efficacious than whitewash, as a 
preservative against the attacks of insects, while it promotes the growth 
of the tree, and adds to the natural lively color of the bark. 



36 



PRUXIXG. 



The iDash of soft soap is also a very good one for many purposes. 
Though not equal for general pui'poses to the potash wash, it is better foi 
old trunks ^d.th thick and rigid bark, as a portion of it remains upon the 
surface of the bark for some time, and with the action of every rain is 
. dissolved, and thus penetrates into all the crevices where insects may be 
lodged, destroying them, and softening the bark itself. 

2. Pruning to induce Fruitfulness. 

There are advantages and disadvantages attending all seasons of 
pruning, but our own experience has led us to believe that, practically, 
a fortnight before midsirinraer is by far the best season on the whole for 
pruning in the JTortJtern and Jliddle States. Wounds made at tlus 
season heal over freely and rapidly ; it is the most favorable time to 
judge of the shape and balance of the head, and to see at a glance which 
branches requii^e removal ; and all the stock of organizable matter in the 
tree is directed to the branches that remain. 

A^^len a young fruit-tree is too luxuriant, employing all its energies 
in making vigorous shoots, but forming few or no blossom buds, and 
producing no fruit, we have it in our power by different modes of 
pruning to lessen this over-luxuriance, and force it to expend its ener- 
gies in fruit-bearing. A successful mode of doing this is by pruning the 
roots — a proceeding recently brought into very successful practice by 
European gardeners. 

Itoot-jjruning has the effect of at once cutting off a considerable 
supply of the nourishment formerly afforded by the roots of a tree. The 
leaves, losing part of their usual food, are neither able to gi'ow as rapidly 
as before, nor to use all the nutritious matter already in the branches ; 
the branches therefore become more stunted in theii' growth, the organ- 
izable matter accimiulates, and fruit-buds are dii-ectly formed. The en- 
ergies of the tree are no longer entirely carried off in gi'o^i:h, and the re- 
turning sap is employed in producing fruit -buds for the next year. 

Hoot-pmning should be performed in autumn or winter, and it 
usually consists in laying bare the roots and cutting off" smoothly at a dis- 
tance of a few feet from the trunk (in proportion to the size of the tree) 
the principal roots. ]Mi\ Eivers, an English nurseryman of celebrity, 
who has practised this mode with gTeat success, digs a trench early in 
ISTovember, eighteen inches deep, round and under his trees to be root- 
pruned, cutting off" the roots with a sharp spade. By following this 
practice every year he not only throws his trees into early bearing, but 
forces Apples, Pears, and the like, grafted on theii' own roots, to become 
prolific dwarfs, growing only six feet apart, trained in a conical form, 
full of fruit branches, and producing abundantly. Those dwarf trees, 
thus annually root-pruned, he supplies abundantly with old composted 
manure at the ends of the roots, thus keeping up theii' health and vigor. 
The plan is an admirable one for small gardens, or for amateurs who 
wish to grow a great many sorts in a small surface. Mr. Eivers, in a 
pamphlet on this subject, enumerates the following among the advan 
tages of systematic root-pruning : — 

" 1. The facility of thinning (owing to the small size of the trees), 
and, in some varieties, of setting the blossoms of shy-bearing sorts, and 
of thinnino; and ofatherino; the fruit. 

" 2. It will make the gardener independent of the natural soil of his 



PRUNING. 



37 



garden, as a few barrowfuls of rich mould will support a tree for a 
lengthened period, thus placing bad soils nearly on a level with those the 
most favorable. 

" 3. The capability of removing trees of fifteen or twenty years' 
gi'owth with as much facility as furniture." 

In conclusion, Mr. Rivers recommends caution^' " enough of vigor 
must be left in the tree to support its crop of fruit, and one, two, 
or three seasons' cessation from root-pruning will often be found 
necessary." 

Root-pruning in this country will, we think, be most valuable in its 
appKcation to common standard trees, which are thrifty but bear little 
or no fruit. They will generally be found to require but a single prun- 
ing to bring them into a permanently fruitful condition ; and some sorts 
of Pears and Plams, which do not usually give a fair crop till they are 
twelve or fourteen years old, may be brought into fruit by this means as 
soon as they are of proper size. Several nearly full-grown peach, pear, 
and plum trees, on a very rich soil on the Hudson, which were over-lux- 
uriant but bore no fruit, were root-pruned by our ad\T.ce, and yielded 
most excellent and abundant crops afterwards. 

In the case of Apple orchards, where the permanent value depends 
on the size, longevity, and continued productiveness of the trees, it 
is better to wait patiently and not resort to pruning to bring them into 
bearing, as it cannot be denied that all excessive pruning shortens 
somewhat the life of a tree. Mr. Coxe, indeed, recommended that the 
first fruit should never be allowed to ripen on a young apple orchaixl, as 
it lessens very materially the vigor of the trees. 

Shortening-in the shoots of Peaches, IS'ectarines, and Apricots, as we 
shall hereafter point out, has a strong tendency to increase the fruitful- 
ness of these tree-s, since by reducing the young wood the sap accumu- 
la.tes in the remainder of the branch, and many bearing shoots are pro- 
duced instead of one. And the English practice of s^mrring-in, which 
consists in annually shortening the lateral shoots of trained Pears, Ap- 
ples, and the like, in order to make them throw out short fruit branches 
or spurs, is founded on the same principle. 

JBending down the limbs is an easy and simple means of throwing 
such branches directly into fruit. By this means the cii'culation is retard- 
ed, rapid growth ceases, organizable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds, as 
before stated, surely follow. The limbs are bent while flexible, in June 
or July, and tied do^vn below a horizontal line until they retain of them- 
selves their new ]3osition. AYhen this can be easily applied, it is a never- 
failing mode of rendering such branches fruitful. It is stated in Loudon's 
Gardener's Magazine " that " a very large crop of Pears was obtained 
by the Rev. Mr. Fisher, in Buckinghamshire, from trees which had not 
borne at all, by twisting and breaking down the young shoots late in the 
autumn, when the wood had become tough ; and the pendent branches 
afterwards continued perfectly healthy." 

Disharking and Ringing are two modes that have been recommend- 
ed by some authors, but of which, except as curious experiments, we 
entii-ely disapprove. Disbarking, that is, remoA^ing the outer bark of 
the trunk in February, May, or March, is and may be practised with 
good results on trees in very sheltered positions, and under glass, but 
must always be a somewhat dangerous practice in open orchards, and in 
a variable climate like ours ; while its good efi'ects may in a great meas- 



38 



TRAINING. 



lire be attained hy keeping the bark in a healtliy state by a wash of 
soft soap. Hinging, which is nothing more than stopping the descend- 
ing sap in a branch, and forcing it to organize blossom-buds, by taking 
off a ring of bark, say a fourth or half an inch, near midsummer, is a 
mode always more or less injurious to the health of the branch, and if 
carried to any extent finally destroys the tree. It is gradually falling 
into disuse since root-pruning and other and better modes are becoming 
known. A ligature or bandage, tightly applied to the limb, will have 
temporarily the same effect as ringing, without so much injury to the 
branch. 

Inducing Fruitfulness hy other Means. 

The influence of certain soils on the productiveness of fruit-trees is a 
subject of every-day observation, but the particular ingi-edients of the 
soil which insure this abundant bearing are not so well known. Lime- 
stone soils are almost invariably productive of all sorts of fruit ; and 
certain strong loams in this country seem to be equally well adapted to 
this end. 

In a curious work called the " Kej uvenescence of Plants," &c., by 
Dr. Schultz, of Berlin, the author, who has devoted considerable time 
to the subject, states that common salt and chloride of lime contribute 
greatly to the flowering of most plants, to which, however, they can only 
be applied with safety in small quantities. " Salts of lime," he con- 
tinues, " appear to produce so nearly the same effect as those of potash 
and soda, that it is only necessary to place lime within their reach, if 
there is no deficiency of manure in the shape of general food. Lime will 
in the main promote, in an astonishing degree, the fruit and flowering 
of most plants, because calcareous salts promote evaporation and the con- 
centration of sap." 

Although we cannot coincide with many of Dr. Schultz's views as 
expressed in this work, yet the remarks just quoted agree so entirely 
with facts that have come under our own observation, that we gladly 
place them before the cultivator of fruit-trees. One of the most produc- 
tive fruit-gardens in our knowledge is on a limestone soil, and another, 
more than usually prolific, in a neighborhood not very fruitful, is every 
year treated with a top-dressing of coarse salt, at the rate of two bushels 
to the acre. These facts are surely worth the attention of growers, and 
should be the subject of more extended and careful experiments. 

Kendering trees more fruitful by dwarfing, and by adapting them 
to soils naturally unfruitful by growing them upon other and better 
stocks, we have already placed before the reader under the head of 
Grafting. 



CHAPTEK Y. 

TRAINING. 

Training fruit-trees is, thanks to our favorable climate, a proceeding 
entirely unnecessary in the greater part of the United States. Our fijie 
dry summers, with the great abundance of strong light and sun, are suf- 



TRAINING. 



39 



ficient to ripen fully the fruits of temperate climates, so that the whole, 
art of training, at once the trial and triumph of skill with English fruit- 
gardeners, is quite dispensed with ; and in the place of long lines of 
brick w^all and espalier rails, surrounding and dividing the fruit-garden, 
all covered with carefully trained trees, we are proud to show the open 
orchard, and the borders in the fruit-garden filled with thrifty and pro- 
ductive standards. Notliing surprises a British gardener more, knowing 
the cold of our winter, than the first sight of peaches and other fine 
fruits arriving at full perfection in the Middle States with so little 
care ; and he sees at once that .three-fourths of the great expense of a 
fruit-garden here is rendered entirely needless. 

Training fruit-trees, in this country, is therefore confined to the 
colder districts north of the 43° of latitude, and to the gardens of ama- 
teurs. There can, however, scarcely be a more beautiful display of the 
art of the horticulturist than a fine row of trained trees, their branches 
arranged with the utmost symmetry and regularity, and covered, in the 
fruit season, with large and richly colored fruit. 

North of the 43° latitude (or north of the Mohawk) the j)each does 
not ripen well, and this, as well as soem other rather tender trees, will, 
in such situations, generally yield abundant crops when trained on a 
common upright trellis, or espalier rail, seven or eight feet high.* Still 
farther north, as in Maine or Canada, a wall must be resorted to ; but 
our own observation leads us to believe that, generally, the espalier rail 
will be found not only cheaper and more easily managed in training, 
but really preferable to a wall, as full exj)osure to light is sufiicient with- 
out much additional heat. With regard to walls themselves, in the 
middle portions of the Union a southern aspect is almost always the 
worst, being too hot in midsummer ; a wall running north and south, 
and affording east and west aspects, is much the best. The western as- 
pect is indeed preferable for all tender fruits, as the blossoms are not 
there liable to injury from early frosts. A. north wall is useful for pro- 
ducing a later crop. 

The objects of training are, by a more complete exposure of the 
leaves and branches to the light and sun, to ripen fruits in a naturally 
unfavorable climate ; to render them more fruitful — lessening vigor and 
excessive growth by the lateral or horizontal arrangement of the 
branches ; and lastly, economy of space, as trees when trained on a flat 
surface occupy much less space in the fruit-garden than standards, and 
leave the borders more open for cropping with vegetables. 

Training conical standards. A very easy and simple mode of 
training fruit-trees, which has lately come into great favor with amateurs, 
is the conical standard, or Quenouille (pronounced kenool) of the French. 
It is applied chiefly to pears, which when treated in this way may be 
planted about eight feet apart, and thus a great variety of sorts may be 
grown in a small garden. A great number of the specimen trees in the 
London Horticultural Society's Garden are trained in this manner ; and 
Loudon remarks, that in 1840 the Royal Kitchen Garden of Versailles 
contained two hundred trees trained in the conical manner, with the 

* Cedar or locust posts, set four or eight feet apart, with horizontal bars let 
in, and crossed by light perpendicular strips of pine from six to twelve inches 
apart, will form an excellent and durable trellis for espaliers. See Fig 28. In- 
deed many gardeners here prefer having a light trellis a few inches from the wall 
upon which to traia, instead of nailing directly on the wall. 



40 



TRAINING. 



current year's shoots tied down en quenouille. " They had attained the 
height of from six to twelve feet before the branches were bent down ; 
but the efiect of this was to cover the shoots Avith blossom-buds, and to 
produce the most extraordinary crops." 

To produce Quenouille standards, plant a young tree, three or four 
feet high, and, after the first summer's growth, head back the top and 
cut-in the side branches, as represented by the dotted lines on a, Fig. 
21. The next season the tree ^vill shoot out three or four tiers of side 
branches, according to its strength. The lowest should be left about 
eighteen inches from the ground, and, by pinching off superfluous shoots, 
others may be made to grow pretty regularly, so as not to crowd the 
head. At the end of tliis season head back the leader as in 5, to 
strengthen the side shoots. Next season a fresh series of lateral shoots 
w^ill be produced, four or five of which may be kept every year ; and 
the third or fourth year the lower branches may be bent down in raid- 




Quenouille or Conical Training, progressive stages. Conical or Quenouille Training, complete. 



summer, c, and kept* in a pendulous position for a year or two, by tying 
them to stakes driven in the ground, or to the main stem. This succes- 
sive growth at the top, and arrangement of the limbs below, must be 
continued till the requisite height — say ten feet — is attained, when, all 
the branches assuming their final form, the tree will resemble Fig. 22. 
A moderate pruning to produce new wood, and the occasional tying in of 
a rambling shoot, ^vill be all that is required. The French quenouille 
training is performed with dwarf stocks, but the trees are more thrifty 
and durable when grafted on their own stocks, and kept within proper 
bounds by root-pruning after Mr. Rivers's method, explained in a 
previous page. 

Pyramids and hushes are trees adapted for small gardens, and not 
{standards such as are planted in orchards. Mr. Rivers, whose success in 
training and fruiting dwarf trees has hardly an equal, gives the following 
directions : — " If a young gardener intends to plant, and wishes to train 



TRAINTNa 



41 



up his trees so that they will become quite perfect in shape, he should 
select plants one year old from the bud or graft, with single upright 
stems; these will of course have good buds down to the junction of the 
graft with the stock. The first spring a tree of this description should 
be headed down, so as to leave the stem about eighteen inches long. If 
the soil be rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be produced ; one 
of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpen- 
dicular, it must be fastened to a stake. As soon in summer as the 
leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched oft'; and if it 
pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch off all but one to three leaves, 
leaving the topmost for a leader. Tlie side shoots will in most cases 
assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to 
slight stakes, to make them grow in the proper direction. This is best 
done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot to a slight 
stake, so that an open pyramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and 
cypress-like, enough aii- is not admitted to the fruit. They may remain 
unprnned till the end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to 
v»T.thin eight buds of the stem. This will leave the tree so that no prun- 
ing in winter will be required. The second season the tree will make 
.\T.gorous growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will 
each put forth three, four, or more shoots. In June, as soon as these have 
made four leaves, they must be pinched off to three leaves, and if these 
spurs put forth shoots, which they often do, every shoot must be pinched 
down to one leaf, a^Z hut the leading slioot of each side branch. This 
must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end 
of August. The perpendicular leader must be topped once or twice — in 
short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch oft' its top, and if it break 
into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for 
the first season ; in a few years most symmetrical trees may be formed." 

The best modes of training for this country, on walls or espaliers, are 
fan-cordon and horizontal training. The first is the simplest and easiest 
mode of training the Peach, tbe Apricot, Xectarine, and Cherry ; and 
the latter is best adapted to the Pear. In training to a wall, the branches 
are fastened in their places by shreds of leather and nails ; and as espa- 
liers, by tying them with slips of bass matting to the rails of the trellis. 

Cordon-training has within the past few years become quite a feature 
among French gardeners, and is now being practised with success by 
many amateurs in this country. There are a number of varied modes of 
training en cordon^ among which those termed oblique cordon SiTid espalier 
or lateral cordon are most in use. Oblique cordon training serves to test 
in a small space a large number of varieties, and may in many cases be 
adopted with great satisfaction. Dubreil says : " In its practice choose 
healthy and vigorous young trees of one year's growth, carrying only one 
stem. Plant them sixteen inches apart, and incline them one over th3 
other at an angle of sixty degi ^s. Cut off about one-third of the length 
at or just above a front fruit-bud. During the following summer favor 
as much as possible the development of the terminal shoot ; all the others 
must be transformed into fruit branches by the same means as described 
for pyramidal trees. The second pruning has for its object to transform 
the lateral shoots into fi'uit-spurs ; the new extension of the stem must 
be cut back one-third. If the terminal extension has grown but slightly, 
and shows signs of weakness, the cut must be made lower do^m on the 
two-years wood, in order to obtain a more vigorous terminal shoot. By 



42 



TRAINING. 



the time of tlie third pruning, the young stem has generally attained 
two-thirds of its entire length ; it must then be inclined to an angle of 45°." 

The same pruning of side branches and terminal shoot must be per- 
formed as last year, and continued from year to year until the desired 
height for covering the wall or trellis is attained ; afterwards it must be 
yearly cut back about two feet, for the purpose of allowing a vigorous 
shoot to grow from the end, and thus keep up a healthy circulation. 

Espalier or lateral cordon training is adapted to the borders of walks 
in gardens, and is suited more to the Apple worked on the Paradise 
stock than any other variety of tree. It is termed double or single 
arm cordon, as the trees have arms trained one or both ways. Fig. 23 
shows at a a young maiden tree pruned for planting, while h shows the 
same with its Jimbs tied down to a wire, which is upheld by stakes about 
one foot above the ground, and secured firmly at each end of the line. 





Fig. 24 shows the plants after being two or three years trained in 
single cordon — the terminal shoot of each tree being united by inarching 
at the junction with the stem and branch. 

The following account of fan-training and horizontal training is so 
concisely abridged from the practice of the best English gardens, in the 
Suburban Horticulturist," that we cannot do better than to place it 
before the reader. 

Fan-trainiyig in the common English manner. A maiden plant (a 
tree but one year from the graft) being planted, " is to be headed down 
to four buds or eyes, placed in such a manner as 
to throw out two shoots on each side, as shown 
in Fig. 25. The following season the two upper- 
most shoots are to be headed down to three eyes, 
placed in such a manner as to throw out one 
leading shoot and one shoot on each side ; the 
two lowermost shoots are to be headed down to 
two eyes, so as to throw out one leading 
shoot and one shoot on the uppermost 
side, as shown in Fig. 26. We have now 
five leading shoots on each side, well 
placed, to form our future tree. Each of 
these shoots must be placed in the exact 
position in which it is to remain ; and as 
it is these shoots which are to form the 
future tree, none of them are to be short- 
ened. The tree should by no nieans be 
suffered to bear any fruit this year, 
allowed to produce, besides the leading shoot at its extremity, two other 
shoots on the uppermost side, one near to the bottom and one about mid- 



Fan-training, first stage. 




Fan-training, second stage. 

Each shoot must now 



be 



TRAINING. 



43 



way up the stem ; there must also be one shoot on the undermost side, 
placed about midway between the other two. All the other shoots must 
be pinched off in tlieii- infant state. The tree will then assume, at 
the end of the year, the appearance shown in Fig. 27. From this tmie 
it may be allowed to bear 
what crop of fruit the gar- 
dener thinks it able to carry ; 
in determining which he 
ought never to overrate the 
vigor of the tree. All of 
these shoots except the lead- 
ing ones must at the pro- 
per season be shortened, but 
to what length must be left 
entirely to the judgment of 

the gardener, it of course Fan-training, third stage. 

depending upon the vigor of the tree. In shortening the shoot, care 
should be taken to cut back to a wood-bud that will produce a shoot 
for the follo^ving year. Cut close to the bud, so that the wound may 
heal the following season. The following year each shoot at the 
extremities of the leading branches should prod\ice, besides the leading 
shoot, one on the upper and two on the under part, more or less, accord- 
ing to the vigor of the tree ; whilst each of the secondary branches should 
produce, besides the leading shoot, one other placed near to the bottom ; 
for the grand art of pruning, in all systems to which this class of trees is 
subjected, consists in preserving a sufficient quantity of young wood at 
the bottom of the tree ; and on no account must the gardener cut away 
clean any shoots so placed, without well considering if they will be 
wanted, not only for the present but for the future good appearance of 
the tree. The quantity of young wood annually laid in must depend upon 




Fan-training, complete. 

the vigor of the tree. It would be ridiculous to lay the same quantity 
into a weakly tree as into a tree in full vigor. The gardener here must 
use his own judgment. But if any of the leading shoots manifest a dis- 
position to outstrip the others, a portion of young shoots must be laid in, 
and a greater quantity of fruit suffered to ripen on the over-vigorous 
branch. At the same time a smaller quantity of fruit than usual must 




44 



TRAINING. 



be left to ripen on the weaker branch. This will tend to restore the 
equilibrium better than any other method. Fig. 28 presents us with the 
figure of a tree in a more advanced state, well balanced, and well calcu- 
lated for an equal distribution of the sap all over its surface. [We have 
varied this figure by representing it trained on a trellis, instead of a 
wall.] Whenever any of the lower shoots have advanced so far as to 
incommode the others, they should be cut back to a yearling shoot ; this 
will give them room, and keep the lower part of the tree in order. In 
nailing to a wall, care must be taken not to bruise any part of the shoot ; 
the wounds made by the knife heal quickly, but a bruise often proves 
incurable. Never let a nail gall any part of the tree ; it will endanger 
the life of the branch. In nailing-in the young shoots, dispose them as 
straight and regular as possible ; it will look workman-like. Whatever 
system of training is pursued, the leading branches should be laid-in in 
the exact position they are to remain ; for wherever a large branch is 
brought down to fill the lower part of the wall, the free ascent of the sap 
is obstructed by the extension of the upper, and contraction of the lower 
parts of the branch. It is thus robbed of part of its former vigor, while 
it seldom fails to throw out, immediately behind the parts most bent, 
one or more vigorous shoots." 

Horizontal training consists in preserving an upright leader, with 
lateral shoots trained at regular intervals. These intervals may be from 
a foot to eighteen inches for pears and apples, and about nine inches for 
cherries and plums. " A maiden plant with three shoots having been 
procured, the two side shoots are laid in horizontally, 
Jl and the centre one upiight, as in Fig. 29 ; all the buds 

I being rubbed ofi' the latter but three, viz. : one next 

f the top for a vertical leader, and one on each side near 

""^^'=*'«^^r^ -r- ^j^^ ^^^^ horizonal branches. In the course of the 
first summer after planting, the shoots may be allowed 
to grow without being stopped. In the autumn of 
the first year the two laterals produced are nailed or 
tied in, and also the shoots produced from the extre- 
mities of the lower latends; the centre shoot being headed dowTias before, 
as shown in Fig. 30. But in the second summer, when the main shoot 
has attained the length of ten or twelve inches, it may be stopped ; which, 
if the plant is in proper vigor, will cause it to throw out two horizontal 
branches, in addition to those 
wliich were thrown out from 
those of the preceding year. 
The tree will now be in its 
second summer, and will have 



Horizontal training, first 
stage. 





Horizontal traiaing, second stage. Horizontal training, third stage. 

four horizontal branches on each side of the upright stem, as in Fig. 
3 1 ; and, by persevering in this system, four horizontal branches will be 



TRAIiSPLANTING. 45 

produced in each year till the tree reaches the top of the wall (or 
espalier), when the upright stem must terminate in two horizontal 
branches. In the following autumn the tree will have the appearance 
of Fig. 32." — Suburban Horticulturist^ pp. 363 : 372. 




Horizontal training, fourth year. 

Training fruit-trees is nowhere in the United States practised to 
much extent, nor is it considered desirable in the general practice of fruit- 
growing. The additional labor is not met by a balance in superior 
quantity of product, and, while occasionally a few specimens may be pro- 
cured in this manner of great beauty and excellence, the general crop is 
not satisfactory or profitable, either to the amateur or the market-grower. 



CHAPTER YI. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

As nearly all fruit-trees are raised first in nurseries, and then re- 
moved to their final position in the orchard or fmit-garden ; as upon the 
manner of this removal depends not only their slow or rapid growth, 
their feebleness or vigor afterwards, and in many cases even their life, it 
is evident that it is in the highest degree important to understand and 
practise well this transplanting. 

The season best adapted for transplanting fruit-trees is a matter 
open to much difference of opinion among horticulturists ; a difference 
founded mainly on experience, but without taking into account variation 
of climate and soils, two very important circumstances in all operations 
of this kind. 

All physiologists, however, agree that the best season for transplant- 
ing deciduous trees is in autumn, directly after the fall of the leaf. Tlie 
tree is then in a completely dormant state. Transplanted at this early 
season, whatever wounds may have been made in the roots commence 
healing at once, as a deposit directly takes place of granulous matter 
from the wound, and when the spring arrives the tree is already some- 



46 



TRANSPLANTING. 



what established, and ready to commence its growth. Early autumn 
planting is for this reason greatly to be preferred in all mild climates 
and dry soils ; and even for very hardy trees, as the apple, in colder lat- 
itudes ; as the fixed position in the ground, which trees planted then get 
by the autumnal and early spring rains, gives them an advantage at the 
next season of growth ove]- newly-moved trees. 

On the other hand, in northern portions of the Union, where the 
winters commence early, and are severe, spring planting is greatly pre- 
ferred. There autumn and winter are not mild enough to allow this 
gradual process of healing and establishing the roots to go on ; for when 
the ground is frozen to the depth of the roots of a tree, all that slow 
growth and connection of nutriment by the roots is necessarily at an 
end. And the more tender sorts of fruit-trees, the Peach and Apricot,- 
which are less hardy when newly planted than when their roots are en- 
tire, and well fixed in the soil, are liable to injury in their branches by 
the cold. The proper time, in such a climate, is as early as the ground 
is in a fit condition in the spring. 

Early in autumn, and in spring before the buds expand, may as a 
general rule be considered the best seasons for transplanting. It is 
true that there are instances of excellent success in planting at all sea- 
sons, except midsummer ; and there are many who, from having been 
once or twice successful in transplanting when trees were nearly in leaf, 
avow that to be the best season ; not taking into account that their suc- 
cess was probably entirely owing to a fortunately damp state of the at- 
mosphere at the time, and abundant rains after the experiment was per- 
formed. In the Middle States we are frequently liable to a dry period 
in early summer, directly following the season of removal, and if trans- 
planting is deferred to a late period in spring, many of the trees will 
perish from drought before their roots become established in the soil. 
Spring planting should therefore always be performed as soon as possi- 
ble, that the roots may have the great benefit of the early and abundant 
rains of that season, and get well started before the heat of summer com- 
mences. Eor the neighborhood of 'New York, therefore, the best periods 
are from the fall of the leaf to the middle of November, in autumn, and 
from the close of winter to the middle of April, in the spring ; though 
commonly the seasons of removal are frequently extended a month be- 
yond these limits. 

Taking u}^ the trees is an important part of the operation. A trans- 
planter should never forget that it is by the delicate and tender points 
or extremities of the root that trees take up their food ; and that the 
chance of complete success is lessened by every one of these points that 
is bruised or destroyed. If we could remove trees with every fibre en- 
tii*e, as we do a plant in a pot, they would scarcely show any sign of 
their change of position. In most cases, especially in that of trees 
taken from nurseries, this is, by the operation of removal, nearly impos- 
sible. But although we may not hope to get every root entire, we may, 
with proper care, preserve by far the larger portion of them, and more 
particularly the small and delicate fibres. After being taken up, they 
should be planted directly ; or, if this cannot be done, they should be 
kept from drying by a covering of mats, and, when sent to a distance, by 
being packed in damp moss.* 

* We should notice an important exception to this in the case of trees packed 



TRANSPLANTING. 



47 



Preparing the places. Here is the fatal stumbling-block of all 
novices and ignorant persons in transplanting. An English gardener, 
when he is about to plant fruit-trees, talks about preparing his borders^' 
an American says he will dig his holes y and we cannot give a more 
forcible illustration of the ideas of two persons as to the wants of a 
fruit-tree, or a better notion of the comparative provision made to sup- 
ply these wants, than by contrasting the two phrases themselves. The 
one looks upon a tree as a living being, whose life is to be rendered 
long, vigorous, and fruitful by a good supply of food, and a soil mellow 
and easily penetrated by the smallest fibre ; the other considers it very 
much in the light of a truncheon or a post, which he thrusts into the 
smallest possible hole, and supplies with the least portion of manure, 
trusting to what he seems to believe the inextinguishable powers of 
nature to make roots and branches under any circumstances. It is 
true that the terms differ somewhat from the nature of the culture and 
the greater preparation necessary in planting fruit-trees in England, but 
this is not by any means sufficient to justify the difterent modes of per- 
forming the same operation there and here. 

In truth, in this country, where the sun and climate are so favorable, 
where pruning and training are comparatively so little necessary, the 
' great requisite to success in the ordinary culture of fruit-trees is the 
proper preparation of the soil before a tree is planted. Whether a trans- 
planted tree shall struggle several years to recover, or grow moderately 
after a short time, or at once start into a very luxuriant and vigorous 
growth, depends entirely upon the amount of care and labor the planter 
is willing to bestow on the soil for his trees. We have seen several 
instances where, side by side, one man planted his trees in large spaces 
of deeply moved and rich soil, and another in small holes in the com- 
mon mode, which uniformly showed the trees of the first larger after 
five years than those of the last after twelve. 

No fruit-tree should be planted in a hole of less size than three feet 
square, and eighteen inches to two feet deep. To this size and depth 
the soil should be removed and well pulverized, and it should, if neces- 
sary, be properly enriched by the application of well-rotted manure, 
which must be thoroughly mixed with the whole mass of prepared soil 
by repeated turnings with the spade. This preparation will answer, but 
the most skilful cultivators among us make their spaces four or five feet 
in diameter, or three times the size of the roots, and it is incredible how 
much the luxuriance and vigor of growth, even in a poor soil, is pro- 
moted by this. No after-mending of the soil, or top-dressings applied 
to the surface, can, in a climate of dry summers like ours, equal the 
effects of this early and deep loosening and enriching the soil. Its 
effects on the growth and health of the tree are permanent, and the 
little expense and care necessary in this preparation is a source of early 
and constant pleasure to the planter. This preparation may be made 
just before the tree is planted, but in heavy soils it is much better to do 
it several months previously ; and no shallow ploughing of the soil can 
obviate the necessity and advantages of the practice where healthy, 
vigorous orchards or fruit-gardens are desired. 

for shipping across the Atlantic. In this case they should be packed only in dry 
moss ; the moisture of the sea air being sufficient to keep the roots in good con- 
dition, while if packed in damp moss they will be injured by rotting or excessive 
growth. 



48 



TRANSPLANTING. 



The whole art of transplanting, after this, consists in placing the 
roots as they were before, or in the most favorable position for growth. 
Begin by tilling the hole with prepared soil, within as many inches of 
the top as ^nll allow the tree to stand exactly as deep as it previously 
stood. With the spade, shape the soil for the roots in the form of a 
little hillock on which to place the roots — and not, as is commonly 
done, in the form of a hollow ; the roots will then extend in their natu- 
ral position, not being forced to turn np at the ends. Next examine 
the roots, and cut off all wounded parts, paring the wound smooth, 
cutting from the under side. Hold the tree upright on its little mound 
in the hole of prepared soil ; extend the roots, and cover them care- 
fully with the remaining pulverized soil. As much of the success of 
transplanting depends on bringing the soil in contact with every fibre, 
so as to leave no hollows to cause the decay of the roots, not only must 
this be secured by patiently filling in all cavities among the roots, but, 
when the trees are not quite small, it is customary to pour in a pail of 
water when the roots are nearly all covered with soil. This carries the 
liquid mould to every hidden part. After the water has settled away, 
fill up the hole, and avoid the common practice of shaking it up and 
down by the stem. In windy situations it will be necessary to place a 
stake by the side of each tree, to hold it upright, until it shall have taken 
firm root in the soil, but it is not needful in ordinary cases. 

Avoid deep jc>/^«?2^m^. More than half the losses in orchard plant- 
ing in America arises from this cause, and the. equally common one of 
crowding the earth too tightly about the roots. No tree should be 
placed deeper than it formerly gTew, as its roots are stifled from the 
want of air, or starved by the poverty of the soil at the depth where 
they are placed. It is much the better and more natural process in fact 
to plant the tree so that it shall, when the whole is complete, appear 
just as deep as before, but standing on a little mound two or three 
inches higher than the level of the ground about. This, when the 
mound settles, will leave it nearly on the level "with the previous sur- 
face. 

3fidc1iing is an excellent practice with transplanted trees, and more 
especially for those which are removed late in the spring. Mulching is 
nothing more than covering the ground about the stems with coarse 
straw, or litter from the barn-yard, which by preventing evaporation 
keeps the soil from becoming dry, and maintains it in that moist and 
equable condition of temperature most favorable to the growth of 
young roots. Very many trees, in a dry season, fail at midsummer, 
after having made a fine start, from the parched and variable condition 
of the earth about the roots. Watering frequently fails to save such 
trees, but mulching when they are planted will entirely obviate the 
necessity of watering in dry seasons, and promote growth under any cir- 
cumstances. Indeed watering upon the surface, as commonly performed, 
is a most injurious practice, as the roots, stimulated at one period of the 
day by water, are only rendered more susceptible to the action of the 
hot sun at another, and the surface of the ground becomes so hard by 
repeated watering that the beneficial access of the air is almost cut off. 
If trees are well watered in the holes, while transplanting is going on, 
they will rarely need it again, and we may say never, if they are well 
mulched directly after planting. 

The best manure to be used in preparing the soil for transplanting 



TKANSPLANTING. 



49 



trees is a compost formed of two-thirds muck or black peat earth, 
reduced by fermenting it several months in a heap with one-third fresh 
barn-yard manure. Almost every farm will supply this, and it is more 
permanent in its effects, and less drying in its nature, than the com- 
mon manure of the stable. An admirable manure recentl}^ applied with 
great success is charcoal — the small broken bits and refuse of the char- 
coal pits — mixed intimately with the soil. Air-slaked lime is an excel- 
lent manure for fruit-trees in soils that are not naturally calcareous. 
Two or three handfuls may be mixed with the soil when preparing each 
space for planting, and a top-dressing may be applied with advantage 
occasionally afterwards, to increase their productiveness. But wherever 
large orchards or fruit-gardens are to be planted, the muck, compost 
heap should be made ready beforehand, as it is the cheapest, most valu- 
able, and durable of all manures for fruit-trees. 

Pruning the heads of transplanted trees, at the season of removal, we 
think generally an injurious practice. It is certainly needless and hurt- 
ful in the case of small trees, or those of such a size as will allow the 
roots to be taken up nearly entire ; for as the action of the branches 
and the roots is precisely reciprocal, and as new roots are rapidly formed 
just in proportion to the healthy action of the leaves, it follows that by 
needlessly cutting off the branches we lessen the vital action of the 
whole tree. At the same time, where trees are transplanted of so large 
a size that some of the roots are lost in removing them, it is necessary 
to cut back or shorten a few of the branches, — as many as will restore 
the balance of the system, — otherwise the persj^iration of the leaves may 
be so great as to exhaust the supply of sap faster than the roots can col- 
lect it. A little judgment only is necessary to see at a glance how 
much of the top must be pruned away, before planting the tree, to 
equalize the loss between the branches and the roots. 

When it is necessary to transplant fruit-trees of large size, the best 
practice is to prepare them previously by digging a trench round the 
whole mass of roots, undermining them, and cutting off all roots project- 
ing beyond this line. The trench should be dug at such a distance from 
the tree as will include all the large and sufficient ball of roots, and it 
should be done early in the spring when it is desirable to remove the 
tree the next year. After all the roots that extend to this circular 
trench are cut off, the earth is replaced, and by the season following 
an abundance of small fibres is sent out by the amputated roots, 
which, when the whole is removed, will insure the success and speedy 
growth of the tree. This is more completely the case when the tree is 
prepared two years before transplanting. A variation of this mode, 
which has been found quite as successful and less laborious, consists in 
leaving the trench open and covering it with boards only, or boards 
with a top layer of turf. The tree then is somewhat checked in its 
growth, it throws out an abundance of small fibres into the ball of earth 
containing the roots, and is the next season transplanted with great ease 
and safety. 

The proper size for transplanting varies somewhat with the sort of 
tree and the kind of culture intended. It is, however, a maxim equally 
well settled, both among theorists and the best practical men, that health, 
immediate vigor, and duration are all greatly promoted by transplant- 
ing fruit-trees of small size — from three to six or seven feet. We are 
fully aware with what impatience the beginner, or a person who knovrs 

4 



50 



TRANSPLANTING. 



little of the culture of trees, looks upon trees of this size— one ■vrho i-? 
eager to plant an orchard and stock a garden with large trees, thinking 
to gather a crop the next year. The latter may indeed be done ; but the 
transplanting so affects the tree that its first scanty crop is followed by a 
long season of rest and feeble growth, while the plantation of young trees 
is making wood rapidly, and soon comes into a healthy and long-continued 
state of productiveness — often long indeed before the large trees have 
fairly arrived at that condition. The small tree, transplanted with its 
system of roots and branches entire, suffers little or no check ; the older 
and larger tree, losing part of its roots, requires several years to resume 
its former vigor. The constitution of the small tree is healthy and 
unimpaired ; that of the large is frequently much enfeebled. A stout 
and vigorous habit — what the nurserymen call a good stocky plant — is 
the true criterion of merit in selecting fruit-trees for transplanting. 

Trees intended for orchards, being often more exposed than those in 
gardeiis, should be somewhat larger — not less than six, or more than 
eight feet is the best size. For gardens, all experienced cultivators 
agree that a smaller size is preferable ; we prefer plants two years old 
from the graft. Most gardeners abroad, when they select trees with 
more than usual care, take wdiat are called maiden plants, — those one 
year old from the graft, — and there can be no doubt that, taking into 
account health, duration, and the ease with which such a tree can be 
made to grow into any form, this is truly the preferable size for removal 
into a fi uit-garden. But we are an impatient people, and it is not till 
after another century of trial and experience in the culture of fruit-trees, 
that cultivators generally in this country will become aware of the truth 
of this fact. 

The facility with which the different fruit-trees may be transplanted 
differs considerably. Plums are generally removed with most success, 
and after them nearly in the order as follows : Quinces, Apples, Pears, 
Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and Cherries ; the latter succeeding with 
some difficulty when of large size. 

Laying in hy the heels is a practice adopted as a temporary kind of 
planting when a larger quantity of trees is at hand than can be set out 
immediately. A trench is opened, and the roots are laid in and covered 
with soil, the tops being previously placed in a sloping position, inclin- 
ing to within a few feet of the surface. In this way they are kept fresh 
and in good order until it is convenient to plant them finally. In 
northern districts, where the autumn is often too severe for planting, 
and the spring is frequently too late to receive trees in time from nur- 
series farther south, it is a common and successful mode to procure trees 
in autumn, and lay them in by the heels until spring, covering over the 
tops of the more tender sorts, if necessary, with coarse litter.* 

In planting an orchard, always avoid placing the trees in the same 
spot, or near, where an old tree stood before. Experience has taught us 

* We have often known trees entirely destroyed by want of a little extra care 
in heading- them in. Select first a dry knoll, or position where no water can 
stand, and, if possible, sheltered from the southern sun. After first digging a 
trench one foot or more deep, lay the trees down at an angle of about 45 . their 
tops to the south ; then make the soil mellow and fine, and thoroughly inter- 
mingle it with the roots, filling all interstices, and covering them at least eigh- 
teen inches deep. 

Trees are sometimes received in a frozen condition. They should then be 
placed at once, without unpacking, in a dark cellar, and left until gradually 



THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 



61 



tliat tlie growth of a young tree, in such a position, is weak and feeble j 
the nourishment suitable to that kind of tree ha^T.ng already been 
exhausted by a previous growth, and the soil being half filled with old 
and decayed roots which are detrimental to the health of the young tree. 



CHAPTEE VII. 

THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES SOIL AND ASPECT. 

In our favorable climate many fruit-trees will thrive and produce 
some fruit in almost any soil, except dry sand or wet swamps. But 
there is much to be gained in all climates by a judicious selection of 
soil, when this is in our power, or by that improvement which may 
generally be effected in inferior soils, where we are necessarily limited 
to such. As we shall, in treating the culture of each genus of fruit, 
state more in detail the soils especially adapted to its growth, our 
remarks here will be confined to the subject of soils generally for the 
orchard and fruit-garden. 

The soils usually selected for making plantations of fruit-trees may 
be divided into light sandy loams, gravelly loams, strong loams, and 
clayey loams ; the first having a large proportion of sand, and the last a 
large proportion of clay. 

The soil most inviting to the eye is a light sandy loam, and as it is 
also a very common soil, more than half the fruit-gardens in the country 
are composed of this mould. The easy manner in which it is worked, 
owing to its loose and very friable nature, and the rapidity with which, 
from its warmth, crops of all kinds come into bearing, cause it to be 
looked upon with almost universal favor. Notwithstanding this, a 
pretty careful observation for several years has convinced us that a 
light sandy soil is, on the whole, the worst soil for fruit-trees. Under 
the bright skies of July and August, a fruit-tree requires a soil which 
will retain and afford a moderate and continued supply of moisture, 
and here the sandy soil fails. In consequence of this the vigor of the 
tree is checked, and it becomes feeble in its growth, and is compara- 
tively short-lived or unproductive. As a tree in a feeble state is 
always most liable to the attacks of insects, those on a sandy soil are 
the first to fall a prey to numerous maladies.* The open loose tex- 
ture of a sandy soil, joined to its warmth, affords an easy passage and 
an excellent habitation for all insects that pass part of their lives in the 
ground, preparatory to rising out of it to attack the fruit, foliage, or 
branches of the tree. 

thawed out ; or they may be at once — if the earth will allow — buried, tops and 
roots entire, beneath the ground, and there left for a few days, or until a moist 
cloudy day occurs for opening- and exposing them to the light and air. This lat- 
ter course is also a good one for trees that are received in a dry or shrivelled 
state. 

* This remark applies to the middle and southern portions of this country. 
North of the 43° a light sandy soil is perhaps preferable, as warmer and earlier. 



52 



THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 



Such are some of the disadvantages of a light sandy soil ; and in 
thoroughly examining many of the fruit-gardens of the Middle States 
the last few seasons, we could not fail to be struck with the fact that, in 
nine cases out of ten, where a variety of fruit was unusually liable to 
disease, to blight, or to the attacks of certain fruit-destroying insects, as 
the curculio, the trees themselves were on sandy soils ; while on the 
other hand, and frequently in the same neighborhood, the same sorts 
were growing luxuriantly and bearing abundant crops where the soil 
was a rather strong loam.* For a few years the growth and productive- 
ness of the trees upon sandy soil is all that can be desired ; but the 
trees are shorter lived, and sooner fall into decay than where the soil is 
stronger. If there is any exception to this rule, it is only in the case 
of the Peach ; and, judging from the superior flavor of this fruit on 
stronger soils, we are inclined to doubt the value of the exception even 
here. 

Gravelly loams are frequently much better adapted for orchards than 
sandy, especially where the loam is of a strong quality, and the gravel is 
not in excess ; and the hardier fruits usually do well on this kind of 
soil. 

Strong loams, by which we mean a loam with only just a sufficient 
portion of sand to make it easily worked, are, on the whole, by far the 
best for fruit-gardens in this country. A strong loam is usually a deej) 
soil, and affords, during the whole heat of summer, a proper supply of 
moisture and nourishment to the roots of trees. Fruit-trees do not 
come into a bearing state so soon in a strong as in a sandy loam, because 
the growth of wood is more vigorous, and fruit-buds are not so soon 
formed ; but they bear larger crops, are much less liable to many dis- 
eases, and their longevity is much greater. The largest and most pro- 
ductive orchards of the Apple and Pear in this country are upon soils 
of this kind. 

Clayey loams are, when well drained, and when the clay is not in 
excess, good fruit soils — they are usually strong and deep soils, though 
rather heavy and difficult to work. Trees that will flourish on these soils, 
such as the Apple, Pear, Cherry, Plum, and Apricot, usually are very 
free from disease or insects, and bear large crops. In a moist climate, 
like that of England, fruit-trees on a clayey loam would die of canker, 
brought on by the excessive quantity of water contained in the soil, but 
such is not the case under the high and warm temperature of our sum- 
mers. The finest, largest, and most productive Plums and Pears within 
our knowledge, grow in sites on the North Piver, where the soil is a 
stiff clayey loam, almost approaching a clay. Those fruits that on light 
sandy soils are almost worthless, from their liability to disease and the 
attacks of insects, are here surprisingly luxuriant and fruitful. 

It is, however, well to remark, that some varieties of fruit, perhaps 
from the circumstances of their origin, succeed better on sandy soils 
than any other ; thus the Newtown Pippin will only arrive at perfection 
in a strong loam, while the Summer Queen is finer when grown on a 

* As an instance in point, the owner of one of the most highly cultivated 
gardens in the vicinity of Boston was showing- us, in despair, some trees of the 
Seckel Pear, upon which he could no longer get good crops or fair fruit, and 
lamenting the degeneracy of the sort. The next day we saw in a neighboring 
garden beautiful crops of this Pear growing with the least possible care. The 
garden ia the first case was a light sandy loam, in the second, a strong loam. 



THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 



53 



sandy, soil. But there are exceptions to all rules, and what we have 
already stated, as to the relative quality of soils, will apply pretty gen- 
erally to the whole of this country, and it may be added that calcareous 
soils, of whatever texture, are better than soils of the same quality where 
no limestone is present. 

Trenching is the most complete method of improving a soil too 
sandy, when the subsoil below is of a loamy or clayey nature. Deep 
subsoil ploughing, by bringing up a sufficient quantity of the stratum 
below, will answer the same purpose. When the subsoil of a sandy soil 
is sand or gravel, the surface can only be improved by top-dressings or 
the application of manures. Top-dressing with clay is the most simple 
means of changing the nature of such a soil, and it is surprising how 
moderate a quantity of clay will give a closer texture to light sandy 
soils. In manuring such soils, we may greatly improve their nature as 
well as condition by using composts of peat or bog earth, swamp muck, 
or river mud, instead of common barn-yard or stable manure. The 
former are not only more permanent and better as manures for fruit- 
trees, but they gradually consolidate and improve the whole texture of 
the soil. 

Indeed no fruit-garden, where the soil is not naturally deep and rich, 
is in perfect condition for planting trees, unless the soil has been well 
trenched two spades in depth. This creates a matrix for the roots so 
deep and permanent that they retain their vigor and luxuriance through 
the droughts of summer, and continue for a long time in a state of health 
and productiveness. 

It is difficult to give any precise rules as to aspect. We have seen 
fine fruit-gardens here in all aspects. Perhaps the very best aspect on 
the whole is a gentle slope to the southwest, because in such positions 
the trees when in blossom are somewhat protected from the bad effects of 
a morning sun after spring frosts. But, to remedy this more perfectly, it 
is sometimes the practice to plant on the north sides of hills, and this is an 
effectual way where early frosts are fatal, and where the season is long 
and warm enough to ripen the fruit in any exposure. A fine south slope 
is, south of New York, frequently found too warm for many fruit-trees 
in soils that are light and dry. 

Deep valleys with small streams of water are the worst situations for 
fruit-trees, as the cold air settles down in these valleys in a calm frosty 
night, and buds and blossoms are very frequently destroyed. We know a 
rich and fertile valley of this kind in Connecticut where the Cherry will 
scarcely grow, and a crop of the Apple or the Pear is not obtained once 
in ten years ; while the adjacent hill-tops and high country, a couple or 
three miles distant, yield abundant crops annually. On the other hand, 
the borders of large rivers, as the Hudson, or of some of our large inland 
lakes, are the most favorable situations for fruit-trees, as the climate is 
rendered milder by large bodies of water. In the garden where we 
write, a fourth of a mile from the Hudson, we have frequently seen ice 
formed during the night of the thickness of a dollar, when the blossoms 
of the Apricot were fully expanded, without doing the least harm to that 
tender fruit. This is owing to the slight fog rising from the river in the 
morning, which, softening the rays of the sun, and dissolving gradually 
the frost, prevents the injurious efiects of sudden thawing. At the same 
time, a couple of miles from the shores, this fruit will often be quite 
destroyed. In short, the season on the lower half of the Hudson may, 



54 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 



from the ameliorating influence of the river, be said to be a month longer 
—a fortnight earlier in spring and later in autumn — than in the same 
latitude a few miles distant ; and cro})S of the more tender fruits are 
therefore much more certain on the banks of large rivers or lakes than in 
inland districts of the same climate. 

As our native forests become cleared away the climate is changed 
and becomes more harsh ; hence it is found desirable to construct some 
kind of protection from the point of most destructive harsh winds and 
storms. Belts of trees, either evergreen oi' deciduous, or both mingled, 
and surrounding or placed so as to screen from the northeast, north, and 
northwest, are considered highly advantageous ; and when we consider 
that foliage is an absorbent and ameliorating agent in tempering climate, 
we feel that it is the duty as well as interest of every fruit-grower to 
plant as many such belts as his property and pecuniary means admit. 



CHAPTER YIII. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 

The insects injurious to fruit-trees are numerous, and to combat them 
successfully requires a minute acquaintance with their character and 
habits. While considering the culture of each class of fruit in the suc- 
ceeding pages, we shall point out the habits and suggest means of de- 
stroying the most important of these insects ; but in the mean time 
we wish to call attention to some general practical hints on this sub- 
ject. 

In the first place, we cannot too strongly impress upon the attention 
of the fruit-grower the importance of watching carefully and making an 
early attack upon every species of insect. It is only necessary to look 
for a moment at the astonishing rapidity with which many kinds of 
insects increase, if allowed to get well established in a garden, to become 
fully aware of this. The common caterpillars are the young of moths or 
butterflies, and that careful observer of the habits of insects. Dr. Harris, 
says as each female lays from two to five hundred eggs, a thousand moths 
or butterflies will, on the average, produce three hundred thousand cater- 
pillars ; if one half this number, when arrived at maturity, are females, 
they will give forty-five millions of caterpillars in the second, and six 
thousand seven hundred and fifty millions in the third generation.* To 
take another example : the aphides^ or plant-lice, which are frequently 
seen in great numbers on the tender shoots of fruit-trees, have an almost 
incredibly prolific power of increase — the investigations of Reaumur 
having shown that one individual in five generations may become the 
progenitor of nearly six thousand millions of descendants. With such 
surprising powers of propagation, were it not for the havoc caused 
among insects by various species preying upon each other, by birds and 
other animals, and especially by unfavorable seasons, vegetation would 

* For much valuable information on the habits of insects injurious to vegeta- 
tion, see the " Treatise on the Insects of Massachusetts," by Dr. T. W. Harris, 
Cambridge. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 



55 



soon be entirely destroyed by them. As it is, the orchards and gardens 
of careless and slovenly cultivators are often overrun by them, and many 
of the finest crops suffer great injury or total loss from the want of a 
little timely care. 

In all well-managed plantations of fruit, at the first appearance of 
any injurious insect, it will be immediately seized upon and destroyed. 
A few moments in the first stage of insect life — at the first birth of the 
new colony — will do more to rid us for the season of that species than 
whole days of toil after the matter has been so long neglected that the 
enemy has become well established. We know how reluctant all but the 
experienced grower are, to set about eradicating what at first seems a 
thing of such trifling consequence. But such persons should consider 
that whether it is done at fij'st, or a fortnight after, is frequently the 
diflerence between ten and ten thousand. A very little time regularly 
devoted to the extirpation of noxious insects will keep a large place quite 
free from them. We know a very large garden filled with trees, and 
always remarkably free from insect ravages, which, while those even in. 
its vicinity suffer greatly, is thus preserved by half an hour's examination 
of the whole premises two days in the week during the growing season. 
This is made early in the morning, the best time for the purpose, as the 
insects are quiet while the dew is yet upon the leaves, and whole races 
yet only partially developed may be swept oft' in a single moment. In 
default of other more rapid expedients, the old mode of licmd-picldng ^ 
and crushing or burning, is the safest and su.rest that can be adopted. 
For practical purposes, the numerous insects infesting fruit-trees may 
be divided into four classes ; Isfc, those which for a time harbor in the 
ground and may be attacked in the soil ; 2d, winged and other species, 
which may be attacked among the branches ; 3d, aphides or plant- 
lice, which infest the young shoots ; 4th, moths, and all night-flying 
insects. 

Insects, the larvce or grubs of which harbor in the ground during a 
certain season, as the curculio or plum-weevil, are all more or less affected 
by the application of common salt as a top-dressing. On a larger scale, 
in farm crops, the ravages of the cut-worm are frequently prevented b}'" 
sowing three bushels of salt to the acre, and we have seen it applied to 
all kinds of fruit-grounds with equal success. Salt seems to be strongly 
disagreeable to nearly all this class of insects, and the grubs perish where 
even a small quantity has for two or three seasons been applied to the 
soil. In a neighborhood where the peach-worm usually destroys half the 
peach-trees, and where whole crops of the plum are equally a victim to 
the plum-weevil, we have seen the former preserved in the healthiest 
condition by an annual application of a small handful of coarse salt 
about the collar of the tree at the surface of the ground ; and the latter 
made to hold abundant crops by a top-dressing applied every spring of 
packing salt, at the rate of a quart to the surface occupied by the roots 
of every full-grown tree. 

Salt, being a powerful agent, must be applied for this purpose with 
caution and judgment. In small quantities it promotes the verdure and 
luxuriance of fruit-trees, while if applied very frequently, or too plenti- 
fully, it will certainly cause the death of any tree. Two or three years' 
top-dressing in moderate quantity will usually be found sufiicient to 
drive away these insects, and then the application need only be repeated 
once in two or three seasons. Any coarse refuse salt will answer the 



56 



GENERAL EEMARKS ON INSECTS. 



purpose ; and packing salt is preferable to that of JSner quality, as it 
dissolves slowly by the action of the atmosphere.* 

In the winged state most small insects may either be driven away by 
powerful odors, or killed by strong decoctions of tobacco, or a wash of 
diluted whale-oil or other strong soap. Attention has but recently been 
called to the repugnance of all insects to strong odors, and there is but 
little doubt that before a long time it will lead to the discovery of the 
means of preventing the attacks of most insects, by means of strong 
smelling liquids or odorous substances. The moths that attack furs, as 
every one knows, are driven away by pepper-corns or tobacco, and should 
future experiments prove that at certain seasons, w^hen our trees are 
most likely to be attacked by insects, we may expel them by hanging 
bottles or rags filled with strong smelling liquids in our trees, it will 
certainly be a very simple and easy way of ridding ourselves of them. 
The brown scale, a troublesome enemy of the orange-tree, it is stated in 
the Gardener' s Chronicle^ has been destroyed by hanging plants of the 
common chamomile among its branches. The odor of the coal-tar of gas- 
works is exceedingly offensive to some insects injurious to fruits, and it 
has been found to drive away the wire- worm and other grubs that attack 
the roots of plants. The vapor of oil of tur])entine is fatal to wasps, and 
that of tobacco-smoke to the green fly. Little as yet is certainly known 
respecting the exact power of the various smells in deterring insects from 
attacking trees. What we do know, however, gives us reason to believe 
that much may be hoped from experiments made with a variety of power- 
ful-smelling substances. 

Tobacco-water and diluted whale-oil soap are the two most efficient 
remedies for all the small insects which feed upon the young shoots and 
leaves of plants. Tobacco-water is made by boiling tobacco leaves, or the 
refuse stems and stalks of the tobacco-shops. A large pot is crowded 
full of them, and then filled up with water, which is boiled till a strong 
decoction is made. This is applied to the young shoots and leaves with 
a syringe, or, when the trees are growing in nursery-rows, with a common 
white- wash l3rush, dipping the latter in the liquid and shaking it sharply 
over the extremities or the infested part of each tree. This or the whale- 
oil soap-suds, or a mixture of both, will kill every species of plant-lice and 
nearly all other small insects to which young trees are subject. 

The wash of whale-oil soap is made by mixing two pounds of this 
soap, which is one of the cheapest and strongest kinds, with fifteen gal- 
lons of water. This mixture is applied to the leaves and stems of plants 
with a syringe, or in any other convenient mode, and there are few of 
the smaller insects that are not destroyed or driven away by it. The 
merit of this mixture belongs to Mr. David Haggerston, of Boston, who 
first applied it with great success to the rose-slug, and received the pre- 
mium of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for its discovery. 
When this soap cannot be obtained, a good substitute may be made by 
turning into soap the lees of common oil-casks, by the application of 
potash and water in the usual way. 

Moths and other insects which fly at night are destroyed in large 
numbers by the following mode, first discovered by Victor Adouin, of 
France. A flat saucer or vessel is set on the ground, in which is placed 

* After repeated tests, it is doubtful whether the use of salt is as destructive 
to insect life as here stated. The use of salt as manure is undoubtedly a good 
stimulant to vegetable life and vigor. 



GENERAL EEMAEKS ON INSECTS. 



57 



a ligM, partially covered with a common bell-glass besmeared with oil. 
All the small moths are directly attracted by the light, fly towards it, 
and in their attempts to get at the light, are either caught by the glutin- 
ous sides of the bell-glass, or fall into the basin of oil beneath, and 
in either case soon perish. M. Adouin aj)plied this to the destruction 
of the pyralis^ a moth that is very troublesome in the French vineyards ; 
with two hundred of these lights in a vineyard of four acres, and in a 
single night, 30,000 moths were killed and found dead on or about 
the vessels. By continuing his process through the season, it was esti- 
mated that he liad destroyed female moths sufficient to have pro- 
duced a progeny of over a million of caterpillars. In our orchards 
myriads of insects may be destroyed by lighting small bonfires of shav- 
ings or any refuse brush ; and in districts where the apples are much 
worm-eaten, if repeated two or three nights at the proper season, this is 
a very efficient and cheap mode of getting rid of the moth which causes 
so miich mischief. Dr. Harris, knowing how important it is to destroy 
the caterpillar in the moth state, has recommended flambeaux, made of 
tow wound round a stake and dipped in tar, to be stuck in the fruit-gar- 
,den at night and lighted. Thousands of moths will find a speedy death, 
even in. the short time which these flambeaux are burning. The melon- 
bug may be extirpated by myriads in the same way. 

A simple and most eff'ectual mode of ridding the fruit-garden of 
insects of every description, which we recommend as a general extirpator 
suited to all situations, is the following : — Take a number of common 
bottles, the wider mouthed the better, and fill them about half full of 
a mixture of water, molasses, and vinegar. Suspend these among the 
branches of trees and in various parts of the garden. In a fortnight 
they will be found full of dead insects of every description not too large 
to enter bottles — wasps, flies, beetles, slugs, grubs, and a great variety 
of others. The bottles must now be emptied and the liquid renewed. 
A zealous amateur of our acquaintance caught last season in this way 
more than three bushels of insects of various kinds ; and, what is more 
satisfactory, preserved his garden almost entirely against their attacks in 
any shape. 

The assistance of birds in destroying insects should be duly estimated 
by the fruit-grower. The quantity of eggs and insects in various states 
devoured annually by birds, when they are encouraged in gardens, is 
truly surprising. It is true that one or two species of these, as the ring- 
tail, annoy us by preying upon the earlier cherries, but even taking this 
into account, we are inclined to believe that we can much better spare a 
reasonable share of a few fruits than dispense with the good services of 
birds in ridding us of an excess of insects. 

The most serviceable birds are the common sparrows, the wren, the 
red-breast, and in short most of the birds of this class. All these birds 
should be encouraged to build nests and inhabit the fruit-garden, and 
this may most eftectually be done by not allowing a gun to be fired within 
its boundaries. The introduction of hedges or live fences greatly pro- 
motes the domestication of birds, as they afl'ord an admirable shelter for 
their nests. Our own gardens are usually much more free from insects 
than those a mile or two distant, and we attribute this in part to our prac- 
tice of encouraging birds, and to the thorn and arbor vitae hedges grow- 
ing here, :-aid which are greatly resorted to by those of the feathered tribe 
which are the greatest enemies of the insect race. 



58 



THE APPLE. 



Among animals, tlie toad and tlie hat are great insect destroyers 
The common bat lives almost entirely npon them, and in its evening 
sallies devours a great number of moths, beetles, weevils, etc. ; and the 
toad quietly makes away with numberless smaller insects. 



CHAPTEE IX. 

THE APPLE. 

Pyrus Mains, L. Rosacece, of botanists. 
Pommier^ of the Frencli ; Apfelbaum, German ; Apfel, Dutch ; Melo porno, Ital- 
ian ; and Manzana, Spanish. 

The Apple is the world-renowned fruit of temperate climates. From 
the most remote periods it has been the subject of praise among wiiters 
and poets, and the old mythologies all endow its fruit with wonderful vir- 
tues. The allegorical tree of knowledge bore apples, and the celebrated 
golden fruit of the orchards of Hesperus, guarded by the sleepless dragon 
wliich it was one of the triumphs of Hercules to slay, were also apples, 
according to the old legends. Among the heathen gods of the north, 
there were apples fabled to possess the power of conferring immortality, 
which were carefully watched over by the goddess Iduna, and kept for 
the especial dessert of the gods who felt themselves gi'owing old ! As 
the mistletoe grew chiefly on the apple and the oak, the former tree was 
looked upon with great respect and reverence by the ancient Druids of 
Britain ; and even to this day, in some parts of England, the antique 
custom of saluting the apple-trees in the orchards, in the hope of obtain- 
ing a good crop the next year, still lingers among the farmers of portions 
of Devonshire and Herefordshire. This old ceremony consists of salut- 
ing the tree with a portion of the contents of a wassail-bowl of cider, 
with a toast in it, by pouring a little of the cider about the roots, and 
even hanging a bit of the toast on the branches of the most barren, the 
farmer and his men dancing in a circle round the tree, and singing rude 
songs like the following : 

" Here's to thee, old apple-tree. 
Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow ; 
And whence thou mayst bear apples enow, 
Hats full ! caps full — 
Bushels and sacks full ! 

Hazza ! " 

The species of crab from which all our sorts of Apples have originated, 
is wild in most parts of Europe. There are, indeed, two or three kinds 
of wild crab belonging to this country ; as the Pyrus coronaria, or sweet- 
scented crab, with fruit about an inch in diameter, grows in many parts 
of the United States ; and the wild crab of Oregon, P. rivularis, bear- 
ing a reddish-yellow fruit, about the size of a cherry, which the Chenook 
Indians use as an article of food ; yet none of our cultivated varieties of 
Apple have been raised from these native crabs, but from seeds of the 
species brought here, by the colonists, from Europe. 



THE APPLE. 



59 



The Apple-tree is, however, most perfectly naturalized in America, 
and, in the northern and middle portions of the United States, succeeds 
as well, or, as we believe, better than in any part of the world. The 
most celebrated apples of Germany and the north' of Europe are not 
superior to many of the varieties originated here ; and the American or 
Newtown Pippin is now pretty generally admitted to be the finest ap- 
ple in the world. No better proof of the perfect adaptation of our soil 
and climate to this tree can be desired, than the seemingly spontaneous 
production of such varieties as this, the Baldwin, the Spitzenberg, or the 
Swaar — all fruits of delicious flavor, and great beauty of appearance. 

The Apple is usually a very hardy and rather slow-growing fruit-tree, 
with a low-spreading rather irregular head, and bears an abundance of 
white blossoms, tinged with red. In a wild state it is very long-lived, 
but the finest garden sorts usually live about fifty or eighty years; 
though, by proper care, they may be kept healthy and productive much 
longer. Although the apple generally forms a tree of medium growth, 
there are many specimens in this country of enormous size. Among 
others, we recollect two in the grounds of Mr. Hall, of Kaynham, Rhode 
Island, which, ten years ago, were 130 years old; the trunk of one of 
these trees then measured, at one foot from the ground, thirteen feet two 
inches, and the other twelve feet two inches. The trees bore that season 
about thirty or forty bushels; but, in the year 1780, they together bore 
one hundred and one bushels of apples. In Duxbury, Plymouth County, 
Mass., is a tree which in its girth measures twelve feet five inches, and 
which has yielded in a single season 121^ bushels. 

In Lehigh County, Pa., there is an apple-tree which measures 17^ feet 
iii circumference, one foot above the ground. The tree is fifty-four feet 
high, and the branches extend thirty-six feet each way from the trunk. 

USES OF THE APPLE. 

No fruit is more universally liked or generally used than the apple. 
It is exceedingly wholesome, and, medicinally, is considered cooling and 
laxative, and useful in all inflammatory diseases. The finest sorts are 
much esteemed for the dessert, and the little care required in its culture 
renders it the most abundant of all fruits in temperate climates. As the 
earliest sorts ripen about the last of June, and the latest can be preserved 
until that season, it may be considered as a fruit in perfection the whole 
year. Besides its merits for the dessert, the value of the apple is still 
greater for the kitchen ; and in sauces, pies, tarts, preserves, and jellies, 
and roasted and boiled, this fruit is the constant and invaluable resource 
of the kitchen. 

In seasons of scarcity, the small and usually considered refuse apples 
may be stewed, and then rubbed through a cullender, separating the 
seeds and skins from the pulp, forming a delicious' sauce. 

Apple-butter, made by stewing pared and sliced sweet apples in new 
cider until the whole is soft and pulpy, is a common and excellent arti- 
cle of food in many farmers' families, and is frequently made by the bar- 
rel. In Prance, nearly the same preparation is formed by simmering 
apples in new wine until the whole becomes a sort of marmalade, which 
is called Maisine. The juice of the apple unfermented is, in some parts 
of the country, boiled down till it becomes molasses. When fermented 
it forms cider ^ and if this is carefully made from the best cider apples 



60 



THE APPLE. 



it is nearly equal to wine ; in fact, many hundreds of barrels of the cidei 
of New J ersey have been manufactured, in a single year, into an imita- 
tion champagne, which is scarcely distinguished by many from that made 
from the grape. 

Apples are also made into jelly, by grinding and pressing in the ordi- 
nary way for cider, then passed, in a thin and nearly continuous current, 
over an intensely heated clarifying or evaporating pan, such as is ordi- 
narily used in the manufacture of molasses from the sorgho sugar-cane. 
About eight gallons of the apple-juice, or cider, will make one gallon of 
a very delicious j elly. 

Dried apples are also a considerable article of commerce. Farmers 
usually pare and quarter them by hand, and dry them iii the sun ; but 
those who pursue it as a matter of trade pare them by machinery, and 
dry them slowly in ovens. They are then packed in bags or barrels, and 
used either at home, in sea stores, or are exported. 

In perfumery, the pulp of this fruit, mixed intimately with lard, forms 
pomatum. The wood is employed for lasts, and for other purposes, by 
turners ; and, being fine-grained and compact, is sometimes stained black 
and used for ebony by cabinet-makers. 

The quality of an apple is always judged of by the use to which it 
is to be applied. A table or dessert apj^le of the finest quality should 
be of medium size, regular form, and fine color ; and the flesh should be 
fine-grained, crisp, or tender, and of a sjDrightly or rich flavor and aroma. 
Very large-sized, or coarse apples are only admired by persons who have 
little knowledge of the true criterion of excellence. Apples for kitchen 
use should have the property of cooking evenly into a tender, pulpy con- 
sistence, and are generally acid in flavor ; and, although there are many 
good cooking apples unfit for the table, many sorts, as the Fall Pippin 
and the Greening, are excellent for both purposes. To this we may add, 
that for the common ajople-sauce made by farmers, a high-flavored sweet 
apple, which boils somewhat firm, is j^referred, as this is generally made 
with cider. The very common use made of this cheap preserve at the 
North and "West, and the recent practice of fattening hogs, horses, and 
other animals upon sweet apples, accounts for the much greater number 
of varieties of sweet aj)ples held in esteem here than in any other 
country. In fact, so excellent has the saccharine matter of the apple 
been found for this purpose, that whole orchards of sweet apples are 
frequently planted here for the purpose of fattening swine and cattle, 
which are allowed to run at large in them. 

Cider apples are varieties frequently useless for any other purpose. 
The best for this purpose are rather tough, piquant, and astringent ; their 
juice has a high specific quality, and they are usually great bearers, as 
the Harrison, the Red Streak, and the Virginia Crab. 

PROPAGATION. 

The Apple for propagation is usually raised from seeds obtained 
from the pomace of the cider-mills, and a preference is always given 
to that from thrifty yoimg orchards. These are sown in autumn, 
in broad drills, in good mellow soil, and they remain in the seed-beds — 
attention being paid to keeping the soil loose, and free from weeds, from 
one to three years, according to the richness of the soil. When the 
seedlings are a little more than a foui'th of an inch in diameter, they 



THE APPLE. 



61 



should be taken tip in the spring or autumn, their tap-roots shortened, 
and then planted in nursery rows, one foot apart, and three to four feet 
between the rows. If the plants are thrifty and the soil good, they may 
be budded the following autumn, within one or two inches of the ground, 
and this is the most speedy mode of obtaining strong, straight, thrifty 
plants. Grafting is generally performed when the stocks are about half 
an inch thick ; and for several modes of performing it on the Apple, see 
the remarks on grafting in a previous page. When young trees are 
feeble in the nursery, it is usual to head them back two-thirds the 
length of the graft, when they are three or four feet high, to make them 
throw up a strong, vigorous shoot. 

Apple-stocks for dwarfs are raised by layers, as pointed out in the 
article on Layers. 

Apple-trees for transplanting to orchards should be at least two 
years budded, and six or seven feet high, and they should have a proper 
balance of head or side branches. 

SOIL AND SITUATION. 

The Apple will grow on a great variety of soils, but it seldom thrives 
on very dry sands, or soils saturated with moisture. Its favorite soil, in 
all countries, is a strong loam of a calcareous or limestone nature. A 
deep, strong, gravelly, marly, or clayey loam, or a strong sandy loam on 
a gravelly subsoil, produces the greatest crops and the highest-flavored 
fruit, as well as the utmost longevity of the trees. Such a soil is moist 
rather than dry — the most favorable condition for this fruit. Too damp 
soils may often be rendered fit for the Apple by thorough draining, and 
too dry ones by deep subsoil ploughing, or trenching, where the subsoil 
is of a heavier texture. And many apple orchards in New England are 
very flourishing and productive on soils so stony and rock-covered 
(though naturally fertile) as to be unfit for any other crop.* 

As regards site, apple orchards flourish best in southern and middle 
portions of the country on north slopes, and often even on the steep 
north sides of hills, where the climate is hot and dry. Farther north a 
southern or southeastern aspect is preferable, to ripen the crop and the 
wood more perfectly 

We may here remark that almost every district of the country has one 
or more varieties which, having had its origin there, seems also peculiarly 
adapted to the soil and climate of that locality. Thus the Xewtown 
Pippin and the Spitzenberg are the great apples of JSTew York ; the 
Baldwin and the Roxbury Kusset, of Massachusetts ; the Bellflower and 
the Bambo, of Pennsylvania and New Jersey ; and the Peck's Pleasant 

* Blowing sands, says Mr. Coxe, when bottomed on a dry substratum, and 
aided by marl or meadow mud, will be found capable of producing- very fine 
Apple-trees. Good cultivation and a system of high manuring will always re- 
munerate the proprietor of an orchard, except it be planted on a quicksand or a 
cold clay ; in such soils, no management can prevent an early decay. One of the 
most thrifty orchards I possess, was planted on a blowing sand, on which I carted 
three thousand loads of mud on ten acres, at an expense of about twenty-five 
dollars per acre, exclusive of much other manure ; on this land I have raised 
good wheat and clover. Of five rows of the Winesap Apple planted upon it 
eight years ago, on the summit of a sandy knoll, not one has died out of near an 
hundred trees— all abundant bearers of large and fair apples. — View of Fruit 
Trees, p. 31. 



62 



THE APPLE. 



and the Seek-no-fnrfcher, of Connecticut ; and thongli these apples are 
cultivated with greater or less success in other parts of the country, yet 
nowhere is their flavor and productiveness so perfect as in the best soils 
of their native districts — excepting in such other districts where a soil 
containing the same elements and a corresponding climate are also to be 
found. 

PREPARING, PLANTING, AND CULTIVATION OF ORCHARDS. 

"With the exception of a few early and very choice sorts in the fruits 
garden, the orchard is the place for this tree, and indeed, when w^e con- 
sider the great value and usefulness of apples to the farmer, it is easy to 
see that no farm is complete without a large and well-selected apple 
orchard. 

The distance at which the trees should be planted in an orchard, de- 
pends upon the mode in which they are to be treated. When it is de- 
sired finally to cover and devote the whole ground to the trees, thirty feet 
apart is the proper interval ; but where the farmer wishes to keep the 
land between the trees in grain and grass, fifty feet is not too great a 
distance in strong soils. Forty feet apart, however, is the usual distance 
at which the trees are planted in orchards. 

Before transplanting, the ground should be well prepared for the trees 
by ploughing deeply and subsoiling the whole field one year or more pre- 
vious to planting. Poor soils require manure ; and turning under green 
crops, such as clover, peas, etc., serves to lighten and make porous, open, 
and enrich the soil. Where the subsoil is a heavy clay, it is best to 
thoroughly underdrain the whole by means of tile drains, at distances of 
two or three rods, and at the same time the surface drains should always 
be kept open, to prevent any water standing about the roots of the trees. 

Vigorous, healthy young trees should be selected from the nurseries. 
As there is a great difi'erence in the natural growth, shape, and size of the 
various sorts of apple-trees, those of the same kind should be planted in 
the rows together or near each other ; this will not only facilitate cul- 
ture and gathering the fruit, but will add to the neatness and orderly 
appearance of the orchard. 

It is an indispensable requisite in all young orchards to keep the 
ground mellow and loose hy cultivation ^' at least for the first few years, 
until the trees are well established. Indeed, of two adjoining orchards, 
one planted and kept in grass, and the other ploughed for the first five 
years, there will be an incredible difi'erence in favor of the latter. Not 
only will these trees show rich, dark, luxuriant foliage, and clean smooth 
stems, while those neglected will have a starved and sickly look, but the 
size of the trees in the cultivated orchard will be treble that of the 
others at the end of this time, and a tree in one will be ready to bear an 
abundant crop before the other has commenced yielding a peck of good 
fruit. Fallow crops are the best for orchards — potatoes, beets, carrots, 
bush beans, and the like ; w^hile grains, such as rye, wheat, oats, etc., are 
very injurious ; but whatever crops may be grown, it should constantly be 
borne in mind that the roots of the tree require the sole occupancy of 
the ground, so far as they extend, and therefore that an area of more than 
the diameter of the head of the tree should be kept clean of crops, weeds, 
and grass. 

When the least symptom of failure or decay in a bearing orchard is 



THE APPLE. 



63 



perceived, the ground should have a good top-dressing of manure, and of 
marl, or mild lime, in alternate years. It is folly to suppose that so strong- 
growing a tree as the apple, when planted thickly in an orchard, will not, 
after a few heavy crops of fruit, exhaust the soil of much of its proper 
food. If we desire our trees to continue in a healthy bearing state, we 
should therefore manure them as regularly as any other crop, and they 
will amply repay the expense. There is scarcely a farm where the waste 
of barn-yard manure, the urine, etc., if properly economized by mixing 
this animal excrement with the muck-heap, would not be amply suffi- 
cient to keep the orchards in the highest condition. And how many 
moss-covered barren orchards, formerly very productive, do we not every 
day see, which only require a plentiful new supply of food in a substan- 
tial top-dressing, thorough scraping of the stems, and washing with 
diluted soft soap, to bring them again into the finest state of vigor and 
produ ctiveness. 

The hearing year of the Apple, in common culture, only takes place 
every alternate year, owing to the excessive crops which it usually pro- 
duces, by which they exhaust most of the organizable matter laid up by 
the tree, which then requires another season to recover and collect a 
sujficient supply again to form fruit-buds. When half the fruit is thin- 
ned out in a young state, leaving only a moderate crop, the apple, like 
other fruit-trees, will bear every year, as it will also if the soil is kept in 
high condition. The bearing year of an apple-tree, or a whole orchard, 
may be changed by picking off the fruit when the trees first show good 
crops, allowing it to remain only in the alternate seasons which we wish 
to make the bearing year. 

PRUNING. 

The Apple in orchards requires very little pruning if the trees, while 
the orchard is young, are carefully inspected every year early in March, 
and all crossing branches taken out while they are small. When the 
heads are once properly adjusted and well balanced, the less the prun- 
ing-saw and knife are used the better, and the cutting out of dead limbs, 
and removal of such as may interfere with others, or too greatly crowd 
up the head of the tree, is all that an orchard will usually require. 
But wherever a limb is pruned away the surface of the wound should be 
neatly smoothed, and if it exceeds an inch in diameter, it should be covered 
with the liquid shellac previously noticed. 

INSECTS. 

There are several insects that in some parts of the country are very 
destructive or injurious to this tree ; a knowledge of the habits of which 
is therefore very important to the orchardist. These are chiefly the 
borer, the caterpillar, and the canker-worm. 

The Apple-borer is, as we usually see it in the trunks of the Apple, 
Quince, and thorn trees, a fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the 
collar, just at the surface of the ground, where the bark is tender, and 
either girdles the tree or perforates it through every part of the stem, 
finally causing its death. This grub is the larva of a brown and white 
striped beetle, half an inch long [Saperda bivittata), and it remains in 
this grub state two or three years, coming out of the tree in a butterfly 



64 



THE APPLE. 



form early in June — flying in the night only, from tree to tree, after its 
food, and finally depositing its eggs, during this and the next month, in 
the collar of the tree. 

The most efiectual mode of destroying the borer is by picking it out 
with the point of a knife, or, when it cannot thus be reached, killing it 
by thrusting a flexible wire as far as possible into its hole. Dr. Harris 
recommends placing a bit of camphor in the mouth of the aperture and 
plugging the hole with soft wood. But it is always better to prevent 
the deposit of the egg, by placing about the trunk, early in the spring, a 
small mound of ashes or lime ; or by drawing away the soil an inch or 
two deep at the base of the tree and wrapping with coarse hardware 
paper, tying it, and then replacing the earth ; and where orchards have 
already become greatly infested with this insect, the beetles may be de- 
stroyed by thousands in June, by building small bonfires of shavings in 
various parts of the orchard. The attacks of the borer on nursery trees 
may in a great measure be prevented by washing the stems in May, quite 
down into the ground, with a solution of two pounds of potash in eight 
quarts of water. 

The Caterpillar is a great pestilence in the Apple orchard. The 
species which is most troublesome to our friiit-trees ( Clisiocampa ameri- 
cand) is bred by a sort of lackey moth, difi'erent from that most trouble- 
some in Europe, but its habits as a caterpillar are quite as annoying to 
the orchardist. The moth of our common caterpillar is a reddish brown 
insect, whose expanded wings measure about an inch and a half. These 
moths appear in great abundance in midsummer, fiying only at night, and 
often buzzing about the candles of our houses. In laying their eggs 
they choose principally the Apple or Cherry, and they deposit thousands 
of small eggs about the forks and extremities of the young branches. 
The next season, about the middle of May, these eggs begin to hatch, and 
the young caterpillars in myriads come forth, weaving their nests or 
tents in the fork of the branches. If they are allowed by the careless 
cultivator to go on and multiply, as they soon do incredibly fast, they 
will in a few seasons, sometimes in a single year, increase to such an ex- 
tent as almost to cover the branches. In this caterpillar state they live 
six or seven weeks, feeding most ferociously upon the leaves, and often 
stripping whole trees of their foliage. Their effect upon the tree at this 
period of the season, when the leaves are most important to the health 
of the tree and the growth of the fruit, is most deplorable. The crop is 
stunted, the health of the tree enfeebled, and, if they are allowed to re- 
main unmolested for several seasons, they will often destroy its life, or 
render it exceedingly decrepid and feeble. 

To destroy the caterpillar various modes are adopted. One of the 
most efiectual is to touch the nest with a sponge, attached to the end 
of a pole, and dipped in strong spirits of ammonia or naphtha from coal- 
oil refinings ; the sponge should be turned slowly round in the nests, 
and every insect coming in contact will be instantly killed. This should 
be done early in the season. Or they may be brought down and 
destroyed with a round brush fixed to the end of a pole, and worked 
about in the nests. On small trees they may be stripped off" with the 
hand, and crushed under the foot ; and by this plain and simple mode, 
begun in time, with the aid of a ladder, they may in a large orchard be 
most efi'ectually kept under by a few moments' daily labor of a single 
man. As they do not leave their nests until nine in the morning, the 



THE APPLE. 



65 



extirpator of caterpillars should always be abroad and busy before that 
time, and while they are all lying quietly in the nests. And let him 
never forget that he may do more in an hour, when he commences early 
in the season, than he will in a whole day at a later period, when they 
are thoroughly scattered among the trees. If they are allowed to remain 
unmolested, they spin their cocoons about the middle of June, and in a 
fortnight's time comes forth from them a fresh brood of moths, which, 
if they are not put an end to by bonfires, will again lay the eggs of an 
infinite number of caterpillars for the next spring. 

The Canker-worm {Anisopteryx pometaria of Harris) is in some 
parts of the country one of the worst enemies of the Apple, destroying 
also its foliage with great rapidity. It is not yet common here, but in 
some parts of New England it has become a serious enemy. The male 
is a moth, with pale ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more 
than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored 
above, and gray beneath. 

The canker-worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the 
spring, chiefly in March, as soon as the ground is free from frost ; 
though a few also find their way up in the autumn. The females, having 
no wings, climb slowly up the tmnks of the trees, while the winged 
naales hover about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we ex- 
amine the trees we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some 
sixty or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in 
the forks of branches and among the young twigs. About the twentieth 
of May these eggs are hatched, and the canker-worms, dusky brown, or 
ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence 
preying upon the foliage. When they are abundant they make rapid 
progress, and in places where the colony is firmly established, they will 
sometimes strip an orchard in a few days, making it look as if a fire had 
passed over it. After feeding about four weeks, they descend into the 
ground three or four inches, where they remain in a chrysalis form, to 
emerge again the next season. As the female is not provided with 
wings, they do not spread very rapidly from one place to another. 

The attacks upon the canker-worm should be chiefly made upon the 
female in her way from the ground up the trunk of the tree. 

The common mode of protecting Apple-trees is to surround the 
trunk with a belt or bandage of canvas, four or five inches wide, which 
is then thickly smeared with tar. In order to prevent the tar from 
soon becoming dry and hard, a little coarse train-oil must be well mixed 
with it ; and it should be watched and renewed as often as it appears 
necessary. This tarred belt catches and detains all the females on their 
upward journey, and prevents them from ascending the tree to lay their 
eggs. And if kept in order it will very efiectually deter and destroy 
them. When the canker-worm is abundant it is necessary to apply the 
tarred bandage in October, and let it remain till the last of May, but 
usually it will be sufficient to use it in the spring. It is probable that 
a mixture of coal-tar and common tar would be the best application, 
as it is more oflensive, and will not so easily dry and become useless by 
exposure to the air and sun. Some persons apply the tar directly to the 
stems of the tree, but this has a very injurious efi^ect upon the trunk. 
Old India rubber, melted in an iron vessel over a very hot fire, forms a 
very adhesive fluid which is not aff'ected by exposure to the weather, 
and is considered, by those who have made use of it, the best substance 

5 



66 



THE APPLE. 



for smearing the bandages, as being a more effectual barrier, and sel- 
dom or never requiring renewal. 

Mr. Jonathan Dennis, Jun., of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, has 
invented and patented a circular leaden trough, which surrounds the 
trunk of the tree, and is filled with oil, and stops effectually the ascent 
of the canker-worm. There appear, however, to be two objections to 
this trough, as it is frequently used ; one, the escape of the oil, if not 
carefully used, which injures the tree ; and the other, the injurious 
effect of nailing the troughs to the bark or trunk. They should be sup- 
ported by wedges of wood driven in between the trough and the trunk, 
F.nd the spaces completely filled up with liquid clay, put on with a brush. 
The insects must be taken out and the oil renewed from time to time. 
For districts where the canker-worm greatly abounds, this leaden trough 
is probably the most permanent and effectual remedy yet employed. 

Circular strips of zinc or tin, about four inches wide, passing around 
the trunk of the tree, the lower end standing out in a flaring manner, 
resembling a bowl bottom upward, proves an effectual preventive remedy, 
as the insects cannot pass the lower rim. 

Experiments made by the Hon. John Lowell, and Professor Peck, of 
Massachusetts, lead to a belief that if the ground under trees which suffer 
from this insect is dug and well pulverized to the depth of five inches, in 
October, and a good top-dressing of lime applied as far as the branches 
extend, the canker-worm will there be aloiost entirely destroyed. The 
elm, and linden-trees in many places, suffer equally with the Apple from 
the attacks of the canker-worm. 

The bark-louse, a dull white, oval, scale-like insect, about a tenth of an 
inch long (a species of coccus), which sometimes appears in great numbers 
on the stems of young Apple and Pear trees, and stunts their growth, 
may be destroyed by a wash of soft soap or the potash solution. The 
best time to apply these is in the month of June, when the insects are 
young, or when the tree is devoid of foliage. 

The woolly Aphis [aphis lanigera),OY American blight* is a dreadful 
enemy of the Apple. It makes its appearance in the form of a minute 
white down in the crotches and crevices of the branches, which is com- 
posed of a great number of very minute woolly lice, that if allowed will 
increase with fearful rapidity, and produce a sickly and diseased state of 
the whole tree. Fortunately, this insect is easily destroyed. " This is 
effected by washing the j)arts with diluted sulphuric acid, which is formed 
b}' mixing three-fourths of an ounce by measure of the sulphuric acid of 
the shops with seven and a half ounces of water. It should be rubbed 
into the parts affected by means of a piece of rag tied to a stick, the 
operator taking care not to let it touch his clothes. After the bark of a 
tree has been washed with this mixture, the first shower will redissolve 
it, and convey it into the most minute crevice, so as effectually to destroy 
all insects that may have escaped." — [Loudon's Magazine, ix., p. 336.) 
It is the more common practice to destroy it by the use of whale-oil, soap 
or lime wash. 

The Apple-worm or Codling moth ( Carpocapsa poriionella of Euro- 
pean writers) is the insect introduced with the Apple-tree from Europe 

* It is not a little singular that tliis insect, which is not indigenous to this 
country, and is never seen here except where introduced with imported trees, 
should be called in England the American blight. It is the most inveterate enemy 
of the Apple in the north of France and Germany. 



THE APPLE. 



67 



which appears in the early worm-eaten Apples and Pears in the form of 
a reddish white grub, and causes the fruit to fall prematurely from the 
trees. The perfect insect is a small moth, the fore-wings gray, with a 
large round brown spot on the hinder margin. These moths appear in 
the greatest numbers in the warm evenings of the first of June, and lay 
their eggs in the eye or blossom-end of the young fruit, especially of the 
early kinds of Apples and Pears. In a short time these eggs hatch, and 
the grub burrows its way till it reaches the core ; the fruit then ripens 
prematurely, and drops to the ground. Here the worm leaves the fruit 
and creeps into the crevices of the bark and hollow of the tree, and spins 
its cocoon, which usually remains there till the ensuing spring, when the 
young moth again emerges from it. The readiest way of destroying 
them, when it can be done conveniently, is to allow swine and poultry 
to run at large in the orchards when the premature fruit is falling ; or 
otherwise the fruit may be picked up daily and placed where the worms 
will be killed. It is said that if an old cloth is placed in the crotch of 
the tree about the time the fruit begins to drop, the Apple-worm will 
make it a retiring-place, and thousands may be caught and killed from 
time to time. As the cocoons are deposited chiefly under the old loose 
bark, the thorough cultivator will take care, by keeping the trunks of his 
trees smooth, to afford them little harbor ; and by scraping and wash- 
ing the trunks early in the spring, to destroy such as may have already 
taken up their quarters there. 

When the fruit of orchards is much liable to the attacks of this 
insect, we cannot too much insist on the efficacy of small bonfires lighted 
in the evening, by which myriads of this and all other moths may be 
destroyed before they have time to deposit their eggs and cause worm- 
eaten fruit. 

A simple preventive remedy, or method of trapping the insect when 
in the grub form, has been introduced by Dr. J. P. Trimble, of New 
Jersey, and consists in twisting a band or rope of hay, long enough to 
pass three or four times around the body of the tree, and putting it 
thereon, " securing its ends so as to prevent its becoming loose ; as soon 
as the fruit shows signs of the worms being at work, or from the middle 
to the last of June. They should be examined every two weeks, as long 
as the warm weather lasts, the earlier broods of worms becoming moths 
and producing a second ci'op. If the orchard is pastured, the bands must 
of course be put out of the reach of animals. Sometimes it may be neces- 
sary to place them around the limbs ; in that case the scales of rough 
bark on the body of the tree below them should be scraped off." 

The J3light, which occasionally kills suddenly the ends of the limbs 
of the apple and the quince, is caused by an insect (JBostrichus hicauda- 
tus) which affects the small twigs, by penetrating the wood at the axil 
of a leaf, and causing it to wither. It is designated the Twig blight. 
Little or no injury results, but it is always well to cut away the injured 
twig just below the wound. 

The Apple-harh ^Beetle ( Tomicus mali), described by Fitch, is a small, 
smooth, black or chestnut-red beetle ; the larvae feed under the bark and 
then enter the wood, sometimes killing the young tree. 

GATHERING AND KEEPING THE FRUIT. 

In order to secure soundness and preservation, it is indispensably 



68 



THE APPLE. 



necessary tliat tlie fruit sTioiild be gathered hj hand. For winter fruit 
the gathering is delayed as long as possible, avoiding severe fi'osts ; and 
the most successful practice with our extensive orchardists is to place the 
good fruit dii^ectly, in a careful manner, in new, tight flour-baiTels as 
soon as gathered from the tree. These barrels should be gently shaken 
while filling, and the head closely pressed in ; they are then placed in a 
cool, shady exposure, under a shed open to the air, or on the north side 
of a building, protected by covering of boards over the top, where they 
remain for a fortnight, or until the cold becomes too severe, when they 
are carefully transferred to a cool, dry cellar, in which air can be admit- 
ted occasionally in brisk weather. 

Another method, by some regarded as superior, and tending to keep 
the fi-uit longer and better, is to gather carefully, in a dry day, as late as 
possible in the fall, and place the fruit on a floor, or in open bins, from 
one foot to sixteen inches in depth. After about a week examine, and 
if the dampness, commonly called sweat, has passed off, prepare a good 
clean barrel, and as each fruit is placed in the barrel, see that it is made 
perfectly dry by wiping it vrith. a soft cloth. As soon as the barrel is 
filled, head it up securely and place it in a cool, dry cellar. 

A cellar for this piu'pose should be dug in dry, gravelly, or sandy 
soil, with, if possible, a slope to the north ; or, at any rate, with open- 
ings on the north side for the admission of air very rai-ely in weather 
not excessively cold. Here the barrels should be placed in tiers o/i their 
sides, and the cellar should be kept as dark as possible. In such a cellar, 
one of the largest apple-growers in Dutchess County is able to keep the 
Greening Apple, which, in the fruit-room, usually decays in January, 
until the 1st of April, in the freshest and finest condition. Some per- 
sons place a layer of clean rye-straw between every layer of apples, when 
packing them in the baiTels. 

Apples are frequently kept by farmers in pits or ridges in the ground, 
covered with straw and a layer of earth, in the same manner as potatoes ; 
but it is an inferior method, and the fruit very speedily decays when 
opened to the air. The English apple-growers lay their fruit in heaps, 
in cool, dry cellars, and cover them with straw. 

Yarious plans and methods have been designed for the keeping of 
fruit, few, if any of which are found practically adapted to the general 
wants of a family. Among those most prominent is the Eoberts Fruit 
House, which is constmcted by forming a room inside of an ice-house, 
haAT.ug the ice around the sides and overhead ; and with an arrangement 
for drainage below, by means of a jiipe beneath the floor, and a condens- 
ing-tube inside the chamber or fruit-room. 

The Nyce Fruit House is constructed with upright walls, sheeted on 
the inside and outside with sheet-iron, nailed to upright studding, and 
having the inside space closely packed with sawdust or chaff. Above 
the fruit-room is a floor of galvanized iron, on which ice. fi^ e to six feet 
in depth, is packed, and from it a tube or pipe is led off, for the pui-pose 
of conveying the water as the ice melts. Below the floor of the fruit- 
room, which is also of galvanized iron, shapings three feet thick are flr-st 
laid, and then coated with tar and pitch, to prevent any rise of mois- 
ture from below. The temperature is kept at all seasons at just above 
the freezing-point, and the moisture from the fruit engendered in the 
room is absorbed by the use of " bittern " from salt-works. This absoi^")- 
tion of moist in^e by means of cJdoride of calcium^ or the waste bittern of 



THE APPLE. 



69 



salt-works, is the principal feature of novelty in this house. But while 
upon a large scale these fruit -houses are found of value, their adoption 
involves too much of expense in their first construction, and too great 
care, to meet the wants of the general fruit-gi'ower. When a fruit- 
house or room is to be constructed, aside from the cellar, under the barn 
or dwelling, select a location where complete drainage can be had. Ex- 
cavate so as that the lower fruit-room will be about two-thirds of its 
height under ground ; lay the outside wall, and then, leaving a space of 
four inches, lay another inside cement wall. Construct windows so as 
to give free cii'culation, and yet keep the room dark by ha\'ing blinds 
on the outer side, and sash opening on the inner wall. For winter, 
double sash will be required. For the upper room, the same principle 
of forming a double wall, leaving a space of at least four inches, is to be 
continued, and the arrangement of shelves or drawers through the cen- 
tre, keeping a passage open all around, may be made to meet the wants 
for which the room is to be used. 

When apples are exported, each fruit in the barrel should be wi-apped 
in clean soft paper, and the barrels should be placed in a dry, airy place 
between decks. 

CIDER. 

To make the finest cider. Apples should be chosen which are espe- 
cially suited to this purpose. The fruit should be gathered about the 
first of November, and coarse cloths or straw should be laid under the 
tree, to secure them against bruising when they are shaken from the tree. 
If the weather is fine the fruit is allowed to lie in heaps in the open air, 
or in airy sheds or lofts for some time, till it is thoroughly rij^ened. All 
immature and rotten fruit should then be rejected, and the remainder 
ground in the mill as nearly as possible to a uniform mass. This pulp 
should now remain in the vat from 24 to 48 hours, or even longer if the 
weather is cool, in order to heighten the color and increase the saccharine 
principle. It is then put into the press (^^'ithout wetting the straw), from 
whence the liquor is strained, through hair-cloth or sieves, into perfectly 
clean, sweet, sound casks. The casks, with the bung out, are then placed 
in a cool cellar, or in a sheltered place in the open air. Here the fermen- 
tation commences, and as the pomace and froth work out of the bung- 
hole, the casks must be filled up every day with some of the same press- 
ing, kept in a cask for this purpose. In two or three weeks this rising will 
cease, when the first fermentation is over, and the bung should at first be 
put in loosely — then in a day or two driven in tight — leaving a small vent- 
hole near it, which may also be stopped in a few days after. If the casks 
are in a cool airy cellar the fermentation will cease in a day or two, and 
this state may be known by the liquor becoming clear and bright, by the 
cessation of the discharge of fixed air, and by the thick crust which has 
collected on the surface. The clear cider should now be drawn off and 
placed in a clean cask. If the cider, which must be carefully watched in 
this state, to prevent the fermentation going too far, remains quiet, it may 
be allowed to stand till spring, and the addition at first of about a gill of ^ 
finely powdered charcoal to a barrel will secure this end ; but if a scum 
collects on the surface, and the fermentation seems inclined to proceed 
further, it must be immediately racked again. The vent-spile may now 
be driven tight, but examined occasionally. In the beginning of March 



70 



THE APPLE. 



a final racking should take place, when, should the cider not be perfectly 
fine, about three-fourths of an ounce of isinglass should be dissolved in 
the cider and poured in each barrel, which will render it perfectly clear. 
It may be bottled now, or any period before the blossoming of the Apple 
or afterwards, late in May. When bottling, fill the bottles within an 
inch of the bottom of the cork, and allow the bottles to stand an hour 
before the corks are driven. They should then be sealed and kept in a 
cool cellar, with clean dry sand up to theii necks, or laid on their sides 
in boxes or bins, with the same between each layer. 

VARIETIES. 

The varieties of the Apple at the present time are very numerous. 
The garden of the Horticultural Society of London, which contains the 
most complete collection of fruit in the world, enumerates now, 1845, 
about 900 varieties, and nearly 1500 have been tested there. Of these 
the larger proportion are of course inferior ; but it is only by comparison 
in such an experimental garden that the value of the difierent varieties 
for a certain climate can be fully ascertained. 

The European Apples generally are, in this climate, inferior to our 
first-rate native sorts, though many of them are of high merit also with 
us. There is much confusion in regard to names of Apples, and the 
variation of fruits from soil, location, or other causes, makes it difficult 
to identify the kinds, and until they are brought together and fruited on 
the same ground the certainty of their nomenclature will not be estab- 
lished. New varieties of Apples are constantly springing up in this 
country from the seed, in favorable soils ; and these, when of superior 
quality, may, as a general rule, be considered much more valuable for 
orchard culture than foreign sorts, on account of their greater produc- 
tiveness and longevity. Indeed every State has some fine Apples pecu- 
liar to it, and it is therefore impossible in the present state of pomology 
in this country to give a complete list of the finest Apples of the United 
States. To do this will require time, and an extended and careful exa- 
mination of their relative merits collected in one garden. The following 
descriptions comprise all the finest American and foreign varieties yet 
known in our gardens. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

The distinctive characters of fruits have, during the past quarter of a 
century, become so much intermingled and hybridized that, after carefully 
studying them, and comparing them with the orders of classification 
adopted by authors, we have come to the conclusion that no definite 
order can safely be made to embrace them. Eorms, colors, growths, and 
periods of ripening are so much interwoven and distributed as to defy 
ail arbitrary rules of classification, and hence we have without hesitation 
abandoned it entirely, substituting in our work the simple order of the 
alphabet as confined to names, believing such course will j)rove the most 
available and useful. 

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING APPLES. 

In identifying fruits, not only certain forms and features of the fruit 
itself are desirable, to have a definite description under plain and intelU- 



THE APPLE. 



71 



gible terms, but often the form of the growth of the tree, as well as the 
color of its young wood, are essential to a clear knowledge for decision. 
The form and general appearance of a fruit may be changed by soil or 
climate, but the general habit of growth and color of the young wood is 
always the same, and in the ensuing pages this latter point has been 
kept in view and . recorded, so far as knowledge could be obtained, 
respecting valuable varieties. 

The terms used we have sought to make simple and uniform, and 
within the comprehension of all, rather than scientific. In describing 
trees, the character designed to be represented is that of the orchard, 
or trees in a healthy bearing condition, and the growth is said to be 
strong and vigorous, as the Ilhode Island Greening, or Baldwin ; vigor- 
ous and slender, as the J onathan or Winesap ; stout and short-jointed, as 
Jersey Sweet or Primate ; medium and vigorous, as Fameuse, or Maiden's 
Blush. And for the general form of the tree, the word upright s^jread- 
ing is used to designate such as Baldwin ; spreading , as the Ilhode 
Island Greening ; round-headed, as in the Early Harvest ; upright, as 
with Benoni. In describing fruits, the word hase means that part of the 
fruit in which the stem is planted ; and apex, the blossom end, or crown, 
as it is sometimes termed. Forms are so much interwoven, as it were, 
-one with another, that we have selected but four as the primary bases on 
which all others are built, and are subsidiary. 




Oblate. Roundish. 




Conical. Oblong, 

These primary forms are roundish, ohlate, conical, and ohlong. The 
terms round, roundish, or globular, are sometimes used in connection, 
rather as qualifying expressions than as distinctive ; for while the word 
roundish, which indicates the height and diameter as nearly equal, ap- 



72 



THE APPLE. 



plies to many fruits, there is no perfectly round or globular apple 
known. 

OUate indicates the height as much less than diameter. Conical^ is 
when the fruit is roundish, having the apex end contracted. Ohlong, is 
when the fruit is longer than broad, and having the apex and base of 
nearly the same breadth. Connected and subsidiary terms, such as 
roundish^ conical, or conic, are when the Apple unites the two primary 
forms of roundish and conical ; or elongated conical, or conic, when the 
length is considerably beyond the breadth. Truncate conic, is when the 
fruit is flattened at the apex. Jiibhed, or ohscurely ribbed, when the 
surface has rising lines and channels from apex to base. Oblique, is 
when the fruit presents the appearance as of being one-sided, or when 
the axis is inclined to one side. Oblate, not symmetric, or sides unequal, 
when one side is less than the other. Corrugated, having depressed 
lines, furrows, or wrinkles, jicute, when narrowing to a sharp point. 
Obtuse, round or blunt. Abru2^t, when the depression breaks off sud- 
denly. 

In designating the quality of fruits, the terms of the American 
Pomological Society have been adopted; but it must be remembered 
that these terms apply strictl}' and only to the actual quality of the fruit 
as a dessert sort. 

Some varieties classed as best, and which are strictly of the highest 
qualit}^ as fruit, are, nevertheless, unprofitable as varieties to grow, 
except by the amateur, while many to which the term very good, or very 
good to best, is applied, are known to be highly valuable and profitable 
for market, as well as excellent for the dessert. 



APPLES. 
Abbott. 

Origin unknown. 

Pruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed, greenish- 
yellow, shaded and striped with red, few light and brown dots. Stalk 
long, cavity broad, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, uneven. 
Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Core medium. Yery good. 
December to March. 

Abbott's Sweet. 
Origin, New Hampshire. 

Fruit rather above medium, roundish, conical, yellow, covered with 
stripes and blotches of red, and many white dots. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, and pleasant. Yery sweet. Good to very good. December to 
March. 

Abbott's Five-Sided Spice. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, splashed and striped 
with two shades of red, light-gray dots. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid. Good. Core small. October and November. 



THE APPLE. 73 

Abram. 

Origin nnTrno%vn. Grown extensively in Eastern Virginia and North 
Carolina. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow shaded, and splashed with red. 
Many light dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. " Good." December 
to March. 

Acklam's Russet. 
Aclemy Eusset. 
Origin, Acklam, England. 

Eruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, some 
gray russet and yellowish-gray specks. Elesh whitish, firm, crisp, sub- 
acid. " Good." November to Eebruary. 

Adams. 

Originated with James Adams, Union, Penn. Tree quite strong, 
vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and 
splashed with red and russet netting. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx generally open. Segment long, reflexed. Basin large, abrupt. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic. Very good. January 
to April. 

Adams Peaemaix, 

Norfolk Pippin. Matchless. 

Origin unknown. Tree a free, healthy grower. Young shoots. 
Good bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, inclining to oblong, pale yel- 
low, shaded, mottled and splashed with red, with many hght dots. 
Flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, ricli, brisk, subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Very good. December to Eebruary. 

Agate D'Exckhuysen. 

Origin, Enckhuyseu, Holland. Tree upright. Young shoots slender, 
dark reddish. 

Eruit small or medium, conical, clear yellowish gi-een, and with 
many small dots. Calyx large, open, or nearly so. Segments large. 
Basin deep. Stalk short, stout. Cavity acute, deep. Elesh white, very 
fine grained, rather firm, juicy, sugary, perfumed. January to March. 
(Verg.) 

Agathe. 

Pomme Double Agathe. 

Origin, Limbourg, Holland. Tree ^dgorous, productive. Eruit 
medium or large, conical oblate, deep yellow in the shade, bright red- 
cheek in sun. Many conspicuous gray dots. Flesh yellowish-white, 



74 



THE APPLE. 



sometimes slightly rose-colored, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Core 
large, oj)en. October to February. (An. Pom.) 

Agnes's. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Pruit ratlier below medium, oblate, 
somewhat oblique. Skin yellowish, striped, and shaded with red, and 
sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short and small, inserted in a 
large cavity. Calyx closed, in a medium basin. Plesh tender, with a 
spicy, pleasant, subacid flavor. " Good." September, October. 

AlLES. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa., of vigorous growth, and productive. Pruit 
large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity 
narrow. Calyx in a round moderate basin. Flesh yellow, fine, crisp, 
juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. Highly esteemed for cooking, 
not in eating till spring, and will keep till midsummer. 

Alant. 
Pomme d'Aunee. 

Probably of German origin. Tree slender, short jointed. Young 
shoots reddish-brown. 

Fruit medium, truncated conic, greenish-yellow, with indistinct dots. 
Calyx small. Basin deep. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh yellow, 
tender, juicy, with a cumamon aroma. Winter. (Yerg.) 

Alexander. 

Emperor Alexander. Eussian Emperor. Aporta. 

Victoria, incorrectly. 

A very large, showy Pussian variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, 
productive. Fruit very large, regularly formed, conical. Skin greenish- 
yellow, faintly streaked with red on the shaded side, but orange, bril- 
liantly streaked, and marked with bright red in the sun. Calyx large, 
set in a deep basin. Stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch long, 
planted in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, and 
juicy, with a rather pleasant flavor. Good. October to December. 

Alfriston. 

Lord Gwydr's Newtown Pippin. Oldaker's New 

Shepherd's Pippin. Baltimore, incorrectly. 

A third-rate Apple, valued in England for cooking. Fruit large, 
roundish, a little ribbed, and rather broadest at the base, pale greenish- 
yellow. Flesh yellowish- white, crisp, tender, with a tolerable, some- 
what acid flavor. Good. October to January. 

Allemand. 

Pepin d'Or Allemand. 

Of Hanoverian origin. Tree a slender gi'ower. Fruit small, coni- 
cal truncated, pale yellow, with pearl-color spots. Flesh yellow, fine, 
tender, sugary vinous. Winter. (Yirg.) 



THE APPLE. 



75 



Allen's Choice. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yel- 
low, mostly shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, stained with 
red, coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic. " Good." January. 

Allen's Pippin. 

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree upright, productive. Pruit medium, 
oblate, greenish-yellow. Flesh whitish, tender, mild, subacid. Good. 
October to December. 

All-Hallows. 

Origin from seed by Richard H. Graves, Ireland. Fruit medium, 
roundish, handsome. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant. October and 
November. A new variety, not yet fully tested in this country. 

All-Summer. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree slow growth, spreading, an annual 
bearer, and very productive. Fruit small, oblate, greenish waxy yellow, 
slight tinge of red in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, tender, pleasant. Almost " very good." July and August. 

Allum. 

Hallum. Rockingham Red. 

Much grown in northern N. Carolina ; valuable chiefly because of 
its productiveness and for its keeping properties. Fruit medium, oblate, 
irregular, deep red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk 
acid flavor. Good. January to April. 

Alsace. 

Origin, Alsace Township, Pa. Fruit medium, conical, whitish-yel- 
low, blush in sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. " Good." January 
to March. (Pa. Hort.) 

Amelia. 

Of European origin. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow, 
shaded, and obscurely splashed with two shades of crimson. Flesh 
whitish, firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. January and Febru- 
ary. 

American Beauty. 
Sterling Beauty. Beauty of America. 

Origin, Sterling, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer. 
Wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, form roundish, slightly inclining to conic, obscurely 
ribbed. Color a yellow ground mostly covered with red, which is quite 
dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with small light and brown dots. Stalk 
rather short, somewhat slender. Cavity medium, with russet, the rays of 
which sometimes extend out over a portion of the fruit. Calyx small, 



76 



THE APPLE. 



closed. Segments medium, sliglitly recurved. Basin medium, uneven. 
Flesh yellowish, rather compact, tender, juicy, rich mild, subacid, aro- 
matic. Core small. Very good. December to April. 

American Golden Pippin. 

Golden Pippin. New York Greening. 

Ribbed Pippin. Newtown Greening. 

Golding. Golden Apple. 

This old Apple is one of our finest American fruits, and seems not 
to be generally known. It has been cultivated more than fifty years, 
and is considered one of the most profitable for orchard culture and mar- 
keting; it is also a superior Apple for family use. Growth strong, 
similar to B. I. Greening, but less drooping, making a round, spreading 
head ; does not bear young, but very productive when a little advanced, 
and a popular fruit where known. Wood dark reddish, downy, with pro- 
minent flattened buds. 

Fruit medium to large; form roundish oblate, inclining to conic, 
obscurely ribbed ; color yellow, sometimes a brownish blush in sun, thinly 



American Golden Pippin. 

sprinkled with gray dots, often slightly netted with thin russet. Stalk 
short, moderately stout. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments 
pointed, slightly recurved. Basin broad, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish, breaking juicy, rather coarse, rich, aromatic, subacid. Core 
rather large. Very good. November to February. 

American Golden Busset. 

Golden Russet. Bullock's Pippin. 
Sheep Nose. Little Pearmain. 

The American Golden Busset is one of the most delicious and tender 



THE APPLE. 



77 



Apples, its flesh resembling more in texture that of a bntter j Pear than 
that of an ordinary Apple. It is widely cultivated at the West and 
in New England as the Golden Russet, and though neither handsome nor 
large, is still a universal favorite, from its great productiveness and 
admirable flavor. The uncouth name of Coxe, Sheep-nose, is nearly 
obsolete, except in New Jersey, and we therefore adopt the present one, 
to which it is well entitled. The tree is thrifty, with upright shoots, dull 
reddish grayish brown. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish-ovate, dull yellow, sprinkled with 
a very thin russet. Stalk rather long and slender. Calyx closed, and 
set in a rather narrow basin. Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a 
mild, rich, spicy flavor. Best. October to January. 




American Golden Eusset. 



American Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, round, and regular. Fruit mediimi, 
oblong conic, yellow, streaked with lively red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy. 
August. (Coxe.) 

American Pippin. 
Stone. Grindstone, 

Tree thrifty, spreading, with crooked shoots. Valuable only for its 
late keeping and for cider. 

Fruit of medium size and regular form, oblate, dull red lq patches 
and stripes, on a dull green ground. Flesh white, firm, juicy, with a 
somewhat brisk, acid flavor. Good. Keeps till June. 

American Plate. 
Origin unknown. Tree of slow growth, hardy, very productive. 



78 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, roundisli, oblate, greenisli, with a brown tinge. Flesh 
crisp, juicy, pleasant. December and January. (Ron.) 

American Summer Pearsiain. 
Early Summer Pearmaiu. 

A rich, highly-flavored fruit, much esteemed where it is known. It 
appears to be quite difierent from the Summer Pearmain (of the English), 
and is probably a seedling raised from it. It ripens gradually from the 
tenth of August to the last of September. Tree moderately vigorous, 
with slender branches, round-headed. Young shoots dull reddish-brown. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong, widest at the crown, and tapering slight- 
ly to the eye. Skin red, spotted with yeUow in the shade, but streaked 




American Summer Pearmain. 

with livelier red and yellow on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, and pretty deeply inserted. Eye deeply sunk. Calyx 
closed. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
yellow; remarkably tender, with a rich and pleasant flavor, and often 
bursts in falling from the tree. Quality best. Core medium. 

Ananas. 

Bother Ananas. Bromelia Ananas. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, streaked with bright red in the sun, 
brown spots in shade. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, open. Calyx 



THE APPLE. 



79 



irregular, open. Basin deep. Flesh whitej tender, juicy, subacid, per- 
fumed. Excellent. October. (Al. Pom.) 

Ananas de Liege. 
Calville Ananas de Liege. Lutticher Ananas Calville. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous, with long, jointed, 
dark-reddish shoots. 

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish, with patches of brown or 
brownish russet. Calyx large. Basin deep, abrupt. Stalk short. Cavity 
large and deep. Flesh white, half-fine, firm, a little dry, subacid. Cook- 
ing. January, February. (Yerg.) 

Angle. 

Medium, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes 
of light and dark red, with white dots. Flesh yellow, tender, sweet and 
good, fair and handsome. Good. First of September. 

Anglo-American. 

Kaised by W. H. Read, Canada West. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed with 
bright red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a cavity of moderate 
depth. Calyx closed. Segments long, partly recurved. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Very good. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Archiduc Antoine. 
Tree upright, vigorous. Young shoots reddish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow green, dotted with inconspicuous 
small brown dots. Calyx half open. Basin small. Stalk rather long. 
Cavity deep. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, subacid. Early 
winter. (Yerg.) 

Aromatic Carolina. 

Origin, Pomaria, South Carolina. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, sides unequal, light yellow, slightly 
streaked ^dth pale red. Flesh moderately firm, crisp, pleasant, mild, 
subacid, aromatic. Yery good. August and September. William 
Sumner says this is exceedingly tender and melting, and in season all 
July. 

Aromatic Busset. 

An English Apple, of vigorous, upright, rather slender growth, hardy 
and ]->roductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, truncate conic, greenish, with a thin gray 
russefc, and a tinge of dull red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, fii-m, 
brisk, subacid, aromatic. November, February. (Lind.) 

Ashland. 

Origin, Clermont Co., O. Tiee upright, moderate grower, a good and 
annual bearer. 



80 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, approacliing conic, truncate, yellowish, striped and 
shaded with carmine, and considerably sprinkled with large light dots. 
Stalk small and short, inserted in a large open cavity suiTOunded by 
greenish russet. Calyx open, set in a round, abrupt basin. Flesh yel- 
low, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. Very 
good. January to April. 

Ashmead's Keknel. 

A variety from Gloucestershire, England. Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, roundish, oblate, greenish yellow, with tinge of brown- 
ish orange in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. 
November to May. (Lind.) 

ASHMORE. 
Red Ashmore. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, form roundish oblate, inclining to conical, generally 
regular ; color whitish yellow, washed or shaded with rich bright red, 
obscurely splashed, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Skin 
glossy, smooth. Stalk medium ; cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx small, finely closed. Segments erect. Basin deep, open, slightly 
uneven. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Yery 
good. October, November. 

Striped Ashmore is claimed by some as a distinct variety, differing 
only in its coloring. 

ASTERUS. 

D'Astenis. Strifling d'Hiver. 

An English variety, valuable for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish, green, with some dull red streaks. Flesh firm, 
rich, subacid or acid. January to April. (Ron.) 

Augustine. 

Large, roundish, conic, yellow, striped with red, sweet and dry. 
August. 

Augustus Pearmain. 

An English variety. Fruit small to medium, roundish conical, 
yellow, with streaks of red, deepest in the sun. Calyx small, closed. 
Stalk short, and having a knobby attachment. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous, 
aromatic. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Aunt Anna. 

Aunt Anna's Seedling. 

Introduced by John Reeder, South Charleston, Ohio. Fruit medium, 
oblate, yellow, finely striped with red. Flesh yellow, tender, rather dry. 
(O. P. S. Rep.) 



THE APPLE. 



81 



Aunt's Apple. 

Origin unknown. Tree small, delicate, very productive. Fruit 
large, oblong, yellow, mostly covered and streaked with a lively red. 
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, not rich. November. (Coxe.) 

Aunt Hannah. 

Origin, Essex Co., Mass. Tree of slow growth. Fruit medium, 
oblate, nearly globular. Skin golden yellowish, sprinkled with russet. 
Stem short, inserted in a cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. 
Basin very shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, with a rich peculiar 
flavor, slightly musky. Good. December to February. 

Aunt Susan's Favorite. 

Originated from seed, by Mrs. Susan Tippet, in Missouri, about 
twenty-five years since. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous, round open head, 
good and regular bearer. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, light yellow, 
shaded and striped with shades of deep and light red. Stalk short. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. 
Good. August. (M. S. H. Soc.) 

Austin Sweet. 

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree irregular spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, sprinkled 
with a few brown dots and patches of russet. Stalk short and small ; 
cavity, wide open, deep, russeted. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. 
Yery good. Core medium. September to December. 

Autumn Golden Pippin. 

An old English variety. Tree vigorous. Fruit small, lemon-yel- 
low, little russeted. Flesh rich, and delicious flavor. (Ron.) 

Autumn Pearmain. 
Winter Pearmain. 

A slow-growing tree, but attains a large size. Branches slender, 
spreading. Fruit of medium size, roundish, narrowing gradually toward 
the eye. Color brownish-yellow, mixed with green on the shaded side, 
but next the sun reddish, blended with yellow, streaked with deeper red, 
and sprinkled with numerous small brown specks. Stalk short, obliquely 
planted under a fleshy lip. Calyx small, set in a broad shallow basin, 
which is sometimes scarcely at all sunk, and obscurely plaited. Flesh 
pale yellow, crisp, firm, a little dry, but rich and high flavored. Core 
rather small. Quality very good. October to March. 

Autumn Bomanite. 

Originated on rhe farm of Jacob Mcely, Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit 
medium, round, somewhat flattened, beautiful red. Flesh yellow, plea- 
sant. September. (A. Pom. S. Bep.) 

6 



82 



THE APPLE. 



AuTUKN" Rose. 

Roseau d'Automne. 

An old English variety. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, 
red on bright rich yellow, russet at the stem. Flesh yellow, rich, 
juicy, tender, high flavored. September. (Coxe.) 

Autumnal Swaab. 

FaU Swaar of West. 

Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit large, 
roundish, conic, orange-yellow, netted with russet, and sprinkled with star- 
shaped dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx small and closed. Basin deep, abrupt, and corrugated. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, slightly aromatic sub- 
acid flavor. Core small. Very good. September. 

Autumn Sweet Bough. 

Late Bough. Sweet Bellflower. 

Fall Bough. PhiladelpMa Sweet. 

White Sugar ? 

Origin unkno\vn. Tree vigorous, upright, round-headed, very pro- 
ductive. One of the very best dessert sweet Apples of its season. 
Fruit medium, conical, angular, smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with a 
few brown dots. Stalk of medium length, rather slender, inserted in a 
deep narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin deep, corru- 
gated. Flesh white, very tender, with a sweet, refreshing, -vinous flavor. 
Yery good. Last of August to first of October. 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar. 

Sweet Swaar. Sweet Golden Pippin, 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit 
medium, oblate, inclining to conic, deep yellow, with occasional blush 
in sun. Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity broad and even. Calyx 
closed. Basin round, open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, mode- 
rately juicy, rich and sweet. Core medium. Very good. September, 
October. 

Autumn Seek-no-farthee. 
Dr. Watson. 

Origin unkno^Ti. A variety considerably gro\\Ti in Indiana, where 
it is much esteemed. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. 
Fruit "medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish- white, 
shaded, and splashed in the sun with dull crimson. Stalk of medium 
length. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx open. Basin large, rather deep. 
Flesh whitish-yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich, subaci<l. Core medium. 
Very good. September, October. 



THE APPLE. 83 

AVERILL. 
Wolf's Den. 

Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit rather 
large, irregularly conic, angular, greenish yellow, striped and shaded 
with red. Stem short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a very shallow slightly furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. February to 
June. 

Baccolixus. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, 
roundish to roundish oblong, whitish, shaded and splashed ^vith light and 
dark red. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, vinous. Core small. Good. 
J anuary to April. 

Bachelor's Blush. 

Origin unknown. An annual moderate bearer. Fruit rather large, 
form oblate depressed, often obscurely ribbed, color yellowish with blush 
in sun, sprinkled with a few light and gray dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity large, deep. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, un- 
even. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. 
Very good. August and September. 

Bachelor's Glory. 

An English variety. Fruit large, roundish, irregularly ribbed, golden 
yellow with crimson stripes. Calyx closed. Segments flat. Stalk medium. 
Cavity deep, funnel-shaped. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Oc- 
tober, November. (Hogg.) 

Backhouse's Lord Nelson. 
Origin, York, England. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellowish with dull green shade. Flesh 
tender. Good. December to January. (Ron.) 

Baddow Pippm. 

Ribston Pippin, Spring". 

An English dessert Apple, valued for its keeping properties. Fruit 
medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellowish green, with dull red in the 
sun. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, rich 
vinous. Good. April to May. 

Bailey's Golden. 

Origin, Kennebec Co., Maine. Tree productive. Fruit large, oblong, 
flattened at base and crown, yellowish, slightly russeted, with a warm 
cheek. Stalk short, surrounded by russet in a broad deep cavity. Calyx 
large and open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, with a pleasant subacid 
flavor. Good. January to March. 



84 



THE APPLE. 



Bailey's Spice. 

Origin, Plattsburg, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, sometimes a faint blush. 
Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity rather deep. Calyx closed. Basin 
abrupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, lively subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Core large. Nearly very good. September and October. 

Bailey's Sweet. 
Edgerly's Sweet. Howard's Sweet. Paterson's Sweet. 

Origin unknown, introduced by J. Edgerly of Perry, Wyoming Co., 
N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. 

This variety is regarded as profitable for all purposes, although per- 
haps a little too tender skin for shipping long distances. Fruit large, 
form roundish conical, often approaching oblong, obscurely ribbed, color 
yellowish, mostly shaded and obscurely striped with red, and thickly 
sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short and rather small, inserted in a 
narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a narrow iiTegular basin. 
Flesh white, tender, not very juicy, almost melting, with a honeyed sweet 
flavor. Core rather large. Very good. November to March. 

Baker. 
Scott. 

Origin, Pidgefield, Ct. Tree vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer, 
young wood reddish brown, with prominent round buds. In its native 
locality this Apple is highly esteemed both for market and cooking pur- 
poses. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, mostly 
shaded and splashed with shades of crimson. Stalk short, moderately 
stout. Cavity regular, medium. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. 
Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, often 
tinged with crimson near the skin, pleasant subacid. Yery good. Core 
small. October to February. 

Baker's Sweet. 
Winter Golden Sweet. Long Stem Sweet. Late Golden Sweet. 

An old fruit of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and much cultivated 
there. Tree moderately vigorous, slender, somewhat resembling Jonathan. 
Wood clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, of a golden yellow color, with some patches 
of russet. Stalk long, inserted in a large smooth cavity. Calyx closed. 
Bather large basin. Flesh yellow, rich, exceedingly saccharine and plea- 
sant. Good to very good. November, December. 

Balm. 

Origin, Yermont. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, oblate conical, yellowish, mostly 
covered with red. Stalk slender. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild, pleasant. Good. October. 



THE APPLE. 



85 



Baldwin. 

Woodpecker. Pecker. Steele's Ked Winter. 

Felch ? Red Baldwin. Butters. 

The Baldwin stands at the head of all New England Apples, and is 
unquestionably a first-rate fruit in all respects. It is a native of Massa- 
chusetts, and is more largely cultivated for the Boston market than any 
other sort. It bears most abundantly with us, and we have had the 
satisfaction of raising larger, more beautiful, and highly flavored speci- 
mens here than we ever saw in its native region. The Baldwin in flavor 
and general characteristics evidently belongs to the same family as our 
Esopus Spitzenberg, and deserves its extensive popularity. 

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young shoots dull 
reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish, and narrowing a little to the eye. Color yellow 
in the shade, but nearly covered and striped with crimson, red, and 
orange in the sun, dotted with a few russet dots, and with radiating 
streaks of russet about the stalk. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow 
plaited basia. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender 
for so large a fruit, planted in an even, moderately deep cavity. Flesh 




Baldwin. 



yellowish white, crisp, with that agreeable mingling of the saccharine and 
acid which constitutes a rich, high flavor. Yery good. The tree is a 
vigorous upright grower, and bears most abundantly. Ripe from No- 
vember to March, but with us is in perfection in January.* 

* The Baldwin, like nearly all other varieties of winter fruits, originated in the 
Northern and Eastern States j when grown in Southern latitudes they become 



86 



THE APPLE. 



Baldwin Sweet. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, yellow, striped and shaded with red. 
Flesh yellow, rather compact, sweet and good. Productive. October, 
January. 

Baltimore. 

Cable's Gilliflower. Baltimore Pippin, Royal Pippio 

Origin unknown. Tree healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, making a 
round head that when loaded with fruit appears almost drooping. Young 
shoots slender, dull reddish brown. A profitable variety for market or 
table use. 




Baltimore. 



Fruit medium. Form roundish, conical, regular. Color pale yellow, 
shaded with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, almost pur- 
plish, having a grayish appearance of bloom, large light dots, with a 
dark centre. Stalk short. Cavity medium size, rather thinly russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Segments drawn to a point. Basin shallow, nearly 
smooth. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. 
Very good. December to April. 

An apple received from Maryland as Baltimore proves identical with 
Fallawater. 

Baltimore Greening. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from John Edgerton, Coal 
Creek, Iowa. 

Fruit large, globular flattened, greenish yellow, with a brownish 

autumn or early winter sorts, and lose more or less of their sprightliness and good 
qualities as table fruits. On the other hand, the summer-ripening varieties, origi- 
nating North, are greatly improved when grown at the South. 



THE APPLE. 



87 



blush cheek in sun, some slight stripes of russet, and a few small raised 
gray dots. Stem short. Cavity broad, open, and deep. Calyx closed, or 
nearly so. Basin open, deep, slightly furrowed at base. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather coarse, tender, mild, subacid. Very good. Core medium. 
December, (Elliott's Notes.) 

Baltzby 

From Virginia. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit large, oblate, 
yellowish white, with a faint blush ; dots scattered, small, white. Flesh 
white, firm, somewhat tough, juicy, almost sweet. Good. October. 

Bar. 

A large, fair apple, slightly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh 
white, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Good. An early fall fruit, and 
keeps well through the winter. 

Barbour. 

Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit medium 
roundish, oblate, inclining to conical, mottled, and striped with red of 
difterent hues on a grayish ground, with numerous gray specks. Flesh 
yellowish, white, tender, juicy, flavor pleasant. Quality very good. (Pa. 
Pep.) 

Barcelona Pearmain. 

Speckled Golden Reinette. Speckled Pearmain 

Polinia Pearmain Reinette Rousse. 

Reinette Rouge. Reinette des Carmes. 

Glace Rouge. Cassel Reinette. 
Kleine Casseler Reinette. 

A foreign variety of uncertain origin, which from its good qualities 
there, has evidently been widely grown under many names. Tree hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, mostly covered with 
red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, 
rich, aromatic, subacid. November to March. 



Barchard's Seedling. 

An English variety, valuable for kitchen use. Fruit medium, round- 
ish oblate, yellow striped with red. Flesh white, sugary. October. 
(L. H. S.) 

Barnham's Sweet 

Origin, Connecticut. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, rough, 
russet. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for baking. 
November, December. 

Barnhilt. 

American, small, conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, 
tough, dry. October, November. 



88 



THE API'LE. 



Bark Apple 

Originated with the Messrs. Ronalds, England, and there regarded val- 
uable for culinary use. Fruit medium, roundish conical, gi-eenish yellow, 
blush in sun, some russet. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy acid. November to 
February. (Hogg.) 

Barre. 
Colville Barre. 

Origin unknown. Introduced from Angers in 1848. Fruit large, 
roundish conical, yellow, ^vT.th spots or patches of greenish. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, juicy, acid. December. (An. Tom.) 

Barrett. 

Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit medium to large, conic, yellow, 
striped and splashed with carmine. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, with 
a very pleasant vinous aromatic flavor, almost sweet. Good. Janu- 
ary to March. 

Bars. 

Origin, Bhode Island. Fruit rather large, round, pale yellow, mar- 
bled, and nearly covered with red and a few russet spots. Stalk 
long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Segment slightly recurv- 
ed. Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sub- 
acid. Core small. Very good. September. 

Bartlett. 

Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish, ribbed, striped and splashed 
with bright red on vellow. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Good. (Count. 
Gent.) 

Barton. 

Originated with Michael Aikman, in the township of Barton, C. W. 
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with light red cheek. 
Stalk short. Cavity even. Calyx small, regular. Basin medium. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Yery 
good. September October. A new variety promising of value for des- 
sert. (Tat. Mss.) 

Barton's Incomparable. 

An English variety, regarded abroad as of the highest excellence for 
the dessert. Tree healthy and productive. Fruit below medium, round- 
ish conical, five ribbed, yellowish green, with patches and specks of 
russet, orange in sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sprightly, vi- 
nous. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Bauman's Reinette. 
Reinette Bauman. 

Of Flemish origin, introduced and named by Yan Mons. Fruit me- 
dium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with numerous distinct brown 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, fine, firm, sugary, perfumed. January. 
(L.H. S.) 



THE APPLE. 



89 



Baxteji's Peakmaiit. 

From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit 
large, roundish, elongated conical, pale green, with shades and streaks 
of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, brisk, sprightly subacid. Yal- 
Tiable for all purposes. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Beachemwell Seedling. 

Motteux's Seedling. 

From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit 
below medium, roundish, yellowish, with faint stripes and splashes of 
red, brown patches. Calyx and stalk prominent. Flesh yellowish white, 
tender, brisk, subacid. December to March. (Ron.) 

Beadell. 
Hanover Seedling-. 

Originated on the farm of Edward Beadell, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, good bearer. Fruit resembles the Mc- 
Lellan in form, color, size, and similar in flavor. Good to very good. 
Bipe in October. 

Bean Sweet. 

Originally sent out by Judge Buel. Fruit medium, oblong rounded, 
nearly white. Flesh crisp, juicy. October to March. Baking. (Elliott.) 

Bear Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, sha- 
ded and splashed with red. Flesh moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, 
sweet. Good for cooking. November. 

Beau. 

Distributed by Judge Buel. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, yellowish 
green, with blush in sun, and white dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, acid. 
August to October. Culinary. (Ken.) 

Beauty of Kent. 

A showy English sort for culinary uses. The tree grows very strong 
and upright, moderately productive. 

Fruit very large, roundish, but flat at the base, and narrowing dis- 
tinctly to the eye, where it is slightly ribbed, smooth, greenish-yellow, 
marked with large, broken stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, slender, 
deeply planted in a round, russeted, corrugated cavity. Calyx small, set 
in a narrow basin. Flesh juicy, crisp, tender, with a simple subacid 
flavor. Good. October and November. 

Beauty of the West. 

Western Beauty. Ohio Beauty. 

Musgrove's Cooper. 

Origin unknown. First sent out and noticed by Judge Buel some 



90 



THE APPLE. 



thirty or more years since, and yet but little known. The tree is a 
strong, vigorous grower, forming a large spreading head, moderately 
productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, conical, gi-eenish yellow, nearly covered 
with pale dull red, striped with a darker shade, and dotted with large 
yellow specks. Stalk short. Calyx large, half open. Flesh greenish- 
white, not firm, tender, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. 

Bedfordshire Foundling. 
Cambridge Pippin. 

A large green English Apple, excellent for kitchen use. Fruit large, 
roundish, obscurely ribbed, deej) green, paler at maturity. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, acid flavor. Good. October to 
February. 

Beefsteak. 
Garden Apple of some, incorrectly. 

Origin, farm of Joel Davis, Amesbury, Mass. Habits similar to 
Baldwin, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conical. Sides sometimes une- 
qual. Skin whitish-yellow, shaded and splashed with light and dark 
red over two-thirds its surface, large areole dots. Stalk medium and 
slender, often with bracts. Cavity rather large, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin medium, nearly smooth. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, j uicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. Yery 
good. October, November. 

Beeler's Busset. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium to small, round, truncated, rus- 
seted. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Novem- 
ber, December. (Warder.) 

Belden or Bed Cheek 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. 
Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish-yellow, with patches of russet, 
sometimes a little bronzed cheek. Flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, pleas- 
ant. Good. October, February. 

Belden Sweet. 

Grown in Connecticut, very prolific. Fruit medium, or below, 
roundish conic, light yellow, with a warm cheek. Stalk medium, in an 
acute, deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a small basin. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, saccharine, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor. Core large. 
Good. December to March. 

Belle Bonde. 
Billy Bond. Belly Bounder. 

This variety is somewhat grown in Central New York, and claimed 
as having originated in France, in 1790, and brought there by one John 



THE APPLE. 



91 



Deidens. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, or above, 
roimdish conical, pale-yellow, striped and splashed with red, and with 
large light dots. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, brisk, subacid. 
Good for cooking. January and February. 

Belle Bonne, 

Winter Belle boon. Winter Belle and Bonne. Eolland. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, greenish-yellow, with a few reddish 
streaks in the sun. Flesli firm, juicy. October to January. Culinary. 
(Hogg.) 

An old variety, first described by Parkinson, in 1629, and which 
is probably identical with the Belle et Bonne above described. 

Belle d'Angers. 

Origin in doubt. Fruit large, roundish conical, pale-yellow, splashed 
and shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, brisk, subacid, 
aromatic. Core medium. Yery good. October. 

Belledge. 
Belledge Pippin. 

Origin, Derbyshire, England. A dessert and culinary apple. Fruit 
below medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, tinged with pale brown 
in sun, many embedded gray dots. Flesh firm, crisp, pleasant, aromatic, 
acid. October, December. (Lind.) 

Belle et Bonne. 
Tenon Hills. 

A large, fine apple, having a great reputation in the vicinity of 
Hartford, Conn., a vigorous grower and productive. Shoots dull red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with small dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sur- 
rounded by thin russet. Calyx closed. Basin moderate and uneven. 
Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, with a pleasant, rather rich, subacid 
flavor. Good. A profitable variety for market. October to March. 

Belle Guideline. 
Belle Grisdeliae. 

An old variety, originated at Norwich, England. Tree healthy, 
vigorous. Good bearer. Fruit medium, round, regular, yellow, mar- 
bled, and washed with lively red, gray russet in sun. Flesh white, 
crisp, brisk, subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Bellflower Pippin. 

Originated with Joseph Curtis, Edgar Co., 111. Tree resembles Yel- 
low Bellflower, but more slender in its branches. 



92 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, or abovf^, oblate, orange-yellow, sometimes shaded 
with crimson in the sun, thinly sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh yel- 
lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. Yery 
good. December, January. 

Belmont 

Gate. White Apple. 

Mamma Beam. Waxen of some. 

, Golden Pippin of some. Kelley White. 

Origin, near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., in the garden of Mrs. 
Beam, at her gate, hence the names " Gate Apple," and " Mamma 
Beam." It was taken to Ohio by Jacob Neisley, Sen., and became 




Belmont. 



very popular in Belmont Co., and we retain this name as being the 
most universal one. Tree vigorous, healthy, and very productive. 
Wood smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little flattened and narrower 
towards the eye, sometimes oblong. Color light, waxen-yellow, often 
with a bright vermilion cheek. Stalk short. Cavity generally large. 
Calyx usually closed. Basin rather deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, sometimes almost melting, of a mild agreeable 
flavor. Yery good. November to February. 

Belpke Keeper. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, pale greenish-white, some shades of 
crimson in sun. Flesh greenish, crisp, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
Good. January to March. 



THE APPLE. 



93 



Belvoir Pippin. 

(3f English origin. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow with 
crimson in sun, russet at the stalk. Tlesh pale yellow, firm, crisp, 
rich brisk acid. November, December. (Lind.) 

Belzer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow striped with red. Flesh white, 
fine, sub-acid. Good. Middle August. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Ben Davis. 

New York Pippin. Baltimore Red. 
Victoria Pippin. do. Pippin. 

Victoria Red. do. Red Streak. 

Red Pippin. Carolina Red Streak. 

Kentucky Pippin. Funkhouser. 

The origin of this apple is unknown. J. S. Downer of Kentucky 
writes that old trees are there found from which suckers are taken in 
way of propagating. The tree is very hardy, a free grower, with very 




Ben. Davis. 



dark reddish brown, slightly grayish young wood, forming an erect 
round head, bearing early and abundantly. In quality it is not first- 
rate, but from its early productiveness, habit of blooming late in Spring 
after late frosts, good size, fair even fruit, keeping and carrying well, it 
is very popular in all the Southwest and West. 

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish, truncated conical, often 
sides unequal. Color yellowish, almost entirely overspread, splashed, 
and striped with two shades of red, and dotted sparsely with areole 
dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity narrow, deep, russeted. 



94 



THE APPLE. 



Calp?: partially open. Basin wide, abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, subacid. Core medium to 
large. Good to very good. December to March. 

Bej^net. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is valued for cider. Fruit 
medium, elongated, oblong, conical, dingy russet gray, orange, and 
muddy red. (Lind.) 

Benoni. 

This excellent early apple is a native of Dedham, Mass. The tree 
is of vigorous, upright, spreading habit ; hardy and productive ; light 
reddish bro^vn. It is a valuable variety for market or table use. 




Benoni. 



Fruit rather below medium size. Form roundish oblate conical. 
Color pale yellow, shaded, striped, and marbled with dark crimson, and 
thinly sprinkled with bright dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity deep rus- 
seted. Calyx closed. Segments persistent, sometimes a little recurved. 
Basin abrupt, quite deep, somewhat uneven. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, 
pleasant, subacid. Core small. Yery good. August. 

Bentley's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Supposed Virginia. Tree moderately vigorous, 
hardy, good bearer and keeper, valuable in the Southwest in rich soils. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends, sometimes slightly obKque, 
and sometimes sides unequal, pale yellowish green, shaded with pale 
red and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk long, 
slender, curved. Cavity smooth, deep. Calyx large, closed, or partially 
open. Segments medium length, erect, sometimes a little recurved. 
Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh fine, whitish, compact, sweet, some- 
what honeyed flavor. Core small. Yery good. January to May. 



THE APPLE. 



95 



Benwell's Peaemain. 

An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull green, 
with stripe of red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic. 
December, January. (Hogg.) 




Bentley's Sweet. 



Bere Court Pippin. 

Origin, Berkshire, England. Fruit medium round, slightly oblate, 
yellowish with stripes of red in sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, brisk, acid. 
September and October. (Hogg.) 

Bergner. 

Originated with G. Bergner, near Hermann, Mo. Tree a rapid 
grower, with strong branches, somewhat drooping ; hardy and an abund- 
ant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color a rich yellow ground, mostly 
covered, striped and splashed with shades of maroon red, with some 
yellow gray or russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity open, regular, deep. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly plaited at base. Core 
small. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, quince-like. Yery 
good. February to April. 

Bess, Pool. 
Best Pool. 



Origin, Warwickshire, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. 



96 



THE APPLE. 



Yruit above medmm, roundisTi, conical, regular, yellow, washed and 
striped with clear red. Elesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, subacid. The 
stem almost always has a fleshy protuberance on one side. November 
to March. (Hogg.) 

Best Bache. 
Bache's Kernel. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is grown mostly for cider- 
making. Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded and streaked with pale 
red. (Hogg.) 

Betsey. 

An English variety, there regarded as a valuable dessert Apple. Fruit 
small, roundish oblate, conical; pale yellow with brownish russet in 
sun. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary. November 
to January. (Hogg.) 

Betsy's Fancy. 

Origin unknown. A free grower, rather spreading, good bearer. 

Fruit scarcely medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with dull red. 
Stem short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow 
and uneven. Flesh compact, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. December to March. 




Bethlemite. 



Bethlemite. 

The origin of this fine apple is unknown. It was first brought to 
notice from the town of Bethlehem, in Oliio, and is undoubtedly a seed- 
ling of the Newtown Spitzenberg, which it much resembles. Tree an 



THE APPLE. 



97 



upright, strong, stocky, short-jointed grower, with young shoots, dull 
reddish brown, quite downy. A productive bearer, the fruit keeping 
and carrying well ; very valuable for all purposes. 

Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to conical, regular. Color pale yel- 
low, striped, shaded and splashed with shades of light and dark red nearly 
over the whole surface, thin grayish tinge, and pretty thickly sprinkled 
VvT.th light and brown dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity large, 
considerably russeted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments large 
and generally erect. Basin large, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, com- 
pact, crisp, juicy, rich, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Yery 
good. December to March. 

Better than Good. 

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, but rather slender, very productive. 
Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, with a few brown dots. Stalk short, 
inserted in a broad cavity. Calyx closed. Basin large and open. Flesh 
yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good 
to very good. November to January. 

Bevan's Favorite. 

Origin, Salem, New J ersey, where it is a favorite. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh white, firm, crisp, subacid. Good. August. 

Bigg's Nonsuch. 

Origin, Middlesex, England. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit me- 
dium, round, broadest at base, yellow, striped with bright crimson. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy. Culinary use. October to December. 
(Hogg.) 

Billy Barker. 

Originated on the farm of Wm. Barker, "VVake Co., N. C. Tree up- 
right gi'ower and good bearer. Fi'uit large, green, oval, elongated. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, tender, brisk, vinous. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Billy's Pippin. 

Fruit large, round ovate, smooth, shaded and indistinctly striped 
with rich red on yellow. Flesh subacid. Yery good. (Coun. Gent.) 

Birmingham. 

Of moderate growth, productive. Fruit medium, obliquely oblate, 
yellow, sprinkled with a few whitish dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, 
deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a large corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, rather acid, good for cooking. September. 

Birmingham Pippin. 
Gramas Pippin. Stone Pippin. 

Brammage Pippin. Grammage Pippin. 

Tree of small growth, with short, stout shoots, productive. Fruit 
small, roundish flattened, dingy yellow, with gray russet, especially 

7 



98 



THE APPLE. 



russeted at base. Flesh greenish, crisp, juicy, brisk, pleasant. January 
to June. (Lind.) 

Bischoff's Reinette. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, lemon yellow, with marblings of 
russet. Flesh whitish-yellow, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic. Novem- 
ber to March. (Hogg.) 

Bishop's Bourne. 

Received from C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. Fruit me- 
dium, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, and obscurely splashed 
and striped on the sunny side, few gray and light dots. Stalk medium, 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments 
long, erect. Basin abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild, subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. Core small. No- 
vember, December. 

Black Coal. 

Welcome. Baltimore Red. Baltimore Red Streak. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit rather large, 
roundish, deep red, almost black, with a slight bloom, and many white dots. 
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, agreeable, moderately juicy. 
Good. Core medium. November to February. 

Black Oxford. 

Originated in Maine, where it is by many highly esteemed, especially 
as a good keeper and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, nearly covered 
with shades of red, numerous light-colored dots. Flesh whitish, com- 
pact, not very juicy, mild subacid. Good. March to May. 

Black Jack. 

Received from W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, slight- 
ly conic, yellowish, mostly overspread with dark rich red, few light 
gray dots. Flesh whitish-yellow, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for 
baking. January, February. 

Black Warrior. 

Origin, Alabama. Fruit medium or small, roundish, inclining to 
conic, regular, greenish, with a few brown dots. Flesh whitish, moderate- 
ly juicy, rather firm, subacid, good. Core small. November, December. 

Blackstone Valley Sweet. 

Originated in Massachusetts. Tree productive. Fruit medium, oblate, 
often depressed, inclining to conic, greenish-yellow, some nettings of 
russet, gray and green dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, sweet, and rich. 
Good for cooking. August. Core small. 



THE APPLE. 



99 



Black Annette. 

An old variety, considerably grown in some parts of the Eastern States. 
Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, small, roun dish, dark red. Flesh white, 
tender, negative in character, pleasant. Good. November, December. 

Black Apple. 
Small Black. Jersey Black. Black American. 

An old variety, described and put out by Coxe, and now found in many 
sections. The trees are healthy, moderate growers, forming medium-sized, 
spreading round heads, with drooping limbs. It is a pleasant table fruit, 
although not of high or rich flavor. 

Fruit medium. Form roundish oblate, deep red, with a bloom. Flesh 
white, sometimes slightly stained with pinkish red. Good. November 
to February. 

Black Gilliflower. 

Medium size, oblong conical. Skin very dark, dull red. Flesh white, 
dry, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. Very productive, 
and some call it a profitable market fruit. 

Bland's Jubilee. 

Originated in Norwich, England. Fruit large, round, slightly conical, 
obscurely ribbed, clear yellow, with many large russet dots or patches, 
and russet at the calyx. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, 
perfumed. October to January. (Hogg.) 

Blake. 

Originated in Westbrook, Cumberland Co., Maine. Fruit medium 
to large, roundish, greenish yellow, quite yellow at maturity. Flesh 
firm, fine, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. October to January. (Me. Bep.) 

Blakely. 

Origin, Pawlet, Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely. Vigorous, up 
right growth, regular bearer. 

Fruit large, regularly oblate, slightly conic, yellow, with a sunny cheek 
thinly sprinkled with reddish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in t 
broad cavity of moderate depth. Calyx nearly closed. Basin small and 
shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. 
Good. January, March. 

Bleckensderfer. 

Originated at Zoar, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, 
yellow, shaded and splashed with two shades of red or crimson. Flesh 
white, rather firm, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good. November 
to February. 

Bledsoe Pippin. 

Kaised by J ohn Bledsoe, of Carroll Co., Kentucky. Growth moderate, 
rather spreading, productive, a promising winter Apple for the South. 



100 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit very large, regular, roundish, flattened at the base, taper- 
ing to the apex, greenish yellow, very obscurely striped. Stalk short. 
Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx partly closed, in a somewhat fur- 
rowed basin. Tlesh white, fine texture, crisp, juicy, with a mild, pleasant 
subacid flavor. Good. December to April. (Ky. Hort. Soc.) 

Blenheim Pippin. 

Blenheim. Blenheim Orang-e, Woodstock Pippin. 

Northwick Pippin. Kempster's Pippin. 

An old variety, originated at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England. 
Tree a strong and vigorous grower, a regular and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, yellowish, becoming deep orange, 
stained on the sunny side with dull and dark red stripes. Stalk short and 
stout, in a deep cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep broad basin. Flesh 
yellow, breaking, very sweet, pleasant. Good. October, December. 

Blinkbonny. 

Bhnkbonny Seedling. 

Raised by Cleghorn, Montreal, Canada. Tree vigorous, upright 

spreading, very productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, 
pale whitish yellow. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
rather firm, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Good. September. 

Blockley. 
Blockley Pippin. 

Origin, near Philadelphia. Growth upright, moderate, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate. Color fine yellow, sometimes 
with a faint blush, thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, rather 
stout, inserted in a deep russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a 
broad, deep, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, compact, rich, sprightly, 
mild subacid. Good. November to January. 

Blondin. 

Originated with Reuben Ragan, Indiana. Fruit very large, oblate, 
■unequal, greenish yellow, splashed and striped with red, dots large gray. 
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy. October, November. (Warder.) 

Blooming Orange. 

Under this name W. G. Waring, of Centre Co., Pa., has introduced 
an Apple said to have been brought from Herefordshire, England. 
We have been unable, from the few specimens examined, to identify 
it with any known sort. Tree vigorous, with strong, smooth shoots, 
resembling the Rhode Island Greening in color, but of upright growth. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, strip- 
ed, splashed, and shaded with dull red, witli large whitish and gi^ay 
dots. Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core 
medium. November and December. This may yet prove to be some 
known kind but as we have not fruited it ourself, cannot decide. 



THE APPLE. 



101 



Blue Mountain. 
Trout Apple or Forelle. Blauberger. 
Introduced by W. G. Waring. Tree hardy, moderate grower, form- 
ing a small round head. Young shoots, slender, dark brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, whitish, with broken splashes and 
stripes of light red, dotted with few gray dots. Stalk rather short. 
Calyx small and closed. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh white, 
crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Core large. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Blue Mountain Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a 
shade of brown. Flesh fine-grained, solid, sweet. Very good. (Count. 
Gent.) 

Blue Pearmain. 

Fruit of the largest size, roundish, regularly formed, very slightly 
conical. Color stripes of dark purplish-red, over a dull ground, and 
appearing bluish from the white bloom. Flesh yellowish, mild, rather 
rich, aromatic, and very good. The tree grows strongly, and bears mode- 
rate crops. October to February. 

Bluff Sweet. 
From the banks of the White Biver. 

Fruit medium to small, round, regular, smooth, green. Flesh green- 
ish white, sweet. Good. July. (Warder.) 

Boas. 
Kelter. 

A Pennsylvania Apple, introduced by Bev. Mr. Boas, of Berks 
Co. Tree a strong grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded and 
indistinctly splashed and striped with crimson over most of its surface. 
Stalk short and stout. Cavity medium. Calyx closed or partly open. 
Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine-grained, juicy, 
pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Yery good. January to March. 

BOALSBURG. 

A seedling of Centre Co., Pa. Large, oblong, inclining to conical, 
delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground. Stem 
short, thick, inserted in a deep acuminate russeted cavity. Basin 
deep, moderately wide. Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly. Good. February. 

BOHANNAN. 
Buchanan. 

A Southern fruit introduced by Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. Tree 
■upright spreading, young shoots, light reddish brown. Good regular 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, fine yellow, 
with a bright crimson cheek in the sun. Stalk slender, inserted in a round, 



102 



THE APPLE. 



■uneven, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx closed in a narrow abrupt basin. 
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a fine spicy subacid flavor. Core 
large. Good culinary. September, August. 

BONUM. 
Magnum Bonum. 

Raised by Squire Kinney, Davidson Co., N. C. Tree upright spread- 
ing, hardy and vigorous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots, 
smooth reddish gray. 




Bonum. 



Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with deep crimson, and 
indistinct stripes and splashes of dark red, rather thinly sprinkled with 
pretty large light dots, a portion of them having a dark centre. Stalk 
long and slender. Cavity medium to large, often with a little green 
russet. Calyx closed. Segments rather long and sometimes recurved. 
Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, often stained next the 
skin, firm, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid. Core small. Yery good. 
November to December. 

Borden's Early. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fr\iit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, striped, and splashed 
with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. 
Core large. Good. A desirable cooking apple. 

BOROVITSKY. 

A Russian Apple of medium size, roundish, angular. Skin pale 
whitish yellow, faintly striped. Flesh white, firm, subacid. August. 

There may be a distinct variety under this name, but, so far as re- 
ceived by me, it has proved to be identical with Duchess of Oldenburg. 



THE APPLE. 



103 



BORSDORFFER. 

Bursdorff. Eang- G-eorge the Third. 

Queen's. Reinette Batarde. 

Edler Winter Borsdorffer. BursdorfEer. 

Garret Pippin. King-. 

Le G-rand Bohemian Borsdorffer. Reinette de Misnie. 

A small celebrated German Apple. 

Fruit roundish oval, narrowing at the eye. Skin pale yellow, with 
a full red cheek, sprinkled with a little russet. Flesh yellowish white, 
very firm and crisp, with a rich, brisk, perfumed flavor. November to 
February. 

BORSDORF OgNON. 
Reinette Plate. Zweibel Apfel. 

Of German origin. Tree with short, stocky, yellowish-brown shoots, 
regular roundish head. 

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with large, distinct gray spots. Flesh 
white, firm, subacid, perfumed, rich flavor. Winter. (Yerg.) 

Bonne Yirginie. 

A Belgian variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, glossy greenish yellow, 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, sugary, slightly acid, agreeably 
perfumed. October. (Alb. Pom.) 

BossoM. 

Originated at Petworth, England. 

Fruit large, conical, pale greenish yellow, very much russeted, and 
with bright red on sunny side. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, 
subacid. Valuable as a cooking-apple. ISTovember to March. (Lind.) 

BOTIGNE. 
De Boutigne. 

Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, upright, with large reddish-brown 
shoots, downy at the end. 

Fruit rather large, oblong conical, yelloAv, washed over with car- 
mine red, and marbled with spots of gray and black. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, very juicy, sugary. Core long, irregular. November to March. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

Bottle Greening. 

This variety was found near the Vermont and New York State line, 
and takes its name from a hollow in the original tree, w^here workmen 
were accustomed to keeping their bottle. It was introduced to notice 
and dissemiaated by Eben Wight, of Dorchester, Mass. Tree a fine 
grower, vigorous, spreading. Young wood reddish yellow. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, greenish-yellow, shaded with 
dull crimson in the sun, a slight bloom, and thinly sprinkled with 
light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad. Calyx closed. Basin 
small, corrugated. Flesh white, subacid, almost melting. Core small. 
Yery good. January, February. 



104 



THE APPLE. 



BOURASSA. 

A foreign variety, succeeds well at tlie North, apt to shrivel, and 
does not keep well. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellowish, rich orange rus- 
set on the sunny side. Flesh white, sometimes stained, tender, with a 
pleasant aromatic flavor. Good. November, December. 

Bowyer's Kusset. 

An English variety. Valuable for desert there in September. Tree 
healthy and productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, russeted. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, crisp, brisk, aromatic. September. (Lind.) 

BOWKER. 

Tree vigorous, rather spreading, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, pale yellow, tinged 
with crimson, sparsely covered with brown, and gray dots. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October. 

Bowling's Sweet. 

From Spottsylvania Co., Va. A very vigorous grower and very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Color dull red, on a yellow ground. 
Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, and entirely free from acid. Good. October 
to January. 

BOXFORD. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin whitish, striped with red. Flesh com- 
pact, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. 

Braddick's Nonpareil. 
Originated at Surrey, England. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, or flattened at base, yellowish, with 
brownish red in the sun, and russet near the calyx. Flesh yellowish, 
rich, sugary, aromatic. October, December. (Lind.) 

Bradley's Autumn. 

Originated in orchard of Mr. Bradley, Plymouth, Mich. Tree 
thrifty, with a spreading top, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, somewhat ribbed, whitish-yellow, shaded 
where exposed to the sun with fine crimson, and pretty thickly sprinkled 
with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity uneven, acute. 
Calyx closed. Segments erect. Basin rather abrupt, furrowed. Flesh 
white, moderately juicy, brisk, subacid. Core large. Good. Excel- 
lent for cooking. October to Janiiary. 

Brandywine. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, a little ob- 



THE APPLE. 



105 



lique, yello^vish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red over half tc 
two-tliii'ds its surface, many large, light dots. Stalk short and small. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin large. Flesh yel- 
lowish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, somewhat rich, subacid, slightly aro- 
matic. Core small. Good to very good. November to February. 

Brabant Bellflower. 
Brabant Belle-fleur. Iron Apple. 

The Brabant Belle-fleur is a variety from Holland. The habit of the 
tree is spreading, and it requires to be grafted high to make a good head. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed. Skin pale yellow, 
much striped with red. Calyx large, set in a pretty wide, ii-regular 
basin. Flesh firm, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good. 
Valuable for cooking. October to January. 

Breedon Pippin. 

A. variety from Berkshire, England. Tree hardy, slender, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, dull yellow, tinged with orange, be- 
coming red in the sun, with traces of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
with a vinous brisk flavor. October, November. (Lind.) 

Brennaman. 

Baised by Mr. Brennaman, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, productive. Young wood short-jointed, reddish-brown, some- 
what downy. 

Fruit rather above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish, nearly 
covered with red stripes, and splashed. Stem short, in a large cavity. 
Calyx closed in a deep basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a pleas- 
ant, subacid flavor. Good. Excellent for cooking. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Brewer. 

From Massachusetts, a good grower, an annual bearer. 
Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Brewer's Pippin. 

An English variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, brownish yellow, with red stripes. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, subacid. Cooking. November. (L. H. S.) 

Brickley Seedling. 
Of English origin. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, greenish yellow, red when exposed to 
the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sugary. J anuary to April. (Lind.) 

Brigg's Auburn. 

Origin, Auburn, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive ; 
fruit large, oblate, somewhat ribbed, whitish yellow, blush in sun, with 
a few light and gray dots. Flesh white, firm, pleasant, mild, subacid. 
Core medium. Good. September, October. 



106 



THE APPLE. 



Bridgewater Pippin 
An old English culinary sort. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, ribbed, deep yellow, with 
blush of red in sun and near the stalk. Flesh yellowish, brisk, pleasant, 
October, December. (Hogg.) 

Brill's Seedling. 

A chance seedling of Francis Brill, Newark, N. J. Tree a rapid up- 
right grower, with light-colored shoots. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, much ribbed, yellow, moderately sprin- 
kled with gray dots. Skin oily. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. 
Basin large, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. 
Core very large and open. Good to very good. November. An apple 
of good promise as a profitable market sort, being large and showy. 

Brimer. 
Yoder. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides sometimes unequal and 
slightly ribbed, whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and thinly 
sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh whitish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleas- 
ant, subacid. Good to very good. Core small. February, March. 

Brinckley White Sweet. 

Unknown origin. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale whitish green, dull red on the sun- 
ny side, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, honeyed 
flavor. Very good. October. 

Bringewood Pippin. 

Originated with Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., Herefordshire, Eng- 
land. Tree hardy, but a slender grower. 

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow, dotted and marked with russet. 

Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sugary, aromatic, dry. October to 
March. (Lind.) 

Bristol Pearmain. 
Origin, Hampshire, England. 

Fruit small, oblong, ribbed, dull yellowish green, stripes of crimson 
and patches of gray russet. Flesh yellow, firm, not juicy or of much 
value. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Bristol. 

An old variety, much grown in Connecticut many years since. A 
pleasant but not rich fruit. Tree hardy, rather slender, drooping when 
in fruit. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to conic, dark rich crim- 
son red. Flesh very white, often stained under the skin, tender, juicy. 
Good to very good. Core rather large. J anuary to March. 



THE APPLE. 



107 



Brittle Sweet, 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. This 
valuable apple is little known ; in beauty and quality it may be classed 
as among the best, and deserves more attention. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical. Color pale yel- 
low, shaded, splashed and marbled over nearly the entire surface, with 
shades of light and dark crimson red, many small gray and white dots. 
Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity regular, broad, moderately deep. 
Calyx closed. Segments small, often recurved. Basin small corrugated. 
Elesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy with a peculiar honeyed sweet, and 
slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Yery good. October and No- 
vember. 

Broad-End. 

Winter Broading. Kentish Broadingf. Broading. 

An old English culinary apple, in use from November to Christmas. 
Tree strong, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, red in sun, with patches 
of russet. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, subacid. (Hogg.) 

Broad-Eye Pippin. 
Another old English sort for culinary use. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, tinged with red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, juicy. January. (Hogg.) 




Broadwell. 



Broad WELL. 
Broadwell Sweet, 

Originated with Jacob Broadwell, near Cincinnati, O. An ex- 
tremely valuable sweet apple, either for the table or cooking. Tree 
vigorous, quite hardy, very spreading, irregular, productive. Yoimg 
shoots dull reddish brown, downy. 



108 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic. Color clear bright yellow, 
brownish blush in the sun exposure, with carmine spots. Dots few, green- 
ish, suffused beneath. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx 
closed, with short segments. Basin abrupt, regular. Flesh whitish, fii-m, 
juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Yery good. November to February. 

Brookes. 

An old Norman Apple. Tree a free but slender grower, abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit small, conical, golden orange, with bright red next the sun, some 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sweet, aromatic. October to Feb- 
ruary. (E,on.) 

Bronson Sweet. 

Origin unknown. This variety was many years since carried by a 
Dr. Bronson from Connecticut to Ohio, without name, and there re- 
ceived its present title. Tree a moderate grower, making a round head. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes oblate conic, yellowish, mostly 
overspread, striped, and splashed with red. Flesh white, compact, 
moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November. 

Brown. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellow, striped, splashed and 
shaded with light and dark crimson over two-thirds the surface. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Yery good. Core 
small. October, November. 

Brown Kenting. 
An English dessert apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly ribbed, yellowish, with rus- 
set marblings and brown russet in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, 
brisk, aromatic. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Brown's Summer Beauty. 

Origin, Slough, England. Tree vigorous, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with a red 
cheek. Flesh delicate, rich, juicy. A fine table apple. September. 
(Eon.) 

Brownlee's Eusset. 
Brownlee's Seedling Eusset. Reinette G-rlse Brownlee's. 

An English variety. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened greenish, with brownish red next the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, ai-omatic. Good for 
cooking or the dessert. From January to May. (Hogg.) 

Brownite. 
Brown's Winter. 

Origin, supposed Delaware. Tree a regular grower, with spreading 
branches. 



THE APPLE. 



109 



Fruit below medium, roundisli oblong, conical. Flesh tender, crisp, 
sprightly. Mid-winter. (Coxe.) 

Broughton". 
A valuable English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, conical, regular, greenish yellow, covered with lively 
red, becoming deep red in sun, and with many russet dots. Flesh green^ 
ish yellow, tender, brisk, rich flavor. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Buchanan's Pippin. 
Buchanan's Seedling. 

Kaised by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, round- 
headed, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate. Color yellow, splashed 
and striped with light and dark crimson, in the sun dark crimson ma- 
roon, many light conspicuous dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity 
meditim to large, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments medium 
erect, or partially recurved. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aromatic, 
subacid. Core close and small. Yery good. January to April. 

Buckingham. 

Queen. Equinetely. Sol, Carter. 

Fall Queen. Byer's. Winter Queen. 

Winter Queen. Ox-Eye of some in Ky. Ne Plus Ultra. 

Kentucky Queen. Bachelor. King. 

Lexington Queen. Merit. Byer's Red. 

Frankfort Queen. Blackburn. Red G-loria Mundi of some. 

Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. Henshaw. Red Horse of some. 

The origin of this Apple appears all unknown. It has been long grown 
in Yirginia, Kentucky, and other Southwestern States, and is there a 
profitable and popular variety, v aluable either for market or table use. 
It matures often in November, but will keep into February. Tree 
hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous and productive, forming a round- 
headed spreading tree of medium size. Young shoots rather slender, 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large. Form oblate, inclining to conic. Color green- 
ish yellow, mostly covered, shaded, striped, and splashed with two shades 
of crimson or purplish red, many light brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity 
broad, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments to a point. Basin 
rather large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, 
breaking, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly, subacid. Core small. Yery 
good to best. November to February. 

Bucks County Pippin. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading. Young shoot 
pretty stout, short-jointed, reddish brown, downy, with prominent do-vvTi}^ 
buds. 

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, oblique, greenish yel- 
low, sometimes with a dull blush in the sun, brown dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, irregular. Calyx closed or partially open. Basin abrupt. 



110 THE APPLE. 

slightly furrowed. Flesli yellowish, crisp, juicy, tender, brisk, subacid 
Very good. November to March. 




Buckingham. 



Buck Meadow. 
Origin, Norwich, Conn., productive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, lightly conic, yellow, marbled and 
streaked with red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, with a rather rich, 
pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. November to March. 

Buel's Favorite. 
Spotted Pippin, Gray Pippin. * 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, firm. No- 
vember. Hardly good. 

Buel's Sweet. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, shaded with rich deep red in 
sun, brown dots. Flesh white, compact, not tender, moderately juicy, 
not quite good. Winter. 

Buffington's Early. 

Origin said to be on the Brandywine, Pa. Tree of good upright 
growth, bears moderately. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellowish white, sometimes a faint 
blush. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin 
shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, with a sprightly sub- 
acid flavor. Good. Middle of August. 



THE APPLE. 



Ill 



Buff. 
Granny Buff. 

Origin, Haywood Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit large to very large. Form roundish oblate, irregular. Sides un- 
equal. Color whitish yellow, overspread with broad, broken splashes and 
stripes of dark crimson. Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity large, deep, 
much russeted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments medium 
length, separated and partially recurved. Basin deep, abrupt, slightly cor- 
rugated. Flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, subacid. Core medium. 
Good. December and January. 

Bull's Golden Beinette. 

An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, 
highly colored with crimson red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
sweet. December, January. (Hogg.) 

BULLETT. 

Bartlett. Priestly of some. 

An old variety, origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblong truncated, 
bright red and yellow. Flesh light yellow, subacid. Good. Valuable 
only as a long keeper. J anuary to June. 

BULLETT. 

G-reen Abram. North Carolina Greening". 

An old variety of Southern origin, formerly much grown in Yirginia, 
Kentucky, and North Carolina, but now superseded by better sorts. Tree 
hardy, a slow, rather slender grower, of a drooping habit, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, greenish, mostly overspread with 
stripes and shades of red and grayish russet. Flesh white, firm, mode- 
rately juicy, peculiar subacid. Good. Core small, compact. January to 
June. Valuable only for its long keeping quality. 

Burrell's Red. 

An English Apple of robust growth and productive. Fruit above 
medium, conical, red, approaching scarlet. Flesh juicy, agreeable acid. 
November to January. (Bon.) 

Burr's Seedling. 

Origin, Marlborough, England. Fruit medium roundish, slightly 
conical, yellow, blush red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, j uicy, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Burr's Winter Sweet. 

Baised by Elisha Barr, Hingham, Mass., a good grower, comes early 
into bearing, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, marbled and striped 
with light and dark red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, fine grained, tender, juicy, 



112 



THE APPLE. 



with a sugary aromatic flavor. Very good. Core small. November to 
Marcli. 

Burst Open. 

Origin miknown. Fruit medium, oblate, much ribbed, pale whitish 
yellow, splashed and striped ^^ith light and dark crimson, few gray and 
light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good 
Core medium. November. 

Burroughs Greening. 

Origin, farm of Stephen M. Burroughs, Yergennes, Yt. Good grower, 
tree spreading, and regular bearer. Medium, nearly globular, inclining 
to conic. Skin greenish, yellow. Stem long, slender. Calyx closed. Basin 
furrowed. Flesh solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant spicy subacid flavor. 
Good. January and February. 

Bush's Beauty. 

Origin on the farm of Henry Bush, near Sandusky, O. Tree spread- 
ing, a yearly abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at 
base. Surface irregular, creamy white, striped and splashed with vermil- 
ion pink, a little russet toward the stalk. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
acid. Good. September, October. Yaluable for market. 

Bush. 

Origin, farm of Christian Dale, near Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. 
Bather above medium, oblate inclining to conical, light yellow, faint 
blush in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, rather fii^m, mild subacid. 
Nearly very good. Core small. September. 

Bushwhacker. 

A variety found wild near Nyack, N. J. Fi*uit large, roundish con- 
ical, yellow. Good. February to May. 

Butter. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit 
above medium, roundish, yellow, fair. Stalk short. Cavity deep and round. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin large and open. Flesh whitish, very sweet and 
rich, valuable for cooking, and esteemed for making apple-butter. Sep- 
tember and October. 

Another Butter apple is described in Elliott as follows : — " Fruit below 
medium, regular roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few 
yellow russet dots, russet near and in cavity of stem. Stem long, slen- 
der. Cavit}^ narrow, deep. Calyx half closed. Basin abrupt, ribbed. Core 
medium. Seeds roundish ovate. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet. 
Yery good. November to February." 

Another Butter is thus described by Warder, with Fulkerson's as a 
synonym : — " Fruit small, very regular, oblate. Surface very smooth and 
so covered with mixed red as rarely to show the yellow gi'ound color ; upon 
this are laid darker stripes of deep red. Dots minute and inconspicuous. 
Basin medium, regular, folded. Eye rather large, closed. Cavity acute. 
Stem of medium thickness, rather long. Core wide ; large, plump pointed 



THE APPLE. 



113 



seed, riesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy, with a sweet rich and 
aromatic flavor. October to January." 

There are, besides these, three or four different varieties under the 
name of Butter, which appears to be a favorite name with some to apply 
to any good sweet apple for sauce or cooking. 

Byam's Sweet. 
Of unknown origin. An eastern variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, with a shade of 
red in the sun, gray dots. Flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, lively, 
sweet pleasant flavor. Core small. Very good. October. 

Byson Wood Russet. 
Byson Wood. 
An English Apple, there esteemed for dessert. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with gray rus- 
set. Flesh greenish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary, aromatic. Decem- 
ber to February. (Hogg.) 

Cabashea. 
20-Ouiice Pippin. King. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower, poor bearer, and unprofit- 
able. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, conical, yellow striped and splash- 
ed with dull red. Flesh whitish, coarse, subacid. Poor. December to 
February. 

Cabbage-Head. 

Probable origin, New Jersey. Tree a vigorous grower and good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, golden yellow, with a few gray dots. 
Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. Core 
medium. December. 

Cache. 

A native of Pulaski Co., 111. Tree healthy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with a shade of brownish 
crimson in the sun, gr-ay dots. Flesh white, close-grained, not very juicy, 
mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November. 

Cake Apple. 
Connecticut Cake, 

Origin, Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed, yellowish, with 
a blush. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid, almost sweet. Good, 
sometimes very good. A great keeper, and in some localities considered 
valuable on account of its productiveness, fair even size, and keeping 
quality. January to March. 

Caleb Sweet. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. Tree vigorous and very productive.. 

8 



114 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, with a tinge of brown in sun. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. September. 

Calville Blanche a Cote's. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with long jointed 
branches of reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, conical, flattened at base, lemon yellow, with red in 
sun. Flcvsh white, fine-grained, tender, acid. December to May. (Yerg.) 

Calville Malingke. 
Pomme de Malingre, and many other synonyms. 
An old variety. Origin in doubt. 

Fruit very large, elongated, ribbed, yellow, deep red next the sun, 
with stripes of darker red. Flesh white, delicate, juicy, agreeable, acid. 
A culinary apple. From July to April. (Hogg.) 

Calville Rouge de Micoud. 

This is an old French Apple, said to blossom and get three crops of 
fruit in a season. 

The fruit is large to small in size, mostly covered with red, with a yel- 
lowish-white sweet flesh. (Lind.) 

Calef's Sweet. 
Magoun Apple. 

Origin, Kingston, K. H. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, with gray dots and crimson 
specks. Flesh white, very rich and sweet. November to January. 
(Maine Report.) 

Camack's Sweet. 
Camack's Winter Sweet. Grape Vine. 

Origin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree a slow grower, with small wiry 
branches, irregular spreading, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes conical, light yellow gren, red 
in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, pleasant, saccharine. 
Good. Core small. February. 

Campbell. 

This new variety is an accidental seedling in the grounds of George W. 
Campbell, Delaware, O. He describes the tree as a vigorous strong grow- 
er, open spreading habit, shoots stout, blunt, leaves large and abundant, a 
good regular bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, a little oblique, pea green, with bro- 
ken dull red stripes in the sun or toward the stalk end, and with more or 
less of russet from the stalk cavity ; scattering rough distinct dots. 
Stalk short. Cavity deep, open, narrow, russeted. Calyx closed with 
broken segments. Basin very deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh greenisli 
white, crisp, breaking, half tender, mild, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Good 
to very good. Core small. Slightly hollow in centre. Seeds dark 
blackish, pointed. December to February. 



THE APPLE. 



115 



Cambusnethan Pippin. 

Winter Red Streak. Watch Apple. 

A Scotcli variety, medium, roundish, light yellow, striped and shaded 
with crimson and dark red. Elesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. Good to 
very good. September, December. 

Campfield. 
Newark Sweeting, Sweet Maiden's Blush. 

A capital New Jersey cider apple, ranking next to the Harrison. It 
forms a fine large tree, with straight, spreading limbs, and is very pro- 
ductive. Fine for baking and stock feeding. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, rather flattened. Skin smooth, 
washed and striped with red, over a greenish-yellow ground. Flesh white, 
rather dry, firm, rich and sweet. Good. April, May. 

Can. 

A very old Apple, originated in Schenectady, N. Y. Tree a good bearer. 
Fruit above medium, oblong, yellow, shaded with crimson. Flesh 
whitish, not juicy, pleasant. Good. November. 

Cann. 

Winter Sweet Boug-h. Winter Bough. Sweet Cann. 

Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish yellow, with a dull crimson 
cheek, slightly sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, compact, not 
very juicy, rich, sweet, and pleasant. Core large. December to 
March. A good cooking and market apple. 



Canada Reinette. 

Canadian Reinette. De Bretagne. 

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre. Portugal. 

Pomnae du Caen. Januarea. 

Reinette du Canada Blanche. Wahr Reinette. 

Reinette Grosse du Canada. Praire Rambour Reinette. 

Reinette du Canada a Cortes. 

It is easy to see that the Canada Reinette is a popular and highly 
esteemed variety in Europe, by the great number of synonyms under 
which it is known. It is doubtful, notwithstanding its name, whether 
it is truly of Canadian origiu, as Merlet, a French writer, describes the 
same fruit in the 17th century, and some authors think it was first 
brought to this continent from Normandy, and carried back under its 
new name. At any rate, it is a very large and handsome fruit, a good 
bearer, and of excellent quality in all respects. Wherever grown in 
this country it sustains its foreign reputation, the tree being of vigor- 
ous habit, spreading, open, and productive. Young shoots clear red- 
dish-brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit of the largest size, oblate conical, flattened ; rather irregular, 
with projecting ribs ; broad at the base, narrowing towards the eye, four 
inches in diameter, and three deep. Skin greenish-yellow, slightly 
washed with brown on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots and russet 



116 



THE APPLE. 



patches. Stalk short, inserted in a wide hollow. Calyx short and 
large, set in a rather deep, irregular basin. Flesh nearly white, rather 
firm, juicy, with a rich, lively, subacid flavor. Yery good to best. 
Bipe in December, and, if picked early in autumn, it will keep till 
April. 

The Canada Eeinette Grise is very much like the above, and may 
prove identical. 




Canada Eeinette. 



Cane Creek Sweet. 
Origin, Burke Co., on Cane Creek, N. C. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale greenish-yellow, shade of brown. Flesh 
white, rather firm, mild, sweet. Core medium. Good. July, August. 

Cannon Pearmain. 

Tree vigorous, spreading, and productive ; much grown in l^orth Caro- 
lina, and some portions of the West. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic. Color yellow, striped, and marbled 
with red and dark crimson, with large grayish dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity small, russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin large, round, deep, 
and open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, firm, with a rich, brisk, subacid 
flavor. Very good. December to March. 

Canterbury Reinette. 
Eeinette de Cantorbery. 
Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, greenish-yellow. Stalk long. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, sharp, acid. 
January to March. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE APPLE. 



117 



Capital. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit small, globular, truncate, deep red on greenisli yellow. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. December to January. (Warder.) 

Capron's Pleasant. 

Fruit medium, or above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a 
brownish tinge. Stalk rather stout, inserted in an open cavity, slightly 
russeted. Calyx large, closed, in a medium basin. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, tender, mild, subacid, and very agreeable. Good. Core small. 
September to October. 

Caraway Kusset. 

From England. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, pale brown russet, with an orange 
tinge in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. February. (Hogg.) 

Carbage. 

Medium, roundish conic, yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with- 
out much flavor. September, October. 

Cardinal Red. 

Of European origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic ; sides unequal ; very dark red, 
almost blackish next the stalk ; some light gray dots. Flesh white, rather 
firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. January, February. 

Carey's Seedling. 

Ohio origin. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, slight blush in sun. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, tender, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Carlisle Codlin. 

A dwarf variety of the old English Codlin. Tree hardy, and abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, ovate, flattened at base, pale yellow with a few 
russety specks. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy. A good cooking 
apple from August to September. (Hogg.) 

Carmel Sweet. 
Speckled Sweet. 

A native of Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright, 
spreading. Very productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, smooth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush, many fine red 
dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Yery good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Carnahan's Favorite. 
Origin, with Mr. Carnahan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, produc- 



118 



THE APPLE. 



tive. Eruit large, roundish conic. Color yellowish, striped and shaded 
with red, and much sprinkled with green or russet dots. Flesh fine- 
grained, juicy, with a very pleasant vinous flavor. Good. December 
to March. 

Carnation. 

Truit medium size, a delicious subacid apple, fully first-rate, dark- 
red, splashed with russet. Flesh white, brittle, and very juicy. Both 
the calyx and stem are sunk in deep depressions. 10th of August. 
(White's Gard.) 

Caroline. 

Said to have originated near Tremont, O. Tree a strong upright 
grower and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale lemon yellow, brown- 
ish blush in the sun. Calyx large. Stalk slender. Flesh white, ten- 
der, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Yery good. September. 

Caroline. 
Carolina Baldwin. 

Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, IST. J. Tree vigorous 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly shaded with maroon, ob- 
scurely striped, and splashed with light and dark red, and thickly cov- 
ered with light dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild, subacid, 
rather rich. Yery good. Core medium. December to March. 

Caroline. 

From Norfolk, England. 

Fruit above middle size, roundish, rich yellow, streaked with red. 
Flesh firm, brisk juice, high flavor. Cooking. November to February. 
(Lind.) 

Caroline Auguste. 

Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, with upright reddish brown shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green with spots of brown. Flesh white, 
tinged with rose on the sunny side, fiine acid, with a pine-apple perfume. 
September. (Yerg.) 

Carolina Bed June. 

Knight's Red June. Blush June. Wilson's June. 

Red June. Georgia June. 

Origin somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Carolina. Tree very 
vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer, much esteemed at the 
South and SouthAvest as their best early Apple, ripe a few days after 
Early Harvest, not equal to it in flavor, but more profitable as an orchard 
fruit. 

Fruit medium or below, oval, irregular, inclining to conic. Skin 
smooth, nearly the whole surface shaded with deep red, and almost of a 
purplish hue on the sunny side, and covered with a light bloom. Stalk 



THE APPLE. 119 

variable in length, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Calyx closed. 
Segments long, re flexed. Basin narrow, plaited. Flesh very white, 
tender, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor. Core rather large. Yery 
good.* 




Carolina Red June. 



Carolina Sweet. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, a little flattened, yellow, slightly 
shaded in the sun. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Poor. August. 

Carolina Watson. 

Of Southern origin. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish, shaded, splashed and striped 
with dull red, large light dots, with dark centres. Flesh white, coarse, 
mild, subacid. Good. August. 

Carpenter. 

Originated from a seed of the Belmont, with Charles Carpenter, 
Kelley Island. Tree a moderate grower, forming a medium-sized round, 
spreading head. 

Fruit medium roundish oblate, yellow, oily surface, shaded with a 
brownish crimson in sun, and occasional marblings of russet. Flesh 
yellowish, rather firm, rather rich, pleasant subacid. Good, or almost 
very good. Core small. Productive. Good keeper. January to March. 

* Carolina Striped June — (Carolina June). This is generally confounded 
with the above, and is scarcely distinguishable except that, as it ripens, it be- 
comes striped. One is doubtless a seedling from the other. 



120 



THE APPLE. 



Carpentin Reinette. 
Kleine Graue Reinette. Der Carpentin. 

A German Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, striped and washed 
with red, dark red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, 
vinous, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.) 

Carter. 
Royal Pippin. 

Origin, farm of Nath. Carter, Leominster, Mass. A vigorous grower 
and productive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, slightly shaded, striped, 
and marbled with red. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a large basin. Flesh tender, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant, 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October to J anuary. 

Carter's Blue. 
Lady Fitzpatrick. 

This variety originated at Mount Meigs, near Montgomeiy, Ala. 
Tree a fine upright grower, an early bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, 
very close grained. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, washed and striped with dull 
red and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish white, crisp, sugary, rich, aromatic. Yery good. September 
to November. 



Carver. 

Origin, Norristown, Pa. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, lemon yellow. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, vinous, subacid. Good. August. 

There is also a Carver Apple from Montgomery Co., which is red, and 
a Mdnter fruit. 

Gary's Summer. 
Of unknown origin. Probably an old. variety. 

Fruit large, round, flattened, rich yellow, splashed with crimson. 
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core medium. June 
to September. (Warder.) 

Case. 

An Apple somewhat grown in. Connecticut. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light and dark red, striped and 
splashed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, crisp, aromatic, pleasant, sub- 
acid. Good. November. 

Cash Sweet. 

Medium size, oblate, conic. Skin whitish, with a blush. Flesh 
white, sweet, and rather dry. September. 



THE APPLE. 



121 



Castle Major. 
An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with white specks. 
Flesh firm, juicy, brisk, acid. January to April. (Lind.) 

Catface. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish yellow, with streaks of red. 
Flesh white, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. February, March. 

Cathead Sweet. 
Tree hardy, good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish yellow, slight blush. Flesh 
white, tender, sweet, not rich. Good. October. 

Catline. 
Gregson Apple. 

Origin, Maryland. Tree of slow growth, very productive, much 
esteemed in the lower part of Delaware. Below medium size, oblate, 
yellow, bright red cheek, with stripes. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, and 
sweet. Good. October to December. 

There is also a White Catline, which is smaller in size, oblate, green- 
ish white, and maturing in September and October. It is juicy, tender, 
pleasant. Good. 

Catshead. 

Round Catshead. Cathead Greening. 

A very large Apple, cultivated for drying in some parts of the coun- 
try, but of little other value except as a cooking apple. 

Fruit of the largest size, round, quite smooth, pale green. Flesh 
tender, with a subacid juice. Good. October and November. 

Cato. 

Origin, probably Maryland. 

Fruit small, oblate, white shaded, and splashed with bright red, 
deep in sun, few light dots. Flesh white, often stained next the 
skin, tender, sprightly, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Catooga. 

Corbin. Cattoogaja. Cuttugaja. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, sides unequaj, yellow, with brown dots. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Cooking fruit. 
November. 

Catwood. 

Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Only valued as a keeper. 
Fruit medium, oblate. Skin bright yellow, with a tinge of red on 
the sunny side. Stalk rather long, in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx 



122 



THE APPLE. 



small, closed. Basin broad and wrinkled. Elesh yellowish, rather firm, 
pleasant, but not juicy or rich. Good. December, May. 

Cedar Falls. 
A native of Forsyth Co., N. C. 

Fruit medium to large, a little oblate in form, deep yellow, nearly 
covered with purplish red; patch of russet around the stalk. Flesh 
yellow, firm, aromatic, subacid. November to February. (White.) 

Celestia. 

Originated with L. S. Mote, Miami Co., O. A new variety of good 
promise as an amateur sort. 

Fruit large, form roundish, conical, slightly ribbed. Color pale yel- 
low, moderately sprinkled with gray or brown dots, and sometimes 
large dots of red. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity deep, uneven. 
Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, partially recurved. Basin rather 
small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, very pleasant, 
rich, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Yery good. October. 

Cellini. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, with, streaks and mot- 
tlings of dark crimson. Stalk short. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx 
large, open. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, and 
pleasant. Yery good. September, October. 

Challenge. 

Baised by D. C. Bichmond, Sandusky, 0. A thrifty grower, and 
exceedingly productive. Wood grayish brown. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, deep yellow, sprinkled with brown- 
ish dots. Stalk rather short. CaAT.ty large, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. 
Yery good. October to June. 

Champaigne Beinette. 
Eeinette de Champagne. Soskrieger. 
Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with more or less 
of russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, vinous. Yery good. De- 
cember to January. (Yerg.) 

Chandler. 
Late Chandler. 

Of Connecticut origin, where it is a favorite. Tree moderately vig- 
orous, great bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, and one-sided or angular in its 
form, obscurely ribbed on its sides, thickly streaked and overspread with 
dull red with a few streaks of bright red, on a greenish yellow ground, 
the red sprinkled with light gray dots. Core and seeds small. Flesh green- 
ish white, tender juicy, with a moderately rich, subacid flavor. Good. 
November to February. 



THE APPLE. 



123 



CsLAifEY. 

A Pennsylvania Apple, valuable mainly as a long keeper. Tree a 
straggling grower, vigorous and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, shaded in the sun vdth. crimson, and sprinkled with light gray dots. 
Flesh whitish, fii-m, moderately juicy, with a sprightly subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. Core small. December to March. 

Chapman's OpvAxge. 
Fruit small, deep orange, juicy, rich, subacid. October. 

ChAELEY's WI^'TER. 

Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Ya. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, often 
shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, crisp, 
brisk subacid. Good. January, Febmary. 

Chase's Seedli^tg. 

Origin, Maine. 

Fruit medium, roimdish, pale yellow, splashed and marbled over 
nearly the entire surface with red. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
' juicy, mild subacid. Good. September. 

Chattahoochie. 

A Southern variety from the banks of the Chattahoochie River, Ga. 
Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

- Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate, obKque, slightly 
conic, greenish yellow, faint brovTiish blush in sun. Stalk very short. 
Ca-^dty large, open, deep, somewhat russeted. Calyx partially open, 
with short segments, broad, divided, sometimes closed, sometimes erect. 
Basin deep, broad, abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, 
breaking, crisp, partially tender, subacid, pleasant. Good. Season, 
December to April. 

Cheese. 

Origin, Lewisburgh, Pa. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive annually. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish, mostly overspread and 
striped ^vith red, small grayish dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten- 
der, subacid. Good. Isovember to February. 

Cheeseborough Russet. 

Pumpkin Sweet of some. Kingsbury Eusset. 
Forever Pippin. Cheeseboro. 
Howard Eusset. York Eusset. 

Sweet Eusset. 

An old fruit of little value, large, conical, green russet. Flesh 
coarse, dry, mild, subacid, almost sweet. Poor. October, November. 

Cheltenham. 

Calf Pasture. 

The Cheltenham is a handsome and popular market variety that origi- 



124 



THE APPLE. 



nated at Cheltenham Township, Montgomery Co., Pa., in a field where 
calves were pastured, and hence the synonym by which it is locally known. 
It is a moderate grower, but very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, striped and marbled with red on a yellow 
ground. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
deep, riesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Septem- 
ber. 

Chenango Strawberry. 

Frank. Sherwood's Favorite. Jackson Apple. 

Buckley. Strawberry. Smyrna. 

Originated in the town of Lebanon, Madison Co., N. Y. It is an 
apple pleasant to the taste and much esteemed as a table fruit wher- 
ever grown. Tree is vigorous, spreading. Young wood light reddish 
brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic or oblong truncated conic, indistinctly 




Chenango Strawberry. 



ribbed. Color whitish, shaded, splashed and mottled with light and 
dark crimson over most of the surface, light dots. Stalk rather short 
small. Cavity acute, somewhat uneven. Calyx closed, or partially 
open. Segments erect. Basin rather large, abrupt, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, peculiar mild, subacid. Core rather large. 
Very good. September and October. 

Cheney. 

Originated on the old Cheney farm. South Manchester, Conn. Tree 
upright, spreading, an early and regular bearer. 



TBiE APPLE. 



125 



Fruit medium, oblate, yellow shaded with rich crimson over the 
whole surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. September and October. 

Chestatee. 

A Southern fruit of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright, spread- 
ing. Wood smooth, reddish gray, with very small reddish buds. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow with a slight 
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. 
November. 

Chester. 
Chester Red Streak. 
Origin, Chester Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a sunny 
cheek and sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
pleasant, subacid, aromatic. Good. November to December. 

Chester Pearmain. 

An English dessert Apple. Tree hardy, free grower, attaining a con- 
siderable size, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, pale yellow, striped with crimson in 
the sun, some russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Second- 
rate. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Chester Spitzenberg. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. Tree a good grower and productive. Young 
wood dark dull reddish brown, very stout. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellowish, splashed and 
striped nearly over the whole surface witli light and dark red. Flesh 
yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Good. February to April. 

Chestoa. 
Rabbit's Head. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit large, elongated conical, irregular at apex end, deep rich 
yellow, striped, splashed and shaded with red, and with many minute 
dark specks. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, rather rich, vinous, aromatic. 
Very good. November to March. 

Chief Good. 
Summum Bonum. 
From Kentucky, near Louisville. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, flattened at base, light -yellow, 
streaked and mottled with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, aro- 
matic. September, October. (Elliott.) 

Christiana. 

Origin, on the premises of John R. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Del. 
Fruit medium, oblate, splashes and stripes of rich crimson red over a 



126 



THE APPLE. 



yellow ground. Elesh ypllowish white, moderately juicy, sprightly, mild, 
subacid. Good to very good. November. 

Christie's Pippin. 

Origin, Kings fcon-on-Thames, England. Tree of slender growth, good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, lemon yellow, with faint red stripes, russety 
dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, agreeable, mild subacid. December to 
February. A dessert apple of the first quality. (Ron.) 

Christ's Gold Reinette. 
Christ's Deutsche Goldreinette. 
Of German origin. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, golden yellow, red cheek in sun, and 
much cinnamon-colored russet. Flesh fine, juicy, aromatic, vinous. 
November to May. (Hogg.) 

Chronical. 
Cotton Apple. 

This variety originated on the farm of John Cotton, Putnam Co., 
Ind. It is a thrifty grower, with a rather upright spreading habit, very 
hardy, and a moderate annual bearer. It is valued much for properties 
enabling it to be kept in good condition for two years without extra care. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, with 
splashes and stripes of dull red, few light dots with dark centres. Flesh 
yellowish white, compact, firm, mild subacid. Core small, close. Good. 

Churchill Greening. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, somewhat conic, ribbed, yellowish green, shaded 
with dull red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Flesh yellow, ten- 
der, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor. Good. 
December to February. 

Church's Late Sweet. 
A Southern Apple of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, rich yellow, with occa- 
sionally a shade of crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, compact, rather 
rich, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. February to May. 

Citron des Carmes. 

A French Apple. Fruit small, oblong, light dull brown, dry. Poor. 
December. (Ron.) 

CiTRONEN PeINETTE. 
Reinette de Citron. 

An Apple of German origin, there regarded as of value for the dessert. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, bright yellow, with blush in the 
sun. Flesh very white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk, sugary, vinous. De- 
cember to June. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



127 



Clapper Flat. 
Flat Apple. 

Origin, town of Bethlehem, Albany Co., N. Y. Tree productive. 

Fruit above medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly 
covered, shaded and splashed with deep red. Flesh yellowish, moderately 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Highly valued for cooking. 
September, October. 

Clara Pippin. 
Origin, Cranford, England. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, orange, with brownish red in the sun. 
Flesh deep orange, firm, rich, brisk, sugary. December to May. (Hogg.) 

Clarke. 

A new variety originated with J. N. Clarke, Naples, N. Y., who 
states it a strong grower, with an open top, and annually productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish inclining to conic, slightly angu- 
lar, pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark 
crimson, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity narrow, rather 
deep. Calyx small, closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin small, 
a little corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous, subacid. 
Very good. October, November. 

Clarke's Delaware. 

- Originated with John C. Clarke, Maryland. Tree very productive. 
Fruit nearly medium size, roundish, inclining to oblong, oblique, 
smooth, yellow, shaded in the sun with orange red, many gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, moderately tender, juicy, mild subacid. Almost very good. 
December to March. 

Clarke Pearmain". 

Yellow Pearmain. Columbian Russet. 

Gloucester Pearmain. Golden Pearmain. 

From North Carolina, an old variety. Tree of slow growth, very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, 
shaded, striped and marbled with red and russet dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity small, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh 
yelloAv, rather firm, crisp, rich, subacid. Yery good. Core small. De- 
cember. 

Clarkson". 

Originated on the premises of David Clarkson, Plymouth, Wayne 
Co., Mich. Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit above medium, oblate conic, clear white, shaded with crimson 
in the sun, with light and brown dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten- 
der, juicy, sharp subacid, slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Good. 
Yaluable for cooking and drying only. 



128 



THE APPLE. 



Claygate Peakmain. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, nearly covered 
with brownish red. Flesh yellow, tender, rich, aromatic. Good. No- 
vember to March. 

Clayton. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit large, conical, flattened, regular, greenish yellow, covered, 
striped, and splashed with dull red. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. 
Good. Kitchen and market. January to IMarch. (Warder.) 

Clepington. 

An English dessert Apple. Fruit small, round oblate, yellow. Sep- 
tember. 

Cley Pippin. 

Also an English dessert Apple, there counted as of first-rate quality. 
Fruit small, roundish, yellow. October to March. (H. S. C.) 

Cluster. 

Tree productive. 

Fruit small, yellow, oblate, sweet. November. 

Another Cluster Apple is small, roundish conical, or oblong conical, 
greenish white. Flesh white. Poor. December, February. 

Cluster Golden Pippin. 
Cluster Pippin. Twin Cluster Pippin. Thickset, 

An old variety. A hardy tree, slender grower, good bearer, produ- 
cing its fruit in clusters, and often with two fruits united or grown to- 
gether. 

Fruit small, round, flattened, yellow, with orange in the sun, and 
patches of gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, subacid perfumed. 
November to March. (Hogg.) 

Cluster Pearmain. 
Introduced by H. Pagan, of Indiana. 

Fruit full medium size, round, flattened, regular, inclined, yellowish 
green, mixed and striped light red, dots large, gray and yellow, white 
bloom. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, granular, subacid, aromatic. 
Good to very good. An autumn fruit, acceptable as a substitute for 
Pambo. (Warder.) 

Clyde Beauty. 
Mackie's Clyde Beauty. 
Paised by Mr. Mackie, Clyde, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, 
upright, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular, greenish, oily, sprinkled and 
mottled with dull red and bright red in the sun. Stalk short, slender, 
inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. 



THE APPLE. 



129 



COBHAM. 

From Kent, England. Tree hardy, \dgorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, dull yellowish green, faint 
red in the sun, some light russet. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, saccharine, 
aromatic. November, December. (Lind.) 

CoBOURG Pippin. 

An Apple originated in Warwickshire, England. 
Fruit small, oblate conical, pea green, with large russet dots. 
Flesh firm, rich, acid. March. (E,on.) 

COCCAGEE. 

Cocko Gee. 

An Irish Apple, mostly valued for cider. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish, 
acid. October, December. (Hogg.) 

Cockle Pippin-. 

Nutmeg- Cockle. Nutmeg Pippin. 

White Cockle. Brown Cockle. 

A variety from Sussex, England. Tree healthy, hardy. Shoots 
moderately stout, chestnut colored. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, green, with brown 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, aromatic. Good. January to 
April. 

Cocklin's Favorite. 
Grandfather, 

Introduced by J acob Cocklin, York, Pa. Tree a good upright grower 
productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish, thinly shaded with 
light crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk 
medium, very slender. Cavity large, deep, sometimes thinly russeted. 
Calyx closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes slightly recurved. 
Basin abrupt, deep, rather uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Yery good. Core small. November. 

Cockpit. 

Origin, North of England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncated, yellow. Flesh tender, 
brisk, a pleasant apple for table or kitchen. November, December. 
(Ron.) 

Coe's Golden Drop. 

An English Apple, the origin of which is in doubt. Tree hardy, free 
upright grower, and productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, fine yellow, with a shade of crimson 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. November, February. 

9 



130 



THE APPLE. 



Cogswell. 
Cogswell Pearmain. 

This excellent Apple originated in the town of Griswold, near Nor- 
wich, Ct., on a farm which came into the possession of William Cogs- 
well about the year 1798. The original tree was then about forty or 
fifty years old. The fruit was first exhibited in 1816 or '18, before the 
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 

It is an extremely valuable variety wherever grown, either for table 
or market purposes, a good keeper, and bears carriage to market long 
distances without apparent injury. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading 
grower, an abundant bearer of very regular, even-sized fruit. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown, somewhat downy. 




Cogswell. 



Fruit size above medium. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color 
rich yellow, nearly covered with red, marked and streaked with bright 
red, pretty thickly sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk short, rather slender. 
Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, 
shallow. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, scarcely subacid, 
rich aromatic. Core small. Yery good to best. December to March. 

Cole. 

Scarlet Perfume. Duling ? 

A variety from England, of second quality, but admired for its beauty 
of appearance. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, ribbed. Color deep crimson 
on a yellowish ground, or sometimes entirely red, with a little russet. 
Stalk medium, woolly, planted in a cavity broad and deep. Calyx large, 
in a broad basin. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, yellowish, somewhat 
rich and agreeable. Nearly very good. September and October. 



THE APPLE. 



131 



Columbian. 
Received from Pennsylvania. 

rruit medium, oblate, slightly inclining to conical, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few light gi-ay dots. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Very good. Core small. October, November. 

COLVERT. 
Prussian. 

An old variety, of uncertain origin, valued mainly for cooking. 
Tree a strong grower, and an enormous bearer. 

Pruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, striped and 
shaded with dull red in sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk sub- 
acid. Good. October, November. 

Conant's Ped. 
Much cultivated in Southern Ohio. 

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, sometimes nearly round, yellow, 
obscurely mixed with red, on which are streaks of russet, dots fawn- 
colored. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid to sweet, aromatic. 
September, December. (Warder.) 

CoNDiT Sweet. 

A New Jersey Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish, whitish yellow, tinge of brown in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. September. 

Congress. 
Jackson Apple. Tyler Apple. 

A Massachusetts variety, cultivated in the New England States for 
half a century or more. Tree very vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer. 
Fruit valuable mainly for cooking or market. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, 
splashed, striped, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, 
tender, brisk subacid. Good. Core large. November, December. 

Connecticut Summer Sweet. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red striped. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet, tough. August. (Elliott.) 

Connett's Sweet. 

Tree strong, upright grower, early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellow, mostly covered with dark 
red. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Yery good. December 
to March. "(Elliott.) 

CONTIN PeINETTE. 

From Poss-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, a slender grower, and sure 
bearer. 



132 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medmm, roundish, dull yellow, red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, pleasant, acid. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Conway. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, obscurely ribbed, gi-eenish yellow, with a 
bronzed cheek in the sun, few brown gray dots and traces of russet. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, vinous, slightly aromatic. Yery good. 
December to April. 

Cook's Red Winter. 

Fruit medium to large, produced by Jacob Cook, Edisto, S. C. Tree 
vigorous and regular bearer. October to April. (Summer Notes.) 

Cooledge's Favorite. 

Said to have originated in Cambridge, Mass. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, splashed and marbled 
with red, becoming brilliant in the sun, russet at the stem, and with whitish 
specks over the whole. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, broad. Calyx 
in a shallow plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, tender, and juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Yery good. September, October. (J. of H.) 

Cooper. 

Beauty Red. Lady "Washmgton. 

Origin unknown ; supposed to be an old Eastern variety, as yet 
unrecognized. Thrives well at the West, and much esteemed there by 
many. Growth vigorous, upright, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, sides unequal. Color greenish yellow, 
with a few stripes and splashes of bright red, thickly sprinkled with 
brown dots. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous, with a pleasant but not high 
flavor. Good. October to December. 

Cooper's Early White. 

Grown in Illinois and other Western States, where it is regarded by 
many as productive and profitable. 

Fruit medium, roundish, little flattened, pale yellow with faint 
blush, tinge of green at the stem. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly. Sep- 
tember and October. (Elliott.) 

Cooper's Market. 
Cooper's Redling. Rigley. Redling ? 

Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches, very 
productive and a late keeper. Yaluable for market in New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and striped 
with crimson. Stalk short. Cavity deep, narrow. Calyx closed. Basin 
small. Flesh white, tender, with a brisk subacid flavor. Good. De- 
cember to May. 

Cooper's Russeting. 
Originated in Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree irregular in form, healthy 
grower, abundant bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



133 



Fruit small, oblong, conical, pale yellow mixed with russet. Flesh 
rich, sweet, dry. Valuable for cooking or for cider. October to 
December. 

Corlie's Sweet. 

Origin on the farm of A. Corlies, Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Tree 
vigorous, round-headed, great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, whitish yellow, light blush in sun. 
Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, pleasant sweet, fine for cooking. 
Hardly good. September, November. 

Cornell's Fancy. 
Cornell's Favorite. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous and productive. 

iFruit medium, oblong, conical. Color waxen yellow, shaded and 
splashed with crimson. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather large. 
Calyx closed, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, with 
a pleasant subacid flavor. Core medium or large. Very good. 

Cornfield. 
A Southern variety from J. S. Downer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncate regular, yellow, covered 
with mixed deep red, striped. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, rather 
dry, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) 

Cornish Aromatic. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, angular. Color rich red, much 
marked with russet yellow dots, on a pale russet ground. Flesh yellow, 
with a rich, aromatic, subacid flavor. Good. October to December. 

Cornish Gilliflower. 

Comish July-flower. Pomme Regelans. Red G-illiflower ? 

Calville d'Angleterre. Cornwallisser. Nelken Apfel. 

An old English Apple. Tree a poor grower and shy bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, conical, narrowing much to the eye 
where it is ribbed, dull green, or dark yellowish green, with a sunny side 
of brownish red, intermixed with a few streaks of richer red. Flesh yel- 
lowish, firm, with a rich, high flavor, and a slight aromatic perfume. 
Good. November to April. 

Cornish Spice. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, oblate, pale yellow, slight shade in sun. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. November. 

Corse's Favorite. 
A Canadian Apple, valuable for stewing. 

Fruit medium, oblate, depressed, yellowish green. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. September. 



134 



THE APPLE. 



Cos, OR Caas. 

A native of Kingston, N. Y., where it is productive and Mglily 
esteemed. 

Fruit large, one-sided or angular, roundish, broad, and flattened at 
the stalk, narrowing a good deal to the eye. Skin smooth, pale gi-een- 
ish yellow in the shade, but red in the sun, with splashes and specks of 
bright red, and a few yellow dots. Flesh white, tender, with a mild, 
agreeable flavor. Good to very good. December to March. 

Costard. 
Coulthard. Prussian Pippin, 

An old English culinary Apple mentioned by Law son in 1597, and 
was in the fruiters' bills in the time of Edward the First, 1292, under 
name of Pomme Costard. Tree hardy, strong, vigorous, with downy 
shoots, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, prominently ribbed, dull yellowish 
green, embedded all over with gray specks. Flesh greenish white, ten- 
der, juicy, brisk, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) 

COTSVILLE SpITZENBERG. 

A variety received from Nelson & Son, Mercer Co., Pa., by whom it 
was obtained as a seedling of the Rambo, from Ohio. It looks much 
like the Baltimore, on p. 86, and may prove identical. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, covered over with 
deep crimson in the sun, lighter in the shade, a little russet, and pi-etty 
thickly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, sometimes a Kttle 
stained, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core 
small. Yery good. December to February. 

Coral Blush. 

From Boss-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, dull red in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk. A good culinary sort. December. (Lind.) 

Court Pendu de Tournay. 

Keinette d'Orleans. 

Originated in Holland. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical. Flesh creamy white, ten- 
der, fine, aromatic. (An. Pom.) 

Court Pendu Plat. 

Court-pendu. Court-pendu Musque. 
Court-pendu plat rougedtre. Rouge Musque. 

Capendu. Coriandre Rose. 

Gamon's Apple. Pomme de Berlin. 

Court-pendu Extra, Wollaton Pippin. 

Rond Gros. Russian. 

Rose. Princess Noble Zoete. 

A popular French variety. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, and quite flat. Skin rich, 
deep crimson on the sunny side, with a little pale greenish yellow in the 



THE APPLE. 



135 



shade. Stalk sTiort, inserted in a very deep cavity. Calyx large, set in 
a wide shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich brisk acid flavor. 
Good. The tree bears young and plentifully. November to February. 

Court Pendu Rose. 
Court Pendu Rosat. 
Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish, flattened, yellow, marked with gray dots, and 
shaded with bright red around the stem. Flesh white, fine, juicy, 
vinous, acid, perfumed. (An. Pom.) 

Court of Wick. 

Court of Wick Pippin. Golden Drop. Philip's Reinette. 

Court de Wick. Wood's Huntingdon. Knightwick Pippin. 

Rival Golden Pippia. Barlow. Week's Pippin. 

Fry's Pippin. Transparent Pippin, Yellow. 

A highly-flavored English dessert Apple of the Golden Pippin class, 
which does not succeed well with us. 

Fruit below the middle size, regularly formed, roundish oblate, some- 
what flattened, greenish yellow in the shade, but becoming a warm 
orange, with a little red in the sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, and juicy, with 
a high poignant flavor. Yery good. October to February. 

CowARNE Bed. 
Origin, Herefordshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing to the crown, pale yellow, bright 
red where exposed to the sun, sometimes deep purplish crimson. Valu- 
able for cider. (Hogg.) 

Cowarne's Queening. 
Northern Greening. 
Tree upright, compact, an abundant bearer. 

Fruit very large, roundish, conical, golden yellow, red in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender. Fine for cooking or drying. November to Jan- 
uary. (Ron.) 

Cox's Orange Pippin. 

An English variety much esteemed for dessert. Tree is well adapted 
for dwarfing on the paradise stock, and a free bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed and slightly mot- 
tled nearly over the whole surface with crimson. Flesh yellowish, rather 
firm, juicy, brisk, rich, subacid. Core small. Yery Good. September, 
October. 

Cox's Pomona. 

A variety from England, valuable as a culinary apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, greenish yellow, shade of crim- 
son in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core 
small. October. 

Cracking. 

Origin, farm of Henry Barger, Harrison Co., O. Tree spreading, 
vigorous, and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. 



136 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit fair, large, roiiiidisli, slightly flattened, inclining to conic, ob- 
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red, thinly sprinkled 
with large dots. Stalk medium, in a rather deep slightly russeted cav- 
ity. Calyx closed in a corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. Valuable for cooking. 
October, November. 

Cram or Kram. 
An old fruit nearly out of use and not worth cultivating. 

Cranberry. 

From Georgia. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, brightly striped with 
carmine on the unexposed side, and of deeper red on the side next the sun. 
Many gray russet dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish. Good. 

Cranberry Pippin. 

This strikingly beautiful Apple was found growing on a farm near 
Hudson, N. Y. It is only second-rate in point of flavor — but it is an 
excellent cooking and market apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin very smooth, light 
yellow, with a bright scarlet cheek. Flesh white, moderately juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. November to February. 

Cranberry Kusset. 

Introduced to notice by J. Austin Scott, Toledo, O. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, compressed. Surface rough, russeted, 
blushed carmine, uneven. Flesh breaking, tender, not very juicy, acid. 
Good. Said to be superior for cooking. November, December. (War- 
der.) 

Crawford. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate inclining to conic, yellowish, with a 
tinge of crimson in the sun, few grayish dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, rather rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. November to 
March. 

Crawford's Keeper. 

Originated in Lawrence Co., O. Tree strong grower and a great 
bearer. Young shoots slender, clear, smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish truncated conical, oblique. Color 
light yellow, mostly overspread with a rich red, large light gray specks. 
Stem very short. Cavity large, deep, acute, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed or nearly so. Segments divided. Basin very deep, broad, 
abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking moderately 
juicy, mild, sweet, subacid. Good to very good. January to March. 

Cray Pippin. 

Kaised in Kent, England, where it is said to be a valuable dessert 
App^e. 

Fruit below medium, conical, pale yellow, tinge of red in the 



THE APPLE. 



137 



STin. Elesli yellow, crisp, sweet, and liigMy flavored. October. 
(Hogg.) 

Craytox. 

Truit medium to large, fine flavor. Isovember to April. (Sum- 
ner's MS.) 

CEEAiT. 

Origin, Queens Co., L. I., N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, forming a 
compact head, an early bearer, and by some tliouglit valuable for dessert 
or culinary purposes. 

Eruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, thickly sprin- 
kled with browTi and gray dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, sweet and rich. September and October. 

Creed's Marigold. 

Raised from seed of the Scarlet Nonpareil, in Kent, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep rich yellow, orange in the sun, covered 
and striped with shades of rich red. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, 
richly flavored. October, i^'ovember. (Hogg.) 

Crede's Quittexreixette. 
Credo's Gutten Reinette. 
A German variety of medium size, roundish, lemon yellow with star- 
like russety dots. Flesh white, very fine and juicy, sugary, vinous, 
quince flavor. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Creek. 

A native of Hellam township, York, Pa., where it is highly prized 
on account of its quality and extraordinary productiveness. Tree vig- 
orous, upright, slightly spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, obscurely 
striped and splashed with light and dark red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Very good. December to March. 

Creeper. 
Common in Berkshire, England. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, somewhat conical, dark gi^een, nearly 
overspread with red, striped in the sun with darker shades. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, sweet, slight aroma. September. (Hogg.) 

Crego Eed Streak. 

From Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, with stripes and shades of 
red. Flesh white, sharp subacid. Hardly good. September. 

Crbisox Queening. 

Scarlet Queening-. Red Queening-. 

Summer Queening. Herefordshire Queening-. 

A second-rate English variety. 

Fruit medium size, conical, mostly covered with deep crimson. Flesh 



138 



THE APPLE. 



white, with a red tinge under the skin, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatia 
December to March. (Hogg.) 

Crispin. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblong truncated, greenish, shaded and striped 
with shades of red. Flesh whitish, dry, compact, subacid. Not quite 
good. December to May. 

Crittenden. 

A new variety, seedling from Kentucky, introduced to notice by J. C. 
Teas, of Indiana. Tree a sure and prolific bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, dull red on yellow. Flesh juicy, very 
sweet. Good. Keeps until May or June. 

Crofton Pippin. 

An Apple from Ireland. Tree blossoms late, and bearing its fruit at 
ends of the branches gives it a drooping appearance. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly over- 
spread with red. Flesh firm, rich, juicy. December, January. (Hon.) 

Crook's Seedling. 

From the county of Way, Indiana, where it is esteemed as a market 
sort. Tree forms an open round head, a great bearer. 

Fruit full medium size, red striped on yellow ground. Good. October. 

Cropsey's Favorite. 

Originated with D. W. Cropsey, Plainfield, Will Co., 111. 

Fruit full medium, roundish, yellow, mixed and splashed with car- 
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. December. 
(Warder.) 

Crotcher. 

Supposed to be a native of Dorchester Co., Md. Tree moderate, 
rather upright grower, producing large crops of very even-sized fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, slightly truncated. Color waxen 
white, with a slight blush, and thinly sprinkled with light and green 
dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, partially russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin rather large, abrupt, a little uneven. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid. Very good. August. 

Crow Egg. 

An old variety of not very good quality, oblong oval, long stem, 
greenish yellow, tender, sweet, large core. October, November. 

There is also another Crow Egg in Kentucky, of conical form, yel- 
low, striped with dull red. Stem short. Flesh yellow, compact, sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Crow Nest. 

Originated at Kelley's Island, O., in the orchard of Chas. Carpenter. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 



THE APPLE. 



139 



Fruit full medium, round, truncated, greenish yellow, thinly covered 
■with russet. Flesh green, tender, breaking, subacid, only good for cook- 
ing. November to January. (Warder.) 

CULLASAGA. 

Eaised by Miss Ann Bryson, Macon Co., N. C. Good grower, and 
a standard winter fruit for the South. Yery productive. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish, inclining to conic, sides sometimes 
imequal. Skin yellowish, mostly shaded and striped with dark crimson, 
and sprinkled with whitish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in a 
deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, set in a shallow corru- 
gated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Good. November to April. 

CULLAWHEE. 

A Southern seedling, with slender wood. Tree resembling the Buff. 

Fruit medium, or above, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, nearly overspread, shaded and splashed with two shades of red, 
light crimson and dark dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Good. December to March. 

Gulp. 

Origin, Jefferson Co., O. Introduced by George Gulp. Tree very 
vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, waxen yellow, shaded with blush 
or dull crimson. Flesh firm, crisp, jnicy, agreeable, subacid. Good. 
December to March. 

Cumberland Seedling, 

Supposed to have originated in Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine 
grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, 
mostly splashed and shaded with dark crimson, few large light dots. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

Cumberland Spice. 

From Cumberland Co., N. J. Tree thrifty, upright, spreading, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit rather above medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, rarely with 
a blush, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and 
pleasant subacid; apt to shrivel. Good. Core large and hollow. 
December to February. 

Curry's Bed Winter. 

Origin unknown. Came from Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigor- 
ous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong. Color yellow ground nearly covered with pale 
red and russet dots. Stalk rather short, slender set in a small cavity. 
Calyx large and open. Basin large. Flesh white, and solid, and keeps 
well into January. (So. Cult.) 



140 



THE APPLE. 



Curtis Greening. 
Origin uncertain, found in Illinois. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong, tmncated, axis inclined, yellow, 
bronzy. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. Good. January to Febru- 
ary. (Warder.) 

Curtis Sweet. 

Introduced to notice by Joseph Cartis, St. Alban's, Yt. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright, productive, and hardy. 

Fruit large, roundish, conical, ribbed, pale yellow, sprinkled, marbled, 
and splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with crimson dots. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, very tender, with a very pleasant sweet flavor. Core 
large. Good. August to October. 

Custard. 

Originated in the grounds of L. B. Langworthy, Greece, Monroe Co., 
N. Y. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, to small, roundish, or roundish oblate, inclining to 
conic, greenish yellow, faintly marbled and splashed with dull red, deep- 
er in the sun. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, very mild, almost sweet, 
agreeable, good for the amateur. Core small. Yery good. November, 
December. 

Cut Pippin. 

West's Spitzenberg. Haymaker. 
Honemaker Pippin. Hommaclier ApfeL 

From Western Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium to large, greenish. Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid. 
Good. December to April. (Elliott.) 

Dahlongea. 

Of Southern origin, but precise locality unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light greenish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled mth crimson, a slight bloom, and thickly sprin- 
kled with light dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, subacid. 
Good. February to March. 

Dahlton. 
Dahlton Pippin. 

Origin unknown. So far as we know, only grown in Massachusetts. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, slight blush in the sun, 
greenish dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Dame Jeannette. 
Joannetten's Eeinette. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, with a bronzed 
cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, veined ^vith. 
yellow, mild subacid, perfumed. December. (Yerg.) 



THE APPLE. 



141 



Dana. 

Origin, near Cincinnati, O. Tree large, productive. 

Fruit small, flat rich, yellow partially covered with mixed red, 
distinctly striped with carmine, white bloom. Elesh yellow, fine- 
grained, subacid. August. (Warder.) 

Dana Greening. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, greenish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Dana's Striped Sweet. 

From Ohio. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellowish 
shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, crisj), juicy, mild, pleas- 
ant sweet. Good. December to March. 

Dj^niel. 

From Henry Co., Ind. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially striped and 
, splashed with dull crimson. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. August and September. 

Daniel's Apple. 
An old variety. Origin unknown, of no value. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with dull crimson. Flesh 
white, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Core large and hollow. October. 

Dan Pearmain. 

Originated in Indiana. 

Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, yellow, covered, mixed, and 
striped with bright red. Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, mild subacid, 
rich. Too small for profit. December to March. (Warder.) 

Danvers Winter Sweet. 
Epse's Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts, in the town of Danvers, from which this variety 
takes its name, it has been for a long time one of the best market 
apples, but we think it inferior to the Ladies' Sweeting. It is an 
abundant bearer, and a very rapid tree in its growth. Young shoots 
dark grayish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin smooth, dull yellow, 
with an orange blush. Stalk slender, inclining to one side. Calyx set 
in a smooth, narrow basin. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, and rich. Very 
good. It bakes well, and is fit for use the whole v^inter, and often till 
- April. 

Dapper. 

From Georgia. 

Fruit small, roundish, truncate, yellow, with crimson specks. (Pa. 
Rep.) 



142 



THE APPLE. 



Darlington. 
Darlington Russet. 
Native of Northern Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth russet. Flesh white. Hardly very 
good. January to June. (Elliott.) 

Darling Pippin. 
An old English sort, described in 1665. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, lemon yellow, small pearly specks. Flesh 
yellowish, firm, juicy pleasant subacid. November to January. (Lind.) 

Dartmouth Sweet. 
An old Massachusetts variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yel- 
lowish, moderately juicy, tender, sweet. Good. October. 

Davis. 

Origin, Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., on the farm of Jehiel Davis. 
Tree vigorous, upright, bears annually. 

Fruit small, roundish, flattened at base and crown, yellowish, shaded, 
and obscurely striped with crimson, russeted at the crown, and sprinkled 
with gray dots. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, juicy, crisp, 
sprightly, subacid. Good. April, May. 

Davis's Sweet. 

Origin said to be Monroe Co., O. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes rather conical, regular. 
Color yellow, shaded with mixed red, splashed crimson, numerous large 
gray or fawn-color dots. Skin not smooth, thick. Stem long, slender. 
Cavity acute, regular. Calyx medium, closed. Basin small, abrupt, 
russeted. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, rather sweet. Core medium. 
Quality good. April to July. (A. Pom. S.) 

Dawson's Cluster. 

From Clark Co., O. 

Fruit medium, oblong, truncate, pale yellow, blushed lightly with 
brown. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber. (Warder.) 

Day. 
Royal Pippia. 

A native of Kentucky. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat conic, yellow striped, splashed, and 
mottled with bright red. Flesh white, firm, breaking, subacid. Poor. 
January. Kitchen use. 

Dayton. 
Haley. 

From Maine. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, marbled and striped 
with red. Flesh juicy, tender, subacid. Good. Core large. December. 



THE APPLE. 



143 



Defiance. 

Originated with H. Gillett, Ohio, from seed of Pryor's Red. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, nearly overspread, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with rich red. Flesh white, tender, not juicy, rich 
peculiar aroma. Good. August, September. 

Delaware. 
Trumpington. 

Of unknown origin, supposed American, although heretofore found 
described only in Ronalds. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate, golden yellow, blotched with deep red. 
Flesh firm, rich, high-flavored. October to December. 

Delight. 

From Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a red cheek 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. 
December to March. (Elliott.) 

Democrat. 
Varick. 

An Apple consideraly grown in Tompkins Co., N. Y., the origin of 
which cannot be correctly traced. The trees are great bearers, fruit 
keeping well, and always meeting a ready sale in market. Tree an up- 
right, good grower, annually productive. Young shoots reddish brown. 




Democrat. 

Fruit — size medium, or above ; form roundish conical, obscurely rib- 
bed. Color pale whitish yellow, shaded, partially striped, and splashed 
nearly over the whole surface with light and dark crimson, and pretty 



144 



THE APPLE. 



tliickly sprinkled with small light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
large, deep, acute. Caljx small, closed. Segments small and short to a 
point. Basin medium, rather deep, corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes 
a little stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. 
Yerj good. Core large. December to March. 

Democrat. 

Warder describes an Apple under this name obtained of George 
Powers, Perrysburgh, O., as follows : 

Pruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, blushed scarlet. Dots minute. 
Plesh yellow, breaking, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

Derry Koxsuch. 
Dinsmore. Londonderry. 
Origin unknown, from Keene, o^. H., and held in estimation there. 
Tree thrifty and productive, a late keeper. 

Fruit above medium, oblong or conic, yellow, sprinkled, shaded, and 
splashed with crimson. Stalk short, in a moderate cavity. Calyx large, 
closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly 
aromatic, agreeably subacid. Good. January to April. 

Detroit Black. 

Crimson Pippin. Grand Sachem. 

Black Detroit. Washington Pearmain, 

A showy, large, dark, blood-red fruit, but rather coarse, and scarcely 
worth cultivation. 

Fruit very large, roundish, distinctly ribbed, and iiTegular in its out- 
line. Skin smooth, deep, dingy red over the whole surface. Flesh 
white, rather dry, and without much flavor. Good. September. 

Detroit Eed. 
Detroit. Black Apple of some. Large Black, 

This fruit, commonly known in ATestern ISTew York and Michigan 
as the Detroit, is supposed to have been brought to the neighborhood 
of Detroit by early French settlers, and thence disseminated. 

Fruit of medium or rather large size, roundish, somewhat conical, 
bright crimson at first, but becoming dark blackish purple at maturity, 
somewhat dotted and marbled with specks of fa^Ti color on the sunny 
side. Flesh white (sometimes stained with red to the core in exposed 
specimens), crisp, juicy, of agi^eeable, sprightly subacid flavor. Good. 
October to February. 

Devonshire Bucklaxd. 
Dredge's "VMiite Lily. White Lily. Lily Buckland. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, waxen yellow. Flesh yel- 
low, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Devonshire Golden Ball. 
An English Aj^ple, described by Eonalds as follows : 
Fruit large, globular, straw-colored, ^ith flesh of unstriped caiTnine. 



THE APPLE. 



145 



A beautiful sauce apple, with an agreeable acid. January and Feb- 
ruary. Tree grows well and bears freely. 

Devonshire Quarrenden. 
Red Quarrenden. Sack Apple. 

An English fruit, scarcely of medium size, roundish, flattened, and 
slightly narrowed at the eye. Skin rich deep crimson, with lighter 
crimson, sprinkled with numerous green dots. Flesh nearly white, 
crisp, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. Ripe during all 
August and September. 

Devonshire Queen. 
Konalds describes this as a favorite apple in the West of England. 
Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, straw-colored, with bright red 
stripes. Flesh juicy, high flavored, for table or sauce. 

Devonshire Red Streak. 

Another old West of England fruit, which, when grown in the States, 
becomes increased in size. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish with many stripes of red, 
few brown dots. Flesh yellow, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. Core 
large, hollow. November, December. 

Devonshire Wilding. 
A cider Apple much valued in North Devon, England. Tree a strong 
grower and free bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh firm, sharp, acid. 

Diel's Eeinette. 
Reiaette DieL Diel Kemobst. 

This variety was raised by Yan Mons. Tree strong, healthy, \rigor- 
ous grower, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, orange yellow at maturity,, 
with crimson and russety dots and spots. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy 
rich, spicy. December to March. 

Dickson's Emperor. 

From Scotland. 

Fruit large, slightly ribbed, yellow, with dashes of carmine, dull red 
in sun. Flesh yellowish white, iuicy. Good. November, January. 
(Elliott.) ' ' . 

Dickskill. 

This Apple was first found among the Dutch, on the west end of Long 
Island. It is valued where known for being an early and regular bearer, 
but is not an attractive market fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, mostly covered, shaded and 
splashed with dull red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, almost 
sweet, subacid. Good. November, December. 

DiETZER ROTHE MaNDEL ReINETTE. 

A German dessert Apple, which should bear the test of American 

10 



146 



THE APPLE. 



palates before being highly praised. Tree a fine grower and productive. 
Hogg thus describes it : — 

Fruit medium, roundish, clear yellow, with light red, slightly broken 
into stripes in the sun. Elesh fine, yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, aroma- 
tic, subacid. December. 

Dillingham. 

Raised by D. C. Richmond, of Sandusky, O. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous, productive, and particularly excellent for baking. "Wood light 
reddish brown. Buds prominent, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with green 
and red dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed in a medium basin. 
Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Good. November to Februaiy. 

DiSHAROON. 

Origin, Habersham County, Georgia, growth upright and vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish white, covered with gray 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant subacid flavor. 
Good. November to December. 

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin. 

From Gloucester, England, and only estimated over the old Golden 
Pippin because of more free growth, a.nd more productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, rich, golden yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, sharp sub- 
acid. March to April. (Ron.) 

Doctor. 

Ked Doctor. De Witt. 

A Pennsylvania Apple ; the tree is rather an indifierent grower and 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and washed with 
two or three shades of red, with a few darker spots. Flesh tender, 
juicy, breaking, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. October, January. 

Doctor Helsham's Pippin. 
From Norfolk Co., England. Tree slender, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, slight red in sun. 
Flesh white, sweet, slightly aromatic. August, September. (Lind.) 

Doctor Fulcher. 

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree thrifty, an early abundant bearer. Shoots 
slender. 

Fruit medium, globular, trimcated, yellow marbled, and splashed 
with carmine. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. De- 
cember, January. (Warder.) 

Dodge's Crimson. 
Cumberland Black. 

Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Tenn. Tree a free grower, 
making a round or spreading head, with slender limbs, which droop 



THE APPLE. 



147 



with the weight of the fruit. Young shoots very dark brown ; an an- 
nual and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep rich red, almost purplish, few 
small light dots. Flesh white, sometimes stained a little next the skin, 
firm-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous. Good to very good. 
December, January. 

DOMINE. 

English Rambo of some. Wells. Cheat. 
Hogan. Striped R. I. Greening. Cling Tight. 

English Red Streak. English Beauty of Pa. 

This Apple, extensively planted in the orchards on the Hudson and 
west, so much resembles the Rambo externally, that the two are often 
confounded together, and the outline of the latter fruit (see Rambo) 
may be taken as nearly a fac-simile of this. The Domine is, however, 
of a livelier color, and the flavor and season of the two fruits are very 
distinct, — the Rambo being rather a high-flavored early winter or au- 
tumn apple, while the Domine is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping winter 
fruit. 

Fruit of medium size, flat. Skin lively greenish yellow in the shade, 
with stripes and splashes of bright red in the sun, and pretty large rus- 
set specks. Stalk long and slender, planted in a wide cavity and inclin- 
ing to one side. Calyx small, in a broad basin, moderately sunk. Flesh 
white, exceedingly tender and juicy, with a sprightly pleasant, though 




Domine. 



not high flavor. Young wood of a smooth, lively light brown, and the 
trees are very hardy, and the most rapid growers and prodigious early 
bearers that we know — the branches being literally weighed down by the 
rope-like clusters of fruit. 



148 



THE APPLE. 



The Domine does not appear to be described by any foreign author. 
Coxe says that he received it from England, but the apple he describes 
and figures does not appear to be ours, and we have never met with it in 
any collection here. It is highly probable that this is a native fruit. 
It is excellent from December till April. 

Donnelan's Seedling. 

Of American origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes. Flesh 
yellowish, dry, subacid. September. (ElKott.) 

Doux d' Argent. 
Doux d' Angers. D'Eve. Ostogate. 

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with straight, 
downy young shoots. 

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, waxen yellow, bright red in the sun. 
Flesh white, firm, crisp, not very juicy, partially sweet. December, Jan- 
uary. 

Dowell's Pippin. 
An old Berkshire, England, dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, green, with russet and brownish red 
in the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. October. 

Downing's Paragon. 

Raised by A. G. Downing, near Canton, 111. Growth upright, not 
very strong. Bears regularly and well. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, truncated. Skin light yellow, with 
a sunny cheek. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sweet, rich, aromatic. 
Good to very good. September to December. 

DowNTON Pippin. 

Elton Pippin. Downton Golden Pippin. 

Knight's Golden Pippin. St. Mary's Pippin. 

A rather early variety of the English Golden Pippin, raised by Mr. 
Knight, of Downton Castle. 

Fruit a little larger than the Golden Pippin, about two and a quar- 
ter inches in diameter, roundish, flat at the ends. Skin smooth, yellow. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich tart flavor. Yery good. Oc- 
tober and November. 

Dew's Winter Pippin. 

Origin, on the grounds of Y. P. Dow, Greenbush, near Albany, Y. 
Tree productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, green inclining to yellow, slightly shaded in the 
sun with crimson, few brown dots. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, brisk 
subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. November. 

Drap d'Or. 

Fennouillet Jaune . Yrai Drap d'Or. Embroidered Pippin. 

Bay Apple. Pomme de Caractere, Bonne de Mai. 

Tree straggling, unproductive, moderately vigorous. 

This is distinct from the Drap d'Or of Lindley, and of Noisette, and 



THE APPLE. 



149 



most French authors, which is quite a small apple ; but it is the Vrai 
Drap d' Or of the old Duhamel, pi. xii. Fig. 4. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, yellow or dead gold 
color, with distinct small brown dots or specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
mild subacid. Good. August to October. 

There are two or three apples under this name — one is similar in 
size to the above, but the tree is of stronger growth, dropping its fruit 
before mature, which is rather coarse, spongy. Flesh quite inferior. 

Another variety, the Drap d'Or of Knoop, is small, bright yellow, 
firm and crisp. 

Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford. 

A variety from near Salisbury, England. Tree a free grower, and 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with patches of brown russet, and 
streaks of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, brisk, juicy, sugary. 
December to March. (Hogg.) 

Dredge's Fame. 
Tree hardy, vigorous grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dingy yellow, patches of thin russet, pale 
red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary, aro- 
matic. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Dredge's Golden Pippin. 

Ronalds describes this as a little larger than the original, flattish 
in shape, clear yellow, firm, and sweet. February to March. 

DUCHESSE DE BrABANT. 
Reinette Duchesse de Brabant. 
Tree very vigorous. 

Fruit large, variable in form, yellow, spotted with reddish gray dots, 
crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, 
acid. September to December. (An. Pom.) 

Duchess of Oldenburgh. 

Smith's Beauty of Newark. New Brunswick. 

This handsome Russian Apple proves one of the most hardy and 
profitable varieties in cultivation, and especially in our northwestern 
sections. The tree is vigorous, forming a roundish, upright, spreading 
head, requiring little or no pruning, and producing abundantly a fruit 
of fair, even, and regular size, that, although not of the first quaKty, 
always commands a ready sale, as it is valuable for market and cooking, 
and passably good for dessert. Young shoots smooth, reddish. 

Fruit medium size, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, 
finely washed and streaked with red on a golden or yellow ground. Calyx 



150 THE APPLE. 

pretty large and nearly closed, set in a wide, even hollow. There is a 
faint blue bloom on this frnit. The flesh is juicy, sprightly subacid. 
Bipens early in September. 




Duchess of Oldenburgh. 



DUCKETT. 

A Southern fruit. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, light waxen yellow, often with a crimson 
cheek. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. Good. Yery 
good at the South, where it is ripe October to November. 

DuFFiELD Pippin. 

Probably an old variety, claimed as a seedling of the Rev. George 
Duffield's ancestors. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with shade of light 
crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
Good. November. 

Du Halder. 

Probably a Holland variety. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, with gray white dots. 
Flesh white, fine, semi-tender, sugary acid. November to May. (An. 
Pom.) 

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish, with faint streaks in 
the sun of pale red. Flesh greenish white, crisp, and subacid. Novem- 
ber, December. (Lind.) 

Duke of Devonshire. 



An EngKsh dessert Apple. 



THE APPLE. 



151 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, lemon velloTv, ivith a dull red 
cheek. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, sugary, fine aroma. Feb- 
ruary to May. (Hogg.) 

DuLCE Do:max. 
Sweet Home. 

introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree of upright 
growth, moderately vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow with a shade of red in the 
sun. Flesh fii-m, yellowish, moderately juicy, mild honeyed sweet. 
Good to very good. Baking and stewing. Xovember, February. 

DoiELOw's Seedling. 

"Wellington. Dumelow's Crab. 

English, rather large, roundish, yellow, with a blush. Flesh yellow, 
crisp, brisk, acid. Good. November to March. 

Dumpling. 

Crooked Limb Pippin. French Pippin of Indiana. Watrous DumpKng. 
Fruit large, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh 
white, indifterent. October, December. (Elliott.) 

Duncan. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, ribbed, yellow, with rich 
deep red in the sun. Flesh yello^dsh white, crisp, juicy, pleasantly acid. 
November to January. (Hogg.) 

DUSTEN. 

Of unknown origin, but grown in Weare, X. H. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh white, 
tender, j uicy, pleasant subacid. Good. ZSTovember. 

Dutch Codlin. 
Chalmer's Large. 

A very large kitchen Apple, valued only for cooking, from August 
to September. 

Fruit of the largest size, iiTegularly roundish, or rather oblong, 
strongly marked by ribs extending from the base to the eye. Skm 
pale yellow, becoming orange yellow on the sunny side. FlesL white, 
subacid, and moderately juicy. Good. 

Dutch Mignonne. 

Reinette Dore'e. Pomme de Laak. Grosser Casselar Pteinette. 

Paternoster Apfel. Settin Pippin. Copmanthorpe Crab. 

A popular Apple from Holland. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading, young wood dark brown, downy, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Skin rather rough, 
yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with shades of light and dark 



152 



THE APPLE. 



rich red, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk 
medium, slender. Cavity large, often russeted. Calyx partially open. 
Segments erect. Basin large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a 
little coarse, tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Core small. Good to 
very good. December to March. 

The foregoing is not the Dutch Mignonne which was described in 
the first edition of this book. That variety differs in being a more 
vigorous grower, forming a very large spreading tree, and bearing its 
fruit singly and very evenly distributed over the whole of the branches. 
We are uncertain of its true name. Young wood very stout, dark red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate. Skin dull orange, half 
covered or more with rich, dull red, dotted and mottled ^^^[th large yel- 
low russet specks. Calyx very large. Segments divided and reflexed. 
Basin very broad, large, and deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, breaking, tender, rich, aromatic. Yery good. November 
to February. 



DUZENBURY. 

This valuable new Apple originated on the farm of Charles Duzen- 
bury, Phillipstown, Putnam Co., N. Y. The tree is a \4gorous grower, 
forming a handsome spreading head, producing abundantly a medium- 
sized, regular, uniform fruit, which keeps and retains its flavor until May. 
Young wood, dark brownish red. 

Fruit medium ; form roundish conical, truncated ; color greenish 
yellow, shaded and rather obscurely splashed with dull red over nearly 
two-thirds its surface, and sprinkled with a few gray and light dots. 
Stalk rather short. Cavity rather large and deep. Calyx closed. Seg- 
ments medium, erect to a point. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, very mild, 
and pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Yery good. February 
to May. 



Dyer, or Pomme Royale. 

Golden Spice. Pinneo's Favorite. 

White Spice. Woodstock. 

Smithfield Spice. Tompkins. 

Mygatt's Bergamot. Coe's Spice. 

Beard Burden. BuUripe, 

A popular dessert Apple, very sprightly, tender, and excellent. Tree 
a moderate grower. Young wood grayish brown. It is supposed to be 
of French origin, and to have been brought to Phode Island more than 
a hundred years ago. It was renamed Dyer by the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Society, who supposed it to be a seedling of Mr. Dyer, of 
Phode Island, but the old and familiar name of Pomme Poycde should 
be preferred. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, pretty regularly formed. Bkin 
smooth, pale greenish yellow, with a faint blush and a few dark specks 
on one side. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a smooth, round 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin plaited, moderately deep. Core round, 
hollow. Flesh white, very tender and juicy; flavor very mild and 



THE APPLE. 153 

agreeable, aromatic, slightly subacid. Yery good to best. September 
October. 




Dyer, or Pomme Royale. 



Early Chandler. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish. Color mostly shaded and striped 
with fine red on yellow ground. Stalk short, in a regular cavity. 
Calyx closed, in a large basin. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a plea- 
sant subacid flavor. Fine for cooking, too acid for eating. Good. 
August. 

Early Harvest. 

Prince's Harvest, or Early French Keinette, of Coxe. 
July Pippin, Tart Bough. 

Yellow Harvest. Early French Eeinette. 

Large White Juneating. Sinclair's Yellow. 

An American Apple ; and taking into account its beauty, its excel- 
lent qualities for the dessert and for cooking, and its productiveness, we 
think it the finest early apple yet known. It begins to ripen about the 
first of July, and continues in use all that month. The smallest col- 
lection of apples should comprise this and the Ked Astrachan. Tree 
moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit medium size. Form roundish, often roundish oblate, medium 
size. Skin very smooth, with a few faint white dots, bright straw-color 
when fully ripe. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather 
slender, inserted in a hollow of moderate depth. Calyx set in a shal- 



154 



THE APPLE. 



low basin. Flesh very white, tender, and juicy, crisp, with a rich, 
sprightly subacid flavor. Yery good to best. Core small. 




Early Harvest. 



Eakly Joe. 

Origin, orchard of Heman Chapin, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree of slow 
growth, productive, requires high culture for fair fruit. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, very slightly conic, smooth, yellowish, 




Early Joe. 



shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with greenish spots. 
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. 
Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, with a 



THE APPLE. 



155 



very agreeable vinous flavor. Best. Ripe middle of August to middle 
of September. 

There is a Luce's Early Joe which is distinct from this, being larger, 
and not as good quality. 

Early Julien. 

This Apple is of Scotch origin, the tree healthy and hardy, and a 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly flattened, pale yellow, deepen- 
ing in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, brisk subacid, pleasant. 
August. (Lind.) 

Early Long Stem. 
Early Spice. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burling- 
ton, Iowa. 

Fruit small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed. Skin greenish yellow. 
Stem long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. 
Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, slightly aro- 
matic, subacid. Good. August. 

Early Marrow. 

A large Scotch Apple, roundish conical, ribbed. Skin yellowish 
white, with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh tender, and bakes well ; 
productive. Good. September and October. 

Early Nonpareil. 

Stagg's Nonpareil. New Nonpareil. Hick's Fancy. 

Summer Nonpareil. Lacy's Nonpareil. 

Originated about 1780, in Norfolk, England. Tree a free upright 
grower, hardy, early, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow with gray russet, and 
russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, brisk, rich, aromatic. 
October, November. (Lind.) 

Early Nonpareil. 

A variety grown in Illinois, the origin of which we cannot learn. It 
is barely possible that this may prove identical with the foregoing. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, strongly ribbed, whitish, 
thinly shaded, striped and splashed with red gray dots. Flesh white, 
sometimes stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Core large. September. 

Early Pennock. 

Shakers' Yellow. Indian Queen. 

August Apple. New Jersey Red Streak. 

Warren Pennock. Harmony. 

A very productive and favorite variety with many at the West. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, ribbed, light yellow, splashed, mottled, 
and shaded with light red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, subacid. 
Good. Core large. Last of August and September. 



166 



THE APPLE. 



Tree hardy, an early and abundant bearer. The fruit, however, is 
only showy, and salable in market where a better quality of fruit is un- 
known. 

Early Queening. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, striped and mingled with 
red. riesh whitish, slightly subacid. August. Tree rather spreading, 
with light brown shoots. 

Early Red Margaret. 

Margaret, or Striped Juneating. Striped June. 
Early Red Juneating. Striped Juneating, 

Eed Juneatiag, Eve Apple of the Irish. 

Margaretha Apfel of the Germans. 

An excellent early Apple, ripening about the middle of July, or 
directly after the Early Harvest. The tree while young is rather slen- 
der, with reddish brown upright woolly shoots. It is a moderate bearer. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, tapering towards the eye. 
Skin greenish yellow, pretty well covered by stripes of dark red. Flesh 
white, subacid, and, when freshly gathered from the tree, of a rich, agree- 
able flavor. Good. 

Early Eed Streak. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, mostly covered with red, mar- 
bled and splashed. Flesh white, tender, j uicy, crisp, subacid. August, 
September. 

There are a number of distinct apples under the name of Early Red, 
or Early Red Streak, and we have been unable to decide perfectly as 
to which 'the name truly belongs. None of them, however, are more 
than moderately good. One, under name of Philadelphia Queen, is also 
similar to Early Red, and may be the same. The origin is variously 
claimed, but all unknown. 

Fall Stripe may also prove identical with one of the above. 

Early Red Sweet. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sweet. Not desirable. 

Early Ripe. 

Supposed Pennsylvania origin, but unknown. ^ Tree a free grower, 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few 
gray dots. Stalk long, in a slightly russeted cavity. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. August. 

There is also another apple under name of Early Mipe, which is 
small, oblate. Stalk short. Flesh brisk subacid. 

Early Spice. 

An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow. 
Flesh white, marrowy, poor. August. (Hogg.) 

There is also an Early Spice originated in Chatham, N. C, which is 



THE APPLE. 



157 



small, round, yellow. Flesh yellow, dry, Mgli flavored. Tree produc- 
tive. Young shoots slender. 

Early Strawberry. 
American Eed Juneating-. Red Juneating. 

A beautiful variety, which is said to have originated in the neigh- 
borhood of New York, and appears in the markets there from J uly till 
September. It is quite distinct from the Early Ked Margaret, which 
has no fragrance, and a short stem. 

Fruit roundish, narrowing towards the eye. Skin smooth and fair, 




Early Strawberry. 



finely striped and stained with bright and dark red, on a yellowish white 
ground. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and uneven, in- 
serted in a deep cavity. Calyx rather small, in a shallow, narrow basin. 
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red next the skin, tender, subacid, 
and very sprightly and brisk in flavor, with an agreeable aroma. Yery 
good. 

Early Sweet. 

Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree upright, productive. 
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish yellow. Flesh white, ten- 
der, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. August. 

Early Tart. 

Supposed seedling of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, light shade of 



158 



THE APPLE. 



crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good for cooking. August. 

Early Tart Harvest. 
Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, waxen white, 
sometimes greenish, rarely a blush in sun. Stalk medium. Calyx 
closed. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. 
Core medium. Ripe about two weeks later than Early Harvest. 

Early Wax. 
Wax Apple. 

An English variety. 

Fruit below medium, oblong, roundish, somewhat ribbed, waxen 
yellow. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sofr, sweet. August. (Hogg.) 

Early Yellow Reinette. 

Keinette Jaune Hatif. 

Fruit medium, conical, yellow and red. Flesh rich and juicy. 
August. 

Easter Pippin. 

Young's Long Keepiag. Ironstone Pippin. 

Claremont Pippia. French Crab. Forsyth (not of Coxe). 

Remarkable for keeping sound and firm two years. It is an English 
variety. 

Fruit of medium size. Skin deep green, with a pale brown blush. 
Flesh very firm, and though not juicy, of a good subacid flavor. 

East Grixstead. 

Ronalds describes this as a Sussex Apple of great excellence for 
table or kitchen. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with splashes 
of dull faint red. Flesh white, juicy, acid. March to May. 

Eaton. 

Origin unknown, found a grafted tree in the garden of J. B. Eaton, 
Bufi'alo, N. Y., and described in the Am. Pom. Soc. Reprints, 1854. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, dull green, striped with dull red, deeper 
when exposed to the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good to very good. November, Decem- 
ber. 

Edel Konig. 
Roi-Tres-Noble. 
A German culinary Apple of first-rate quality. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, ribbed, yellowish green, 



THE APPLE. 



159 



deep purplish crimson in sun. Flesh white, tinged with pink, tender, 
juicy, sugary, raspberry flavor. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Edgar's. 

An English Apple, which Ronalds describes as of medium sLze, 
roundish, yellow laced with bright red striping. A beautiful fruit, ex- 
cellent for the dessert or kitchen. November, December. 

Edward's. 

Origin, Chatham Co., N. C. 

Fruit nearly medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, lightly striped 
with deKcate red. Elesh rich, juicy, firm. One of best keepers. 
(Con. Gent.) 

Eggermont. 

Eggermont's Calville. 

Eruit medium, oblate. Skin glossy, lemon yellow, slight lines of 
russet. Elesh white, fii-m, juicy, marrowy, sugary, vinous. November. 
(Hogg.) 

Egg Top. 

Eve. Sheep Nose. Eound Top. Wine of some. 

Fruit medium, elongated, oblong, conic oval, mostly overspread, and 
splashed and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid. Scarcely good. November, December. 

Egyptian Belle. 
From J. M. Smith, of Greenville, 111. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellowish white, striped, stained, and 
splashed with light and deep carmine. Flesh juicy, white, fine-grained, 
subacid. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Egyptian Eusset. 
Bagby Russet. 

From Southern Illinois, origin unknown. This Apple is much es- 
teemed where known for its rich, high flavor, and, as a good keeper. 
Some think it the best of all the russets. The tree forms an upright, 
symmetrical, round head, with grayish reddish brown, somewhat downy 
young shoots. Productive. 

Fruit medium. Form roundish, approaching conical, slightly ribbed. 
Color golden yellow, netted and patched with russet over half or two- 
thirds of its surface, often with a cheek of crimson or fawn in the sun, 
and moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity 
medium or rather broad. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments 
short. Basin medium. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, slightly 
aromatic, pleasant subacid. Very good. December to March. 

Eldon Pippin. 

Fruit small, round, somewhat oblate, ribbed near the calyx, yellow 



IGO 



THE APPLE. 



shaded or covered with crimson next the sun. Flesh yellowish, very 
juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.) 

Elford Pippin. 

Hogg describes this as a dessert Apple of first quaKty. Tree a healthy 
vigorous grower and good bearer. 

Fruit roundish, ribbed near the calyx, yellowish gi'een, with mark- 
ings of russet in the shade, red, and striped with darker red next the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, brisk, sugary, vinous. October, December. 

Elicke's Winter Sweet. 

Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa. An upright grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit above medium, obliquely depressed, yellow, striped and mot- 
tled with crimson. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, tender, not veiy 
juicy, but very sweet, and excellent for apple butter. Good. De- 
cember to January. 

Ellijay. 

From Clarksville, Ga. 

Fruit large, obKque, roundish conic, pale yellow, often a blush 
red cheek in sun. Flesh white, rather tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly 
good. Core large and hollow. Most valued for cooking. November, 
December. 

Ellis. 

From Connecticut. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek. 
Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant, a long keeper. Good. April, May. 

Ellsworth. 
IMiller's Seedling-. 

Originated in Columbia Co., N. Y., on the farm of John C. Miller. 

Tree pretty vigorous growth, erect, young wood, much like Swaar in 
color, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, fine yellow, sometimes a shade of crimson 
in the sun. Nettings of russet and gi^ay dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Cavity rather large, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments small, short, 
erect. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, fii-m, tender, 
juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good or best. Core small. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Emperor. 

Described by Yerry Aldrich in the Praiiie Farmer as follows : — 
Fruit medium, roundish, one-sided, orange striped and shaded with 
red on the sun side, covered with white specks. Stalk short and 
slender. Cavity deep. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, plea- 
sant, almost sweet. 

Ene's Winter Sweet. 
A Southern Apple, introduced by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Kj. 



161 



THE APPLE. 



Vrmt medium, oblate, greenish yellow, blushed in sun, russeted. 
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, sweet. Good. December. 




Ellsworth. 

Enfield Pearmain. 
A moderate grower and a fair bearer. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, deep red, sprinkled with mi- 
nute dots. Stalk long and slender, in a large cavity, surrounded by thin 
russet. Calyx partially closed, in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh tender, 
fine-grained, juicy, with a pleasant, mild, rich flavor, resembling Seek- 
no-Further. Good. December to February. 

English Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, rouiidish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, mostly over- 
spread, striped, shaded and splashed with crimson, and sprinkled with 
light and brown dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly mild 
subacid. Almost very good. December to March. 

English Crab. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow with dark red. Flesh deep yellow, mild 
subacid. Good. January. 

English Gilliflower. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, slightly ribbed, 

11 



162 



THE APPLE. 



light yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded with crimson and thickly 
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Calyx 
nearly closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Almost very good. November, December. 

English Geanat Eeinette. 
Pomme Granate. 

Hogg describes this as a first-rate German dessert Apple. Tree a 
medium grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, two-thirds over- 
washed and striped with crimson. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, 
firm, crisp, juicy, very rich vinous, aromatic. December to March. 

English Reinette. 

Reinette d'Angleterre. 

This is distinct from Grosse E-einette d'Angleterre, or from English 
Golden Pippin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conical, slightly ribbed, yellow 
shaded, marbled, and indistinctly splashed on the sunny side with light 
crimson. Stalk rather long. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, 
with a rather rich brisk subacid. Yery good. December, January. 




English Russet, 



English Eusset. 

Poughkeepsie Russet. Po'keepsie Russet. 

The English Eusset is a valuable, long-keeping variety, extensively 
cultivated, and well known by this name, but which we have not been 
able to identify with any English sort. It is not fit for use until Feb- 



THE APPLE. 



163 



ruary, and may be kept till July, which, together with its gi'eat produc- 
tiveness and good flavor, renders it a very valuable market fruit. 

The trees grow very straight, and form upright heads, and the wood 
is smooth and of a reddish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly conical, and very regularly 
formed. Skin pale greenish yellow, about two-thirds covered with russet, 
which is thickest near the stalk. Calyx small, closed, and set in an 
even, round basin, of moderate depth. Stalk rather small, projecting 
even with the base, and pretty deeply inserted in a narrow, smooth 
cavity. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, with a pleasant, mild, slightly 
subacid flavor. Good. January to May. 

The English Russet described by Warder is entirely distinct, being, 
as he describes, large, globular, flattened, somewhat one-sided. Surface 
uneven, green. In season from December to January. 

English Sweet. 

Ramsdell's Sweet. Ramsdell's Sweeting-. Hurlbut Sweet ? 

Eamsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet. Red Pumpkin Sweet. Avery Sweet. 
Randall's Red Winter. 

This old variety is esteemed where grown for the large crops which it 
bears, and as a showy sweet apple for market, and profitable for stock 
feeding, as well as superior for cooking. 

The tree is very vigorous, grows remarkably straight and upright, 
comes early into bearing, and yields every year enormously. Young 
shoots clear reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather above medium size, oblong, regularly shaped, and taper- 
ing slightly towards the eye, dark red, dotted with fawn-colored specks, 
and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, very tender and 
mellow, unusually sweet and rich. Good to very good. In weight the 
apple is light. October to February. 

Epsy. 

From Vermont. A handsome productive fruit, small, elongated 
conic, deep red, almost crimson. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Scarcely 
good. December, January. 

Eptings Premium. 

Large, greenish, with red stripes. Flesh juicy and excellent. 
(Sumner's MS.) 

Eptings Red Winter. 

Large, beautiful red, resembling Carolina Red June. Flesh yellow, 
with rich pine-apple flavor. Keeps well to Christmas. (Sumner's 
MS.) 

Erie Sweet. 

From Erie, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. September, October. 



164 



THE APPLE. 



Essex Pippin. 

An English variety. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, tinge of red in the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary. October to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Esopus Spitzenburgh. 

u^sopus Spitzenberg". -Esopus Spitzenburg. 

True Spitzenburgh. 

The Esopus Spitzenburgh is a handsome, truly delicious Apple, and 
is generally considered by all good judges equal to the Newtown Pippin, 
and unsurpassed as a dessert fruit by any other variety. It originated 
at Esopus, a famous apple district, originally settled by the Low Dutch, 
on the Hudson. But throughout the whole of New York it is considered 
the first of apples. The tree has rather slender shoots, and when in 
bearing has long and hanging limbs. 




Esopus Spitzenburgh. 



Fruit large, oblong, tapering roundly to the eye. Skin smooth, 
nearly covered with rich, lively red, dotted with distinct yellowish rus- 
set dots. On the shaded side is a yellowish ground with streaks and 
broken stripes of red. Stalk rather long — three-fourths of an inch — • 
and slender, projecting beyond the base, and inserted in a wide cavity. 
Calyx small, and closod, set in a shallow basin, which is slightly fur- 
rowed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, crisp, juicy, with a delicious rich, 
brisk flavor. Best. Seeds in a hollow core. December to February. 



THE APPLE. 



165 



ESTEN. 

Origin, Ehode Island. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Eruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, smooth, yellow, sometimes 
with a blush. Dots large, green and light. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, 
slightly aromatic, mild subacid. Good. November. 

Etoile. 

Calville Etoille. Eeinette Etoile. 

Origin supposed Holland. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Eruit large, roundish oblate, rich red, with gray shade, and many 
gray dots. Flesh white, veined with red, tender, sugary, slightly acid. 
November to February. (Alb. Pom.) 

EUSTIS. 

Ben Apple. 

Origin, South Reading, Mass. Moderate grower, a good bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and 
shaded with fine red, and sprinkled with greenish dots. Stalk medium. 
Inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx partially open. 
Basin nari'ow, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, mild subacid. 
Very good. November to January. 

Evening Party. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, roundish, upright spread- 
ing, with slender branches. Young shoots dark grayish brown, many 
small dots. 

The fruit hangs well to the tree, and the foliage remains until 
quite late. 




Evening Party. 



Fruit small or medium, oblate, sides often unequal, yellow, chiefly 
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, becoming dark red in the sun, 



166 



THE APPLE. 



pretty thickly studded with light dots, especially near the calyx. Stalk 
short, inserted in a round, deep, acute cavity, sometimes russeted. 
Calyx closed. Basin rather large and even. Flesh juicy, whitish, ten- 
der, crisp, with a brisk saccharine, somewhat vinous, aromatic flavor, an 
excellent dessert fruit. Yery good. December and January. 

EWALT. 

Bullock's Pippin of some. 

Origin, Bedford Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, obscurely ribbed, bright 
yellow, shades of crimson in the sun. Stalk short, stout. Cavity 
deep, irregular. Basin abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh white, tender^ 
brisk subacid. Good to very good. November to March. 

Eyer's Greening. 

Lindley describes this fruit as of middle size, somewhat round, pale 
green, tinged with brown in the sun. Flesh green, sweetish subacid. 
Culinary. November to March. 

Excel. 

Origin, Sharon, Conn. A strong grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate conic, yellowish, marbled, splashed, and shaded 
with red, some nettings and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, 
brisk, sulDacid. Core large. Good to very good. December to February. 

Exquisite. 

Origin, orchard of A. G. Downing, Canton, lU. Growth moderate, 
upright, and very productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate. Skin yellow, striped and marked with 
red. Stem short and small, surrounded by russet, in a deep, broad 
cavity. Calyx small, partially closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, with a very rich, vinous flavor, almost saccha- 
rine. Good to very good. A delightful apple for the table. Septem- 
ber to November. 

FailMe-Never. 
NeverfaU. 

A Scottish Apple for cooking purposes. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit above medium, oblate, ribbed, red, becoming deep red in the 
sun. Flesh white, sugary. Good. November, March. (Lind.) 

Fairbanks. 

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, light yellow, striped with red, and 
patched with russet. Stem long. Cavity broad and shallow. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor. Good. September to Oc- 
tober. (Me. P. S. K.) 



THE APPLE 



167 



Fairfield Summer Queen. 

Origin tinknowii. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, 
striped, splashed, and shaded with two shades of red. Stalk long, 
slender. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin uneven. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, tender, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery Good. Core 
small. September. 

Fair Maid. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, striped with carmine, subacid. 
Inferior. 



Fair Maid of Taunton^. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, straw color, with faint red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Fair's Nonpareil. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with tinge of red in the sun. Flesh 
firm, crisp, juicy, vinous. November to February. (Hogg.) 



Fallawater. 

Falwalder. Pirn's Beauty of the West. Winter Blush 

Fornwalder. Pound. Green Mountain Pippin. 

Tulpehocken, Mountain Pippin. Molly Whopper. 

Pfarrer Walter. Fall de Walldes. Falder. 

Baltimore, erroneously. Brubacker. Fallawalder. 
Fallawalder. 

A favorite Apple of Pennsylvania, of which State it is a native. 
Tree a strong grower and very productive. 

Fruit very large, globular, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish green, 
shaded with dull red, and sprinkled with large gray dots. Stalk very 
short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a slightly 
plaited basin. Flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, rather tender, pleas- 
ant, subacid flavor. Good. November, February. 

Fall Butter. 

There are dozens of this name. Warder describes one from Indiana 

as : 

Fruit large, globular, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, sweet. December, January. 



Fall Greening. 

The original tree of this variety was found on the grounds of S. M. 
Yan Wyck, Claverack, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree a moderately vigorous 
grower, round-headed, almost pendent, very productive, valuable. 



168 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish 
white, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good to very good. December to 
February. Tree a good grower and bearer, and sells well in market. 

There is another Fall Greening ^ which is more oblate in form. 
Similar color. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. Sep- 
tember to November. The tree a poor grower. 

Fall Harvey. 

A fine large fall fruit from Essex Co., Mass., highly esteemed in that 
neighborhood. We do not think it comparable to the Fall Pippin. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, obscurely ribbed or iiTegu- 
lar about the stalk, which is rather slender, an inch long, set in a wide, 
deep cavity. Calyx closed, small, in a rather shallow corrugated basin. 
Skin pale straw yellow, with a few scattered dots. Flesh white, juicy, 
crisp, with a rich, good flavor. Good, to very good. October and 
November. 

Fall Jenneting. 
Summer Jenneting. 
Tree vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, almost ribbed, pale greenish yel- 
low, with a blush. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good, 
September and October. 

Fall Limbeetwig. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, shaded and 
splashed with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good, 
November. 

Fall Orange. 

Orange. Holden. Hogpen. White Graft of Wis. 

Holden Pippin. Jones' Pippin. Red Cheek. Long Island. 

Origin, Holden, Mass. A very strong, erect grower, good bearer, 
and hardy. Young shoots smooth, dark brownish red. 

Fruit fair, large, roundish, pale yellow, sometimes with a dull red 
cheek and sprinkled with brownish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a 
deep, narrow cavity, very slightly surrounded by russet. Calyx large, 
partially closed, basin rather deep, narrow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
subacid. Too acid for a dessert, good for cooking. October, November. 

Fall Pearmain. 

Tree thrifty, moderate bearer. From Connecticut. 

Fruit fair and handsome, medium, roundish conic, slightly angular. 
Skin yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with crimson, and sprinkled 
with gray and green dots. Stalk medium, in a deep, slightly russeted 
cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, rather rich flavor. Good to very 
good. September, October. 



THE APPLE. 



169 



Fall Pippin. 

York Pippin, Episcopal, Philadelphia Pippin, 

Pound Pippin, Golden Pippin, erroneously. Pound Royal of some. 

Cathead, incorrectly. 

The Fall Pippin is, we think, decidedly an American variety. It is 
very probably a seedling raised in this country from the White Span- 




Fall Pippin. 



ish Heinette, or the Holland pippin, both of which it so much resem- 
bles, and from which it, in fact, differs most strongly in the season of 
maturity. The Fall Pippin is a noble fruit, and is considered the fu-st 
of autumn apples in the Middle States, where its beauty, large size, and 
its deKcious flavor for the table or for cooking, render it very popular. 

The tree is a very vigorous, strong grower, upright spreading. 
Young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit very large, rou.ndish, generally a little flattened, pretty regular, 
sometimes with obscure ribs at the eye. Stalk rather long, three-fourths 
of an inch, projecting considerably beyond the fruit (which distinguishes 
it from the Holland Pippin), set in a rather small, shallow, round cavity. 
Calyx open, not very large, rather deeply sunk in a round, narrow basin. 
Skin smooth, yellowish green, becoming a fine yellow, with often a 
tinge of brownish blush on one side, and with a few scattered dots. 
Flesh white, very tender and mellow, with a rich, aromatic flavor. 
Very good to best. October to December. 



From Vermont. 



Fall Spitzenburgh. 
Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 



170 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish conic, red striped. Flesh tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. October, November. 

Fall Seek-no-Further. 
Winter Seek-no-Further. 

Origin unknown. Tree much the habit of the Rhode Island Green- 
ing, thrifty and productive. 

Fruit very large, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, striped 
with darker red, and covered with numerous grayish dots. Flesh whit- 
ish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. 
October and November. 

There is another apple under name of Fall Seek-no-Further which 
we have received from Iowa, of medium size, roundish, greenish, with 
slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, tender, mild, subacid. Yery 
good and keeps till March. 

Fall Wine. 

Sweet Wine. Sharpe's Spice. Musk Spice. 

Ohio Wine. Uncle Sam's best. Hower or House. 

Origin unknown, probably an old Eastern fruit called " Wine " or 
" Sweet Wine," but not now much cultivated on account of the fruit being 
defective. In. the rich Western soils it thrives admirably, producing 
fine fruit, yet in a few localities they complain of its being knurly. Tree 
healthy, but of rather slender growth, bearing moderate crops annually. 




Fall Wine. 



Fruit above medium. Stem rather long, slender, in a broad, deep 
cavity, surrounded by clear waxen yellow. Calyx partially^ closed 
in a broad, deep, corrugated basin. Skin striped and shaded with red, 



THE APPLE. 



171 



on a light ground, with numerous russet dots. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
tender, with a rich, aromatic, very mild, subacid flavor, almost sweet. 
Very good to best. September, November. 

Fall Wine sap. 

A Western variety, the origin of which is unknown. 

Tree a free clean grower, moderately spreading, somewhat drooping 
as the tree acquires age, productive and an early bearer. 

Fruib medium, roundish, sometimes slightly conical, yellowish green, 
with considerable blush in the sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, subacid. Good. October, December. 

Fama Gusta. 

An old English sort. Tree vigorous, straggling in habit. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conical, deep yellow, faint 
red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet. Good for cooking. No- 
vember, December. 

Fameuse. 

Pomme de Neige. Sanguineus. Snow Chimney. Snow. 

A very celebrated Canada fruit (probably an old French variety), which 
has its name from the snow-white color of its flesh, or, as some say, from 
the village from whence it was first taken to England. It is an excellent, 




Pameuse. 



productive, autumn apple, and is especially valuable in northern 
latitudes. 

Tree moderately vigorous, round-headed, hardy. Young shoots red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, somewhat flattened. Skin with a 



172 



THE APPLE. 



ground of pale greenish yellow, mixed with faint streaks of pale red on 
the shady side, but marked with blotches and short stripes of darker red, 
and becoming a fine deep red in the sun. Stalk quite slender, half an 
inch long, planted in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity. Calyx small, and 
set in a shallow, rather narrow basin. Flesh remarkably white, very 
tender, juicy, and with a slight perfume. Yery good, almost best. Ripe 
in October and i^^ovember. A regular bearer and a handsome dessert 
fruit. 

There is a variety under name of Striped Fameuse, claimed to be 
distinct, the fruit being more striped and less highly colored. 

Family. 
McLoud's Family. 

A native of Georgia. Tree a fine regular grower and productive. 
Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splashed 




Family. 



with dull red over half or more of its surface, thickly sprinkled ynXh. 
large light dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity pretty large, slightly 
russeted. Calyx closed. Segments medium, partially recurved. Basin 
medium, a little wrinkled. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, 
subacid. Yery good. August, September. 

Fancher. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large to very large, globular, regular. Surface smooth, yellow, 
blushed. Flesh white, fine-grained breakuig, juicy, very sweet. Good 
to very good. Baking. September, October. (Warder.) 



THE APPLE. 



173 



Fanny. 

Originated near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., on the farm formerly 
owned by Jacob Beam. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive. 
Young wood dark grayish purple, two shades darker than Red Astrachan, 
and grayish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, deep rich crimson red, 




Panny. 



moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity 
large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments short. Flesh white, a little 
stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core 
small. August. A new Apple of great promise as a market sort. 

Farleigh Pippin. 
Farley Pippin. 

Originated at Farleigh in Kent, England. Tree strong, vigorous, 
upright, hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, ribbed, yellowish, brownish red in 
the sun. Flesh greenish, firm, rich, and sugary. January to April. 
(Lind.) 

Farley's Ped. 

A native of Oldham, Ky. Tree a moderate grower, hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit roundish, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish, shaded and 
striped with deep crimson, and specked with light dots. Flesh whitish, 
very firm, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good. January, 
April. 



174 



THE APPLE. 



Father. 

A seedling originated about 1795 by General Amos Hall, in West 
Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, forming 
a handsome head, a good and constant bearer. 

Fruit medium, nearly oblate, more or less ribbed, greenish yellow. 
Flesh whitish, very tender and iuicy, subacid. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

Faust 

Faust's Winter. Foust. 

Origin, North Carolina. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, sometimes faintly shaded with red 
in the sun, and thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, stout. 
Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish yellow, moderately juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good, almost very good. November, December. 

Favorite. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, mild subacid. Good. November, January. (Elliott.) 

Fay's Russet. 

Origin, Bennington, Yt., on the farm of Mr. Fay. Tree moderate 
grower and very productive. 

Fruit rather below medium size, oblate conic. Color light yellow, 
mostly covered with russet, having a crimson cheek obscurely striped. 
Stalk short and small, inserted in a moderate acute cavity. Calyx par- 
tially closed. Segments long, in a shallow somewhat furrowed basin. 
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasantly subacid. Yery good. April, 
June. Core small. 

Fearns Pippin. 
Clifton Nonsuch. Ferris Pippin. Florence Pippin. 

An English variety, not as desirable here as there. Tree upright, 
vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, becoming red in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, and pleasant. No- 
vember, March. (Lind.) 

Federal Pearmain. 

An old English sort, once prized for the dessert. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, with red and streaks of 
red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh fine, delicate, very 
juicy, rich sugary, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Fell's Winter Sweet. 

A variety received from F. K. Phoenix, of Illinois. Origin unknown. 
Tree a great bearer. 



\ 



THE APPLE. 



175 



Fruit medium, roundish, greenisli yellow, with cheek of brown 
crimson in the sun. Flesh white, mild, rich, sweet. Good. Valua- 
ble for cooking and keeping only. 

Fenley. 

Finley. Findley. Horse, erroneously. 

This Apple originated in Kentucky, and was first brought into 
notice by the gentleman after whose name it has been called. It is 
grown to considerable extent South and West, and counted valuable, 
especially for kitchen use. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. 
Young wood dark reddish, grayish, downy. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or yellowish, sprinkled 
with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin pretty large. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good to very good. September. 

Fenouillet Geis. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin light russet on yellow ground. Flesh 
firm, with a saccharine, perfumed flavor. Good. December to February. 

Fenouillet Jaune. 

Embroidered Pippin. Drap d'Or, Pomme de Caract^re. 

A French fruit, which has not proved of much value here. 
Fruit small, roundish, yellow gray russet network. Flesh white, 
firm, aromatic flavor. Good. October to March. 

Fenouillet Rouge. 

Bardin. Court-pendu Gris. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin rough, grayish, with dark brownish 
red. Flesh firm, sugary. Good. October, January. 

Ferdinand. 

A seedling of Pomaria, S. C. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, oblate, deep orange yellow, moderately sprinkled with 
large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx large, closed. Flesh yellow, 
moderately juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good to very good. November 
to March. 

Ferris. 

Rhode Island Seek no Further. Westchester Seek no Further. 

An old variety of unknown origin, brought into "Westchester Co.,. 
N. Y., about sixty years ago, where it is quite extensively grown and 
considered a profitable market apple. The tree makes an upright, round, 
rather open head, a great bearer every other year, and moderate bearer 
in alternate years. 

Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish green, shaded, splashed, 
and striped over most of the surface with shades of crimson. Flesh 



176 



THE APPLE. 



wliite, tender, juicy, refresHng, vinous, mild subacid. Very good. 
November, December. 

Eerris. 

Origin, Wilmington, Del., where its value is mainly for its keeping 
qualities and productiveness. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, wliitish, shaded 
and indistinctly splashed with dark red. Flesh greenish white, rather 
firm, juicy, subacid, good. March, April. 

Fett. 
Fat Apple. 

Origin unknovni. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, red shaded and striped 
with crimson. Stem slender. Cavity almost closed, or appearing as if 
full. Flesh white, sometimes stained under the skin, crisp, subacid- 
Good. January. 

Field. 

Originated in York Co., Pa. Tree an upright grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish shaded, splashed, and striped with 
crimson. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, half spicy 
quince-like flavor. Good. November, January. 

Fink. 
Fink's Seedhng-. 

Origin, farm of Joseph Fink, Somerset, 0. Tree a strong, vigorous, 
upright grower and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish yellow, with a crimson cheek in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, moderately pleasant, aromatic, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. A long keeper, often the fruit of two years' 
growth being sho^vn at the same time. 

First and Last. 
An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing toward each end, yellow with 
crimson in the sun, and brown russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, 
brisk, spicy aroma. September to May. (Hogg.) 

FisHKiLL Beauty. 

Origin, Fishkill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, blush in 
the sun. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. Apt to decay on the tree. 

Fish's Seedling. 

Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree vigorous and productive, 
highly esteemed in its locality 



THE APPLE. 



177 



Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, deep red on the sumiy side, indistinct- 
ly striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots. 
Flesh greenish white, tender, melting, vinous, saccharine flavor. Good. 
October, November. 

FiSKE. 

Origin unknown. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded, and faintly splashed 
with shades of crimson. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. December to March. 

Flake's Fall. 

Originated with the late Col. Flake, of Mercer, Pa., where it is 
esteemed a valuable and profitable apple, either for market or the table. 
Tree a moderate grower, rather upright, a good bearer. 




Flake's Fall. 



Fruit large, form oblate, slightly conic. Color yellowish, over- 
spread, shaded, striped, and splashed with light and dark crimson, 
becoming very dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and russet 
dots, some with dark centre. Stalk very short, and rather stout. 
Cavity large, deep, russeted, the splashes and nettings extending out- 
side. Calyx open, or partially closed. Segments large, to a point, and 
rather separated. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh white, tender, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid, peculiarly aromatic. Core small. Very 
good. October, November. 

Flandeks Pippin. 
From Berkshire, England. 

12 



178 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, dull red in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Cooking. October, Novem- 
ber. (Hogg.) 

Flanders Reinette. 
Reinette de Flandre. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with gi-ayish red in the sun and 
near the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sugary. December to 
January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Flat Pippix. 
Needles. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, greenish white, tinge of red in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. 

Flat Sweet. 

An old Eastern fruit, and much valued where known. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, sometimes with sunny 
cheek, and slight russet. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, 
saccharine flavor. Good. Valued for baking. October to March. 

Flat Sweet. 

From Illinois. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with light and dark crimson over all, few large light dots. Stalk short. 
Flesh white, stained next the skin, firm, juicy, mild subacid, scarcely 
sweet. Good. September. 

Fleet's Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or whitish. Flesh 
white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. September. 

Fleiner. 

Of German origin. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Wood dull 
reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, shaded with crimson 
in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk sharp subacid. Good. Oc- 
tober, November. 

Flora. 

A Southern Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled 
with crimson. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Hardly good. August. 



THE APPLE. 



179 



Flory. 

Flory's Bellflower. Sheep Shure. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Ohio. A new variety, highly regarded in 
the vicinity of its origin. Tree upright grower, abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with small patches of 
russet and minute raised russet dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, moder- 
ately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Flower of Kent. 

A large and handsome English Apple, chiefly valued for baking and 
kitchen use. 

Fruit quite large, roundish conic, tawny yellow, washed with dull 
red, with occasionally a few stripes of brighter red. Flesh greenish 
yellow, abounding with a lively subacid juice. Good cooking. Octo- 
ber to January. 

Flushing Spitzenburgh. 

This variety has been confounded with the Esopus Spitzenburgh, 
but is really quite distinct. The tree makes strong reddish brown 
shoots, different from the slender yellowish ones of that sort. 

The fruit is roundish conical. Stalk set in a narrow cavity projecting 
beyond the fruit. Skin nearly covered with red, on a gTeenish yellow 
ground, dotted with large fawn spots, and coated with a slight bloom. 
Calyx small, in an even basin. Flesh white, juicy, crisp, nearly sweet, 
and of pleasant flavor, but without the brisk richness or yellow color 
of the Esopus Spitzenburgh. Good. October to February. 

Focht. 

A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree forms a low open head, 
productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, sometimes with a 
blush. Flesh white, tender, juicy, good, subacid. October, December. 
Excellent for culinary purposes. 

Foote's Nonpareil. 

Origin, farm of Jonathan Foote, Lee, Mass. Tree thrifty, vigorous, 
spreading, an annual bearer. 

Fruit small, oblong conic truncated, yellow shaded and indistinctly 
splashed with crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant aromatic subacid. 
Very good. Core large. November. 

FORANGE. 

Origin, Faii-field Co., Ohio. Tree good grower, round head, good 
bearer. 

Fruit large, pale yellow. Flesh white, fine-grained, rich sweet. 
Good. September. 

Ford Apple. 



Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. 



180 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical. Color rich yellow. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, solid, moderately tender, with a high, rich, rather acid 
flavor. Good. October, January. 

Forest. 
Red Codlin. 

This variety we received from J. S. Foster, New Hartford, N. Y., 
who does not claim it as original, but that it is probably a foreigner. 
We have not been able to identify it with any known sort. Tree of up- 
right growth, very hardy, and an annual bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong conical, often ribbed, yellow, 
mostly overspread, shaded, splashed, and striped with faint reddish 
crimson, and many large light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, 
irregular. Calyx small, closed. Basin small, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant, slightly aromatic, subacid, 
almost sweet. Core small. Yery good. December to March. 

Forest Styre. 

Styre. Stire. 

A cider fruit, from Gloucestershire, England. Tree upright, willow- 
like in growth. Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, blush in sun. 
Flesh firm, brisk acid. (Lind.) 

Forge. 

Origin, Sussex Co., England. Tree strong, stocky, short-jointed, 
forming a spreading open head, productive. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, whitish 
yellow, overspread, shaded, splashed, striped, and mottled mth red. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid. Yery good. 
October, December. 

Forman's Crew. 

An old dessert Apple, originated in Glamorganshire, England. Tree 
healthy, upright. Young wood reddish chestnut, downy. 

Fruit below medium, oblate conic, yellowish green, brownish in sun. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich subacid. November, February. (Lind.) 

Fort Miami. 

Origin near Fort Miami, Ohio. Tree thrifty, healthy, productive, 
but not an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, truncated, pale yellow with 
a brownish tinge, considerably russeted in the sun. Stalk rather short. 
Cavity medium, acute, deep. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, juicy, rather rich subacid, aromatic. Yery 
good. March to May. 

Foster Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Introduced by J. W. Foster, Dorchester, Mass. 



THE APPLE. 



181 



Fruit medium, ronndish oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, whit- 
ish yellow, shaded with dark red and stripes and splashes in the sun, few 
light dots. Stalk short. Canity small. Calyx closed. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good 
to very good. Core medium. September. 

FouLDOX Peaemain. 
Horrex's Pearmain. 
Origin, Norfolk, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, sharp subacid. November to March. 
(Lind.) 

FOUXDLIXG. 
Shirley. Grotoru 

Origin, Groton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic. Color 
yellowish green, striped and shaded with deep rich red. Stalk short, 
slender, in a large, somewhat furrowed cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
small, furrowed. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, rich 
-vinous aroma. Yery good. August, September. 

Fourth of July. 

Siberian August. Tetofsky, erroneously. McAdow's June. 

Stewart's Nonpareil ? August Apple. 

A German Apple, introduced by C. F. Jaeger, of Columbus, Ohio. 




rourth of J uly. 



Valuable mainly for its hardiness and early maturity as a cooking or 
market variety. Tree a strong upright grower, forming a fine head. 
Young shoots long dark reddish brown. 



182 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium or below, roundish, oblate conical, slightly ribbed, 
whitish yellow, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and striped and 
splashed with bright red, large light dots. Stalk rather short and 
slender, often with bracts. Cavity medium, regular. Calyx closed. 
Segments rather long, generally recurved. Basin small, slightly uneven. 
Flesh white, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. July. 
In fruit this closely resembles the Tetofsky, but the color of the wood, 
habit of growth, and foliage of old trees render its distinctiveness plain. 

Fox- Whelp. 
An old English cider Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at crown, yellow and red mixed, 
and streaked. Flesh firm. October, November. (Liad.) 

Fraise. 

Of French origin. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 
Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread, and washed 
with bright red. Flesh fine-grained, tender, subacid. (Soc. Y. M.) 

Framboise. 

Framboos. CalviUe Rouge d'Autonme, incorrectly. 

Of German origin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, somewhat 
ribbed, greenish yellow, spotted and striped with shades of bright and 
deep red, much red in sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, mellow, juicy, 
sugary. September. (An. Pom.) 

FllAt^CHOT. 

Originated in Otsego Co., N. T. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with 
red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, pleasant, aromatic. Good. October 
to January. 

Franklin's Golden Pippin. 
Sudlow's Fall Pippin. 

Dr. Hogg says : This is an American Apple, and was introduced 
into England by John Sudlow. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly conic, very regular in shajDO, 
rather broadest at the base, deep yellow, freckled with numerous dark 
spots. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good to very 
good. The tree grows freely, and forms an upright head. October. 

Under the name of Franklin Golden Pippin we have received an 
apple from Illinois, and now somewhat grown there, which is quite dis- 
tinct from the above. It was introduced West from Pennsylvania, 
under name of Golden Pippin^ but in its new locality has had attached, 
by whom we know not, the prefix of Franklin. There are so many 
Golden Pippins that it is difficult to decide which shall be entitled to 
priority of name. 



THE APPLE. 



183 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, pale lemon yellow, 
moderately" sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity deep. Calyx firmly closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellow- 
ish, tender, moderately jnicy, mild subacid. Yery good. November, 
December. 

Freemaj^. 

Origin, i^ew Jersey. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, ovate truncated conical, mottled and splashed with 
red. Flesh white, often stained next the skin, tender, slightly subacid, 
nearly sweet. Good to very good. Valued mainly as a late keeper. 

Fkeeze axd Thaw. 
Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with shades and 
splashes of red. Flesh whitish, rather firm, subacid. Poor. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Fremoxt Pippin. 

Originated on the farm of James Armitage, Soleberry, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, ribbed, lemon yellow, slightly shaded 
with crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Calyx small, closed. 
Basin small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. 
Core medium. January, February. 

Feench. 

An old New England variety, origin unkno^^Ti. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh yellow, crisp, rich acid. Good. November. 

French Bellflower. 

Bellefleur de France. Double Bellefleur. 

Dobbel BeUefleur. 

A French Apple, described in the Annals of Pomology as : — 

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly conical, yellowisli, ^xith. carmine 

red cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, half tender, melting, 

sweet, subacid. 

French Crab. 

Ronalds describes this as follows : Tree very hardy, somewhat 
pendent in its growth, and bears well. A long keeper. 

Fruit above medium, globular, green, becoming yellow at maturity. 
Flesh firm, pleasant, brisk. 

French Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides unequal, greenish yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, 
November. 



184 



THE APPLE. 



French Pippin. 

Of "unknown origin. Tree hardy and vigorous, with, dark reddish 
brown shoots. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a faint dull 
cheek, thinly sprinkled with large brown dots, and traces of russet. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good. Core small. October, 
J anuary. 

Quite distinct from Newark or French Pippin, which has slender 
branches. There are several apples under name of French Pippin, and 
it is difficult to decide which has priority to the name, except as con- 
nected with the oldest description. 

French Peinette. 

Eeinette Franche. Reinette Blanche. Weisse Reinette. 

Reuiette Blanche, dite Prime. Franz Rennette. Franz usische Edelreinette. 
Reiaette de Normandy. 

An old French Apple described by various authors, valued mainly 
as a long keeper. Coxe says the tree is handsome, of vigorous growth 
and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, truncated, yellow, with some 
russet, and red in sun. Flesh firm, yellowish white, rich and sprightly 
subacid. 

French Eusset. 
French Pippin. 

This old Apple is described in Ponalds as a sauce or cooking fruit of 
medium size, globular, yellowish, with faint red in the sun, considerably 
russeted. Flesh white, tender, subacid. November, January. 

French's Sweet. 

Origin, farm of B. V. French, Braintree, Mass. Tree very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a shade of brown 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, compact, rich, 
sweet. Valued for cooking. October, November. 

Friar. 

An English cider Apple, described by Hogg as of good size, some- 
what conical, greenish, with dull red in the sun. Tree \dgorous and 
productive. 

Frisland Eeinette. 
Reinette de Frisland. 

Of German origin, described in the Album of Pomology. Tree 
vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, bright yellow, brownish red in 
the sun, reddish gray near the stalk. Flesh white, firm, agreeable, sub- 
acid. December to January. 



THE APPLE. 



185 



Feonclin. 

Originated in Lancaster Co., Pa., where tlie original tree is supposed 
to be over one hundred years old. It is a rapid grower, bearing pro- 
fusely even when young, but the fruit is rather too acid to please many 
tastes. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, whitish, shaded and splashed with rich 
red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, November. 

Front Door. 
From Michigan, origin unkno%\Ti. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with 
red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September. 

FuLLERTOx Sweet. 

Origin unknown, found in the orchard of William Fullerton, Orange 
Co., N. Y. It much resembles the Autumn Sweet Bough. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with a few 
brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, honeyed sweet. Very good. 
Core small. October, November. 

Fulton. 

A Western fruit, originated in the orchard or nursery of A. G. 
Downing, Canton, Fulton Co., 111., a vigorous grower, hardy, regular in 
form, an annual and productive bearer. Young shoots slender, clear light 
reddish brown. 

Size about medium, oblate, light yellow, sprinkled with green or 
gray dots, having a blush on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of an 
inch, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx large, open. 
Segments small, recurved, in a pretty large basin. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to February. 

Fulton Strawberry. 

Origin same as the Fulton. Tree vigorous, stout, spreading grower, 
hardy, does not come early into bearing. Young wood grayish brown, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, mostly overspread, striped, splashed, 
and mottled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, tinged with pink, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. September. 

FULWOOD. 
G-reen Fulwood. 

Lindley and Hogg both describe this culinary Apple as large, round- 
ish, ribbed, green, with broken stripes of dull red in son. Flesh gi-eenish 
white, firm, crisp, brisk acid. November to March. 

There is also a White Fulwood described which is probably identical 
with the above. 



186 



THE APPLE. 



Gabriel. 
Ladies' Blush. 
Tree of rather slender growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish green, shaded and splashed 
with crimson, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, inserted in 
a cavity of moderate depth. Calyx partially closed, set in a moderate 
uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Core small. 
Good to very good. October and November. 

Gaesdonker Gold Reinette. 
A German dessert Apple. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, golden yellow, reddish cheek in sun, 
and some russet. Calyx partially closed, with long, pointed segments. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, fii^m, juicy, rich aromatic subacid. December to 
March. (Hogg.) 

Ganges. 

Fruit pretty large, oblong, green, with red in the sun. Flesh yel- 
lowish, subacid. Cooking. (Lind.) 

Garden. 

Originated with Hezekiah Ellis, in Spottsylvania Co., Ya. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with two 
shades of red nearly over the whole surface, moderately sprinkled with 
light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity medium, thinly russet- 
ed. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, partially recurved. Basin 
abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, 
crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. November, December. 

Warder, in his American Pomology, page 435, describes a Garden 
Apple, and gives at the same time Garden Royal as a synonym, which 
latter must be erroneous, as there is a distinct fruit under that name. 
Warder's description is as follows : 

Fruit pretty large, roundish flat, regular. Surface smooth, yellow- 
ish green, slightly shaded red, scattered stripes carmine, dots minute 
black. Basin wide, regular, small, closed. Cavity deep, acute, regu- 
lar, green. Stem short to medium, sometimes knobby. Core wide, 
closed or open, regular, clasping the eye. Flesh pale yellow or whitish, 
tender, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic, saccharine, agreeable. 
August to October. 

Garden. 
Comstock's Garden. 
Origin uncertain. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium size, roundish oblate. Skin whitish, nearly covered 
with narrow stripes of light and dark red, and thickly sprinkled with 
conspicuous light dots. Stalk short and slender. Calyx nearly closed. 
Basin medium, slightly furrowed. Flesh white tinged with red, not 
very tender, but valuable as a cooking fruit. September, October. 

Garden Royal. 

Originated on the farm of Bowker, Sudbury, Mass. Tree of 



THE APPLE. 187 

moderate, very upright growth, forming a beautiful roundish, regular, 
even head, very productive. Young shoots dark dull reddish brown, 
slightly grayish or imperfect downy. 




Garden Koyal. 

i 

Fruit medium or below. Form roundish oblate, very slightly conic. 
Color greenish yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with rich red, a lit- 
tle dull or grayish toward the stalk. Sprinkled with light and gray dots. 
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx open or partially 
closed. Segments sometimes a little recurved. Basin shallow, slightly 
uneven. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic. 
Best. Core small. Last of August, September. 

Garden Stripe. 

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, and drooping. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, broadly striped, 
splashed and shaded with shades of deep red. Flesh tender, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. September. 

Garden Sweet. 

A New England Apple. Tree hardy, thrifty, and productive. 
Young shoots strong, light reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic. Color yellow, shaded and 
splashed with crimson nearly over the whole surface, many light and gray 
dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity acute. Calyx closed. Seg- 
ments partially recurved. Basin large, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Yery good. Core medium. 
September and October. A valuable variety for cooking or stock feed- 
ing, continuing a long time in use. 



188 



THE APPLE. 



Gakdner Sweet. 

Gardner Sweeting. 

Kenrick says : Tree grows slow, but is very productive. 
Fruit above medium, roundish, pale color, covered with small specks, 
bright blush next the sun. Flesh fii-m, sweet. December to March. 

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain. 
An old Long Island Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
etriped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, thickly 
sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, and 
pleasant. Good. Core small. September. 

Garrettson's Early. 
Somerset Harvest. 

Originated on the farm of Jno. Garrettson, Somerset, J. Tree 
«^igorous, upright spreading, productive. Young wood brown, slightly 
downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, thickly covered with light 
specks. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, in a small, 
abrupt, furrowed basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Good, valuable for cooking. September. 

Garter. 

A cider fruit of England. Fruit medium, oblong, pale yellow and 

red. 

Gault's Bellflower. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh white, coarse. October, 
December. (Elliott.) 

Gaumont. 

Supposed French origin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong oblate, ribbed, golden yellow with 
a few light gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Basin very deep. 
Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, rich subacid. October, November. 

General Haskell. 

Origin said to be Graves Co. , Ky. Tree a good grower and productive. 
Fruit medium, red, esteemed for its fine appearance and being a 
long keeper. 

Genesee Chief. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous grower. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, uneven or ribbed, whitish, almost 
waxen, shaded with crimson in the sun, few faint dots. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. September. Cooking. 



THE APPLE. 



189 



Geneva Pippin. 

Winter Pippin of Geneva. 

An Apple bearing the above local name was found growing in the 
garden of Mrs. Crittenden, Geneva, and is deserving of notice. The 
appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Tall Pip- 
pin, but is a late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. Young 
wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 




Geneva Pippin. 



Emit large, roundish oblate, fine yellow, vdih rarely a bronzed 
cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk short and small, inserted 
in a narrow cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin open. Plesh 
yellow, tender, juicy, vinous. Very good or best. January to May. 

Gentle's Large Eed. 

Origin unknown. 

Pruit large, roundish, slightly conic, sides unequal, yellow, shad- 
ed, splashed, and striped with dull red, many light and bro\sTi dots. 
Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
mild, pleasant subacid. November. Good. 

George. 

Origin, Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree healthy, spreading, an abun- 
dant bearer. 

Pruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with considerable russet 
specks and markings. Calyx large, open. Plesh whitish, firm, juicy, 
mild acid. Good. July. 



190 



THE APPLE. 



Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetapfel. 
La Canelle. 

An excellent little German dessert Apple described by Hogg. 
Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish, oblate, lemon yellow, with crimson stripes in 
the sun. Flesb yellowish white, fine, juicy, very aromatic, cinna- 
mony. August and September. (Hogg.) 

Gewiss Good. 
Gewiss Guth. Indeed Good. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, often conic, light yellow, slightly 
shaded with carmine. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow, slightly 
russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh juicy, tender, crisp, with a somewhat spicy, subacid fla- 
vor. Good. December, February. 

Giant. 

A Pennsylvania variety. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, dull red, striped. Flesh greenish 
white, tender. Poor. 

Giles. 

Elliott describes this as from "Wallingford, Conn. 
Fruit medium, conical, dark red. Flesh tender, juicy. "Very good. 
October, November. 




Gilpin. 



THE APPLE. 



191 



Gilpin. 

Carthotise. Small Romanite. Gray Romanite. 

Roman Kniglit. Romanite of the West. Little Romanite. 

A handsome cider fruit, from Virginia, which is also a good table 
fruit from February to May. A very hardy, vigorous, and fruitful tree. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin very smooth and hand- 
some, richly streaked with deep red and yellow. Stalk short, deeply in 
serted. Calyx in a round, rather deep basin. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy 
and rich, becoming tender and sprightly in the spring. Good. 

Gipson's Kentucky. 
Gipson's Kentucky Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of A. Gipson, Calhoun Co., Ky. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, sides unequal, greenish, with dark 
red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. January 
to April. 

Gladney's Red. 
Originated in Mississippi. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded, mottled, and obscurely 
striped with light red nearly over the whole surface, and covered with a 
thin bloom. Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed, with long reflexed 
segments. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, slightly aro- 
matic, subacid. Core small. Good. January, February. 

Glanz Reinette. 
Tyroler Glanz-reinette. 
, A beautiful waxen-like Apple of German origin. 
Tree a strong grower, forming a round head, very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, waxy lemon yellow, blush of red in 
the sun. Stalk long. Cavity russeted. Basin furrowed. Flesh snow 
white, fine, jnicy, rich, sugary, vinous. December. (Hogg.) 

Gleason Sweet. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with 
crimson over most of the surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, scarcely 
sweet. Good. Core small. November. 

Glendale. 

Warder says : " Believed to have originated near Glendale, Hamil- 
ton Co., Ohio." Ti;pe vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical, yellow, striped and clouded 
with bright red, dots small, russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, 
almost saccharine. Good. September, October. 

Gloria Mundi. \ 

Monstrous Pippin. Belle Josephine. Baltimore of some. 

Glazenwood Gloria Mundi. Baltimore Pippin. New York Gloria Mundi. 
American Mammoth. Mississippi ? Ox Apple. 



Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Not productive or profitable. 



192 



THE APPLE. 



Frnit very large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenisb yellow. Flesh 
coarse, tender, with a pleasant acid flavor. Good. October to January. 

Glory of Englaot). 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, with streaks and dots of crimson, 
whitish specks and some russet. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, soft, 
juicy, sprightly acid. Cooking. (Hogg.) 

Glory of the West. 
Tree a strong vigorous grower and great bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, red in the sun, minute russet 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, brisk, slightly perfumed, acid. 
October, December. (Hogg.) 

Gloucester "White. 

Origin, Gloucester Co., Va. Tree vigorous and very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
crisp, pleasant, subacid. Good. October, November. 

GOBLE EUSSET. 

Sweet Seek-no-Further. 

Origin unknown. Elliott describes the fruit as medium to large, 
oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red. Flesh whitish yel- 
low, dry, sweet. October to December. 

GoGAR Pippin. 
Stone Pippin. 

A variety from Edinburgh, Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, greenish, with brownish 
red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, juicy, brisk acid. January, Feb- 
ruary. 

GOLAY. 

Originated near Yevay, Indiana. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, truncated, yellow, mixed, 
striped with purplish red, dots minute, gray, scattered, indented. Flesh 
yellowish white, breaking tender, juicy, rich subacid. Good to best. 
January to May. (Warder.) 

« 

Golden. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow. Flesh yellowish, 
acid. July. (Elliott.) 

Golden Ball. 

Origin, Comi. Tree a vigorous grower, but only a moderate bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat ribbed, golden yellow, with a few 
dots. Flesh crisp, tender, subacid. Good. December, March. 



THE APPLE. 



193 



Golden Buer. 
Burr Knot. 

Ronalds describes this as a variety easily grown from cuttings, be- 
cause of the knots or joints on the shoots. 

A large apple, roundish, yellow, with flush of faint red in the sun. 
Useful for kitchen. November, December. 

Golden Goss. 

Received from Western New York. Tree vigorous, upright, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, golden yellow, 
faintly shaded in the sun with red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Good to very good. November, Deceiaber. 

Golden BL^-rvey. 
Brandy Apple. 

An excellent, high-flavored little dessert Apple from England, of slen- 
der growth. 

Fruit small, irregularly round. Skin rather rough, dull russet over 
a yellow ground, with a russety red cheek. Flesh yellow, of fine tex- 
ture, with a spicy, rich, subacid flavor. The fruit is apt to shrivel. 
December to April. 

Golden Knob. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, some russet and tinge 
of red in sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, jnicy, brisk, sweet. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Golden Lustre. 
A culinary Apple from England. 

Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with patches and stripes of bright red 
in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, subacid. November to April. 

Golden Monday. 
Monstow's Pepping-. 

Hogg describes this as from the Berkshire orchards, as a dessert Ap- 
ple of first-rate quality. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, with crimson dots 
in the sun. Nettings and lines of thin brown russet. Flesh yellowish 
white, crisp, sugary, brisk, perfumed. October, December. 

Golden Noble. 

An old English variety, valuable for cooking. Lindley describes it 
as pretty large, roundish conical, bright yellow with a few small reddish 
spots and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
November, December. 

13 



194 



THE APPLE. 



Golden Nonpareil. 

Fruit small, roundish, golden yellow, with russet and blush red in 
the sun. Mesh crisp, sharp acid. October, December. 



Golden Pearmain. 



Dutch Pearmain, Ruckman's Pearmain. Red Russet of some. 

An old English Apple. Tree upright, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, orange in sun. Patches 
and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Yery 
good. November. 

Ronalds describes an entirely different Apple under this name, as 
follows : 

Fruit small, oblong roundish conical, yellow, with some slight rus- 
set and a good deal of red striping. Flesh firm, rich, and high-flavored. 
December, January. 

Golden Pippin. 



Grolden Pippin. London Golden Pippin. 

Old Grolden Pippin. Warter's Golden Pippin, 

Balg-one Pippin. Bayfordbury Golden Pippin. 

Milton Golden Pippin. Pepin d'Or. 

Russet Golden Pippin. Pomme d'Or. 

Herefordshire Golden Pippin. Koening-'s Pippelin. 

Reinette d'Ang'leterre. 

The Golden Pippin of the English is the queen of all dessert Apples, 
in the estimation of the English connoisseurs, as it unites the qualities 
of small size, fine form, and color, with high flavor and durability. It 
is a very old variety, being mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, but it still 
thrives well in many parts of England. 

Fruit small, round, and regularly formed, gold color, dotted with 
gray russety dots, with also obscure white specks imbedded under the 
skin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather acid, but with a rich, brisk, high 
flavor. Very good. A great bearer, but requires a strong, deep, sandy 
loam. November to March. Does not succeed well here. 

There are many varieties of the English Golden Pippin, differing but 
little in general appearance and size, and very little in flavor, from the 
old sort, but of rather more thrifty growth; the best of these are 
Hughes', and Kirke's new Cluster Golden Pippins. 

Golden Pippin. 
Pittstown Pippin. 

This is an old Apple, grown many years ago in Adams, Mass., from 
whence it was brought to Pittstown, and has been recently christened 
after that place. The tree is an upright vigorous grower, with large 
strong branches. Shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, sometimes conic, and sides un- 
equal, greenish yellow with a blush in sun exposure. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Core rather large. Good for cooking. 
September and October. 



the apple. 195 

Golden Pippin. 

Pound Royal of some. York Pippin. 

Butter Pippin. Large Golden Pippin. 

Mammotli. 

This Apple is considerably grown in the ISTew England States and 
Western New York, and is one of the largest of its class, specimens 
sometimes weighing 20 ounces. Tree very vigorous and very productive 
on deep rich soils ; on Kght soils it is often a shy bearer, the fruit much 
smaller. 

Fruit very large, roundish, ribbed, greenish yellow, becoming quite 
yellow at full maturity, slight blush of brown crimson in sun-exposed 
specimens. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core 
small. Good to very good. November, December. 

There is another Golden Pippin sometimes known as Porter in Mich- 
igan, which is of medium size, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, mild 
subacid. Ripe in September and October. 

There are also several other Apples under this popular name, many 
of which doubtless will be found identical with named sorts. 

Golden Eed. 
From Long Island. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and mottled nearly over the whole surface. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moder- 
ately juicy, pleasant subacid. Core small. December, January. Fruit 
liable to rot on the tree, not profitable. 

Golden Peinette. 

Reiaette, Grolden, Wyker Pippin. 

Aurore. Elizabet. 

Kirke's Grolden Reinette. Wygers. 

Yellow German Reinette. Meg-ginch Favorite. 

Reinette d'Aix. Dundee. 

English Pippin. Reinette Giden. 

Court pendu Dore. Princesse Noble, of the French. 

The Golden Peinette is a very popular dessert fruit in England and 
on the Continent, combining beauty and high flavor. 

Fruit below medium size, very regularly formed, roundish, a little 
flattened. Skin smooth, golden yellow, washed and striped with fine 
soft red on the sunny side, mingled with scattered russet dots. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, with a rich, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. 

Golden Peinette of Yanderlaans. 

Reinette doree de Van der Laans. 

Originated with Yan der Laans of Pynland, in Holland. Tree strong, 
stout branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with indistinct grayish 
brown spots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh 
greenish white, fine, firm, perfumed, subacid. October to December. 
(Yerg.) 



196 



THE APPLE. 



The German Golden E-einette may possibly prove identical with the 
above. 

"Golden Busset. 
English Golden Eusset. English Golden. Ensset Golden. 

This is an old EngKsh Apple described by Ronalds and Lindley as Gol- 
den Russet, and as that is its commonly accepted name in this country we 
have followed it. It is one of the popular Apples, succeeding in nearly 
all sections, and especially in rich Western soils. The tree is thrifty, 
vigorous, spreading, rather irregular, forming a bushy head. Young 
shoots slender, dull reddish brown, slightly downy, with numerous small 
white dots. An early bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, or roundish oblate. Skin rough. 
Color yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, and having a bronzed 
cheek in the sun. Stalk short, small. Cavity medium, or rather deep. 
Calyx closed. Segments rather long, often a little recurved. Basin 
broad, rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine- 
grained, rather compact, sprightly, mild subacid. Good to very good. 
December to March. 

Golden Russet, of Massachusetts. 

Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Young shoots clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic. Skin golden russet, with a 
sunny cheek. Stalk small and short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx 
nearly closed. Segments small, recurved. Basin deep, round, and 
open. Flesh yello\^-ish white, tender, rich, mild, sweet subacid. Yery 
good. January, April. 

There are many Golden Russets about the country, and it is difficult 
to identify them. This is from Massachusetts, and distinct from those 
grown in New York, and West. 

Golden Seedling. 
Supposed origin, Missouri. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow blush in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, sharp subacid. February to May. 

Golden Steeak. 
A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear yellow, with stripes of red. 
Flesh yellow, brisk, pleasant acid. (Hogg.) 

Golden Sweet. 
Orange Sweeting, Early Goldea Sweet. 

A celebrated Connecticut fruit. Tree very vigorous, spreading, 
forming a tree of moderate size, hardy and very productive. Young 
shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit above the medium size, roundish, scarcely flattened, fair, and 
well formed ; when fully ripe, pale yellow or straw color. Stalk about 



THE APPLE. 



197 



an inch long, slender at its junction with the fruit. Calyx closed, and 
set hi a basin of moderate depth. Flesh tender, sweet, rich, and excel- 
lent. Good to very good. August and September. A valuable sort 
for cooking, market, or stock feeding. 




Grolden Sweet. 



Golden "Wilding. 

Origin, near Fayetteville, N". C. Tree thrifty, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, a little oblique, golden yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity 
deep, russeted. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. 
Core small. Good. November to March. 

Golden Worcester. 

A small dessert Apple described by Ronalds as perfectly round, rich 
golden, slightly tinged with red. Flesh firm, yellow. January. 

Gold Eeinette von Bordeaux. 
Bordeauer Gold Relnette. 

Hogg describes this as a valuable and beautiful sort. "We do not 
know of its having fruited in this country. 

Fruit very large, obtuse pearmain shaped, greenish, becoming rich 
yellow and washed with bright red in the sun, traces of russet, and gray 
russet dots. Stalk short, fieshy. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white, 
fijie, tender, juicy, rich aromatic. December to March. 



198 



THE APPLE. 



Goodyear. 

Goodyear's Seedling. 

Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine grower, and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, fine red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. Good. 
December to April. 

Gooseberry. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, sometimes slight tinge 
of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to 
very good for cooking. Core large. December, February. 

Gooseberry Pippin. 
A handsome little English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with splashes and marblings of red. 
Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk, sweet subacid. November to 
February. 

Gould's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. First brought to notice from Mercer Co., Pa. 
Tree of rather slow spreading growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, deep orange in the 
sun, brown dots. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, mild, rich, 
sweet. Core rather small. A good cooking fruit. December to 
March. 

Governor. 

American. Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking. 
October, January. (Elliott.) 

Governor Charter. 
Governor Charter's Seedling. 

A variety described in the Prairie Farmer as a valuable market 
Apple. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, light yellow, with 
blush in the sun. Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant, scarcely acid, 
slightly aromatic. Core small. October. 

Gracey. 

Origin, Greenville, 111. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, light green, with greenish 
white specks. Flesh greenish white, coarse, mild subacid. August. 
(Gar. Mon.) 

Grange. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, 
brisk. October, November. (Ron.) 



THE APPLE. 



199 



Grange's Pearmain. 
Grange's Pippin. 

An English culinary Apple. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, yellow, with broken stripes of red. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, brisk pleasant acid. November, 
February. (Hogg.) 

Graniwinkle. 

Originated in one of the eastern counties of New J ersey. Tree vig- 
orous, upright, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, yellowish, shaded with 
light red, and striped and splashed with a deeper shade. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, juicy, moderately tender, rich jjleasant honeyed sweet. 
Core small. Yery good. Valuable for stock, cider, or for cooking. 
October to December. 

Granite Beauty. 
Aunt Dorcas . Grandmother's Apple. Clothes-yard Apple. 

Origin, on the farm of Z. Breed, Weare, N. H. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, upright, spreading. An annual bearer. Young wood light reddish 
brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, largest at the centre, and 
narrowing toward stalk and calyx, uneven surface, or obscarely ribbed. 
Skin somewhat oily. Color pale yellow, mostly overspread, striped, 
splashed, and mottled with two shades of red, brown dots. Stalk short, 
slender. Cavity uneven, or ribbed, acute. Calyx closed. Segments 
short, erect. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, 
mild pleasant subacid. Core large, open. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber to February. 

Granny Earle. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender. Yery good. November, January. (Hov. 
Mag.) 

Gravenstein. 
Grave Slije. 

A superb-looking German Apple, which originated at Gravenstein in 
Holstein, and is thought one of the finest apples of the North of Eu- 
rope. It fully sustains its reputation here, and is, unquestionably, a 
fruit of first-rate quality. Tree very vigorous, spreading, forming a 
large, broad head. Yery productive. An early bearer. Young wood 
reddish brown. 

Fruit large, rather flattened, and a little one-sided or angular, broad- 
est at the base. Stalk quite short and strong, deeply set. Calyx large, 
closed, in a wide, deep, rather irregular basin. Segments long, irregu- 
lar, recurved. Skin greenish yellow at first, but becoming bright yel- 
low, and beautifully dashed and pencilled, and marbled with light and 



200 THE APPLE. 

deep red and orange. Flesli tender and crisp, with a high-flavored, 
somewhat aromatic taste. Yery good. September and October. A 
vahiable apple for market or cooking, succeeding admirably wherever 
grown. 




Gravenstein. 



Great Unknown". 

Origin unknown. Eound in the orchard of iS. McDowell, Ma- 
con, Ga. 

Fruit large, regular, oblate roundish, inclining to conic, yellow sha- 
ded and marbled with carmine. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. Yery good. December. (White.) 




Green Cheese. 



THE APPLE. 



201 



Green Cheese. 

Green Crank. Yellow Crank. Southern Greening. 

Southern Golden Pippin. Winter Greening. Carolina Greening. 

Green Skin. Winter Cheese. Turner's Cheese. 

Greening. 

An old variety, grown largely in Kentucky and other Southwestern 
States. It has been extensively propagated by suckers, but the exact 
place of the original tree is unknown. Although not best in quality, it 
has so many good properties adapting it to the South and Southwest, 
that it is widely disseminated under the various sjmonyms given above. 

Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and has the habit of blooming 
late, which gives it a special value. A good bearer and long keeper. 
Young shoots slender, grayish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, occasionally oblique, pale greenish yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity 
large, deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. 
Basin broad, deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, 
rich, sprightly subacid. Core small, compact. Yery good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

Green's Choice. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesli 
tender, juicy, very mild subacid, or almost sweet. Good. Bipe last of 
August and first of September. 

Green Domine. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped 
with dull red. Flesh whitish, firm, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor. 
Good. December, February. 

Green Mountain Pippin. 

From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and 
crown, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. November, February. 

Green Newtown Pippin. 

Hunt's Fine Green Pippin. Newtown Pippin, American Newtown Pippin. 
Brooke's Pippin ? Green Winter Pippin. Petersburgh Pippin. 

Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin ? 

The Newtown Pippin stands at the head of all Apples, and is, when 
in perfection, acknowledged to be unrivalled in all the qualities which 
constitute a high-flavored dessert apple, to which it combines the quality 
of long keeping without the least shrivelling, retaining its high flavor to 
the last. It commands the highest price in Covent Garden Market, Lon- 
don. This variety is a native of Newtown, Long Island, and it requires 
a pretty strong, deep, warm soil to attain its full perfection, and in the 
orchard it should be well manured every two or three years. The tree 



202 



THE APPLE. 



is of rather slender and slow growth, and even while young is always 
remarkable for its rough bark. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little irregular in its outline, caused 
by two or three obscure ribs on the sides — and broadest at the base, next 
the stalk ; about three inches in diameter, and two and a half deep. Color 
dull green, becoming olive green when ripe, with a faint, dull brownish 
blush on one side, dotted with small gray specks, and with deKcate rus- 
set rays around the stalk. Calyx quite small and closed, set in a narrow 
and shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, deeply sunk 
in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, crisp, 
with a fine aroma, and an exceedingly high and delicious flavor. Best. 
When the fruit is not grown on healthy trees, it is liable to be spotted 




Green Newtown Pippin. 

with black spots. This is one of the finest keeping apples, and is in eat- 
ing from December to May, but is in the finest perfection in March. 
This is entirely distinct from Yellow Newtown Pippin. 

Gkeen E-einette. 

Reinette Yerte. Groene Franse Renette. 

Groene Renet. Grune Reinette. 

Tree vigorous and healthy, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, ribbed at apex, yellowish 
green with a tinge of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, aroma- 
tic. December to May. (Hogg.) 

Gkeen Seek-ko-Furthee. 
White Seek-no-Further. Flushing Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further of Coxe. 
Origin in the garden of the late Wm. Prince, Flushing, L. I. 



THE APPLE. 



203 



Tree while young very slow in its growth, but makes a compact, well- 
formed head in the orchard. 

Fruit apt to be knotty and unfair. Rather large, roundish conical, 
yellowish green, sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk short, 
in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed, in a rather deep basin. Flcvsh 
white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Yery good. Octo- 
ber, January. 

Green Tiffin. 
Mag-e's Johnny. 

From Lancashire, England. Tree a fair grower and bearer. 

Fruit medium, round conical, yellowish green with a few russet and 
red dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, acid. September, December. 
(Hogg.) 

Green Sweet. 
Honey Greening, 

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conic. Skin green, some- 
times becoming a little yellow at maturity, covered with gTeenish or 
light russet dots. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather deep, cover- 
ed with russet. Basin shallow and abrupt, somewhat furrowed. Flesh 
whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. December to March. 

Green Sweet of Indiana. 

_ This Apple is somewhat grown in Indiana, and we have not met with 
it elsewhere. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown 
dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

Greenup's Pippin. 
Greenus's Pippin. 

This English Apple is described by Hogg as popular and highly 
esteemed, the tree being hardy and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, with on one side a prominent rib, 
pale straw color, bright red next the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, sweet, brisk. October to December. 

Green Woodcock. 

Origin, Sussex, England ; described by Hogg as follows : 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate yellowish, mottled and striped with 
red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk. October, December. 

Greist's Fine Winter. 

From York, Pa. Tree a strong grower, regular, moderate bearer. 

Fruit rather large oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, splashed and 
shaded in sun with light red. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, juicy, brisk 
subacid. Good. December, February. 



204 THE APPLE. 

/ 

Grey Canada Eeinette. 
Canada Keinette Gris. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellow, covered with yellow russet, and moder- 
ately sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid. No- 
vember, December. 

Grey French E-einette. 

Reinette Grise. Reinette Franche Grauwe. 

Reinette Grise Frangaise. 

There are a number of varieties of E-einette Grise, or Gray Keinette. 
The one here, however, is considered by Lindley as distinct, and among 
the most valuable of its class. It is of French origin. Tree a mod- 
erate grower and good bearer. Young wood of a chestnut color. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, broadest at base, covered with 
brownish gray russet. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich subacid. 
November, December. 

Greyhouse. 
Hoopes, Hopsey. 

Origin, supposed New Jersey. Has been long grown and highly 
valued for cider-making. Tree strong, erect grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes. 
Flesh firm and dry, poor in quality. A long keeper. 

Grey Leadington. 
Leadington's Grauer Pippin. Grey Leadington Pippin. 

A favorite Scottish Apple. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, greenish yellow, with cinna- 
mon russet and red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, very juicy, 
aromatic. October, December. (Lind.) 

Grey Reinette. 

Reinette Grise Extra. Reinette Grise. Belle Fille. 

Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Prager. 

An old French Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brownish red in sun. 
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, February. (Hogg.) 

Griffith. 
Sweet Maiden's Blush. 

Raised by Caleb Mendenhall, West Milton, near Dayton, O. Tree 
hardy, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear pale yellow, with light blush 
red cheek in the sun. Stalk short. Cavity rather large. Basin small. 
Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, a little tart. September. (L. S. 
Mote's MSS.) 



THE APPLE. 



205 



Grimes' Golden Pippin. 
Grimes Golden. 

This valuable Apple originated many years since, on tlie farm of 
Thomas Grimes, Brooke Co., Ya. In its native locality it is highly 
prized for the peculiar hardihood of the tree, withstanding uninjured the 
most severe winters, and never breaking in its Kmbs. Also for its uni- 
form regular annual productiveness. 




Grimes' Golden Pippin. 



Tree vigorous, hardy, upright spreading, very productive, branches 
with peculiar knobs at the base of each, connecting it with the maiu 
limbs. Young wood dark dull red brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical. Skin uneven. 
Color rich golden yellow, sprinkled moderately with small gray and 
light dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity rather deep, some- 
times slightly russeted. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin abrupt, 
uneven. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, 
spicy subacid, peculiar aroma. Core rather small. Yery good to best. 
December to March. 

Gros Faros. 
Faros. 

Fruit medium, oblate, roundish, yellow, with considerable red in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, j uicy, sweet subacid. December, January. 

Grosh. 

Originated tii Snufftown, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree upright, with 
stout brown shoots ; an annual bearer. 



206 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit very large, oblate, oblique, greenisli white, striped with light 
and dark red. Flesh white, loose, soft texture, juicy, acid. September. 
Good. Cooking. (Gar. Mon.) 

Grouzier. 

Received from New Jersey. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, partially striped and 
splashed with light red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. November, December. 

Grooveland Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, a little oblique, sides 
unequal, yellow, a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet. Good. December to March. 

Gruver's Early. 

Originated on the farm of Mayer, Springfield, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, with stripes and splashes 
of red. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. August. 

Guernsey Pippin. 

Fruit small, roundish, brown russet on yellow, bronzed in the sun. 
Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sweet. December, January. 

GULLETT. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull stripes. Flesh 
juicy. February. 

Gully. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, white blush in the sun. Flesh white, juicy. August. 

Habersham's Pearmain. 
Tree of upright growth. 

Fruit medium, ovate form, bright crimson. Stalk short, slender. 
Calyx medium. Flesh white, rather dry, firm, subacid. September. 
(White.) 

Hagloe Crab. 
This is a celebrated old English cider fruit. 

Fruit small, ill-shaped, something between an apple and a crab, 
more long than iDroad, wide at the base and narrow at the crown, which 
is a little sunk, and the eye flat, pale 3^ellow, a little marbled in diiferent 
directions, with a russet gray, and having a few red specks or streaks on 
the sunny side. 



THE APPLE. 



207 



Hague Pippin. 

Originated in 1816, hj Samuel Hague, Centreville, Ind. Tree 
hardy, \dgorous grower, and productive. Young shoots strong, light 
reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, pale yellow, mostly covered, 
shaded, splashed and striped with red, thickly sprinkled with light dots. 
Stalk short. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid. Core large. Good. January, February. 

Hain. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblong, yellow, striped, marbled, 
and mottled with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, rich sweet. Good. 
November, March. 




HaU. 



Hall. 

Hall's Seedling-. Hall's Red. Jenny Seedling. 

Origin, on the grounds of Mr. Hall, Franklin Co., N. C. Tree of 
moderate growth, hardy, upright, with long, slender, reddish brown, 
grayish branches, and remarkably firm wood. The tree never attains a 
very large size ; is very productive, and is considered in North Carolina 
the best long-keeping dessert apple they cultivate. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conic. Skin smooth, thick, mostly 
shaded with crimson, and covered with various colored dots. Stalk of 
medium length, slender, curved, inserted in a round, deep, open cavity. 
Calyx closed, generally in a small uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, fine- 
grained, juicy, with a very rich, vinous, saccharine, aromatic flavor. 
Very good. December to April. 

Hall Door. 



An English Apple described by Konalds as desirable for cooking. 



208 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, oblate, greenisli, with few red stripes. Flesh, white, 
coarse, subacid. December, January. 

Hall's Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with red, many light dots. Flesh sometimes a little stained, not very 
juicy, rich, sweet. Good. September. 

Hambledon Deux Ans. 
Origin, Hampshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread and in- 
distinctly splashed with red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. November. 

Hamilton. 
Wonder ? 

Origin unknown. Came from the South. 

Fruit large, roundish, irregular, somewhat ribbed, red on yellow, 
splashed with purple. Dots large, yellow. Calyx large, open. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, rather juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. 
(Am. Hort. An.) 

Hammond. 

Fruit medium to large, green. Flesh juicy. November, and keeps 
to March (Sumner, MS.) 

Hampton Bellflower. 

A seedling from the Bellflower, grown by W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- 
tory, Ohio. 

Fruit large, light yellow ground, speckled and splashed with carmine, 
red in the sun, few russet gray dots and marblings. Stalk medium. 
Calyx partially open. Segments recurved and with fine points. Basin 
open, slightly uneven at base. Flesh white, tender, breaking, rather 
coarse, mild pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November and 
December. 

Hampton's Fall Sweet. 
Origin, "W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh tender, 
sweet, rather dry. Good. October. 

Hampton's Honey Sweet. 
Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, elongated truncate conic, yellow, faintly striped 
with red. Flesh white, tender, sweet. Good. December to April. 



THE APPLE. 



209 



Hampton's Late Sweet. 
Sweet Jersey. 

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with slender branch- 
es, hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with red. Flesh white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October. 

Hampton's Russet. 
Origin, "W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium to small, roundish conical, yellowish, thinly covered 
with light russet, splashes and stripes of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, lively subacid. Good. November, January. 

Hancock. 

Originated in Chester Co., Pa. Tree a strong upright grower, not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green, shaded and rather indistinctly 
splashed with light red. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, 
coarse, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December to March. 

Hannah. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, pale yellow, with stripes and 
splashes of dull red. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, subacid. Hardly 
good. Cooking only. October, ISTovember. 

Hanwell Souring. 
Origin, Oxfordshire, England. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow, faint blush in the sun. 
Flesh white, crisp, fine, brisk acid. Good. Cooking. December to 
April. 

Hare. 
Watermelon. 

We received this desirable Apple from New Jersey, but have been 
unable to learn its history. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Wood 
grayish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, greenish, sprinkled with 
a few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, very tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Yery good. Core 
rather large. October, November. 

Harbord's Pippin. 
Colored Harbord's Pippin. 
Origin, Norfolk, England. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale yello^vish green, partially russeted. 
Flesh white, soft, juicy, brisk, acid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

14 



210 



THE APPLE. 



Hargreave's Green Sweet. 
An English variety, somewhat valued there. 

Truit medium, roundish, ridged at apex, yellow, wdth faint streaks of 
red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. September, 
October. 

Harnish. 

From Pennsylvania, said to have originated in Lancaster Co. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly shaded with dark red, and 
sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh compact, tender, not juicy, almost 
sweet, pleasant. Good. September to October. 

Harris. 
Ben Harris. 

Originated with Marston Harris, Rockingham Co., N. C. Tree vigo- 
rous, erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Young wood 
grayish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright straw color, occasionally with a 
pink blush. Stalk very short and stout. Cavity deep. Basin large 
and deep. Flesh white, coarse, pleasant subacid, continues a long time, 
valuable for market and culinary purposes. Good. September to No- 
vember. 

Harrison. 

New Jersey is the most celebrated cider-making district in America, 
and this Apple, which originated in Essex County of that State, has 
long enjoyed the highest reputation as a cider fruit. Ten bushels of the 
Apples make a barrel of cider. The tree grows thriftily and bears very 
large crops. 

Fruit medium size, ovate or roundish oblong. Skin yellow, with 
roughish, distinct black specks. Stalk one inch or more long. Flesh 
yellow, rather dry and tough, but ^vith a rich flavor, producing a high- 
colored cider, of great body. The fruit is very free from rot, falls easily 
from the tree about the fii'st of November, and keeps well. 

Harry Sweet. 

Originated in Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of slow, upright growth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides sometimes un- 
equal. Skin thick, greenish yellow, dull blush in the sun, and nettings 
of russet. Flesh whitish, crisp, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild 
sweet. Good. December to April. 

Hartford Sweet. 

Spencer Sweeting. Keney's Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Spencer, near Hartford, and introduced by Dr. 
E. W. Bull. Tree moderately vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly flattened. Skin smooth and 



THE APPLE. 



211 



fair, almost covered and striped with fine red over a yellowish green 
ground, and sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk nearly three-quarters 
of an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow, round cavity. 
Calyx broad, closed, with few segments, set in a slightly uneven basin 
which is but little sunk. Flesh yellowish, very juicy, tender, rich sac- 
charine. Good. December to May or June. A valuable market 
apple. 

Harvest Eed Streak. 

Early Red Streak. Striped Harvest. 

An old variety, origin unknown. Tree a free grower, upright, spread- 
ing, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, striped and splashed with two shades 
of red. Flesh white, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Valuable for 
cooking. August and September. 

Harvey. 
Doctor Harvey. 
One of the oldest of English Apples. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, greenish yellow, with russet tracings. 
Flesh whitish, firm, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. October to 
January. (Lind.) 

Harvey's Pippin. 

Dredge's Beauty of WUts. 

Of English origin. Hogg says : — " Tree a free grower and excellent 
bearer." 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, washed with fine red, and marked 
with crimson dots. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, rich. December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance. 

This Apple is described by Hogg as very handsome and of first-rate 
quality. 

Fruit very large, conical, distinctly five-ribbed, yellow, with many 
minute russety dots, and some patches of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
crisp, juicy, sugary, vinous. Core very small. October to January. 

Haskell Sweet. 
Sassafras Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Deacon Haskell, Ipswich, Mass. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, spreading and productive. Young wood light grayish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate. Color greenish yellow, sometimes 
with a blush. Stalk short, inserted in a rather broad, deep cavity. 
Calyx closed. Basin broad and large, of medium depth. Flesh yellow- 
ish, tender, juicy, very sweet, rich, aromatic. Very good to best. Sep- 
tember, October. 



212 



THE APPLE. 



Haute Bonte. 
Reiaette grise haute bonte. Blandilalie. 
An old French dessert Apple. 

Truit medium, roundish, ribbed, yellow, with faint tinge of red in 
the sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Decem- 
ber to February. 




Haskell Sweet. 



Hawlet. 

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, and bears annually. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic. Skin fine yellow, somewhat 
waxen or oily, and considerably dotted. Stalk short, inserted in a 
rather deep cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed, in a moderate, some- 
what furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, rich, mild 
subacid. Kipe September. 

A fruit of very good quality, but as it soon decays, its value is thereby 
much depreciated. 

Hawthoenden. 
White Hawthomden. 

A celebrated Scotch Apple, which originated at Hawthornden, the 
birthplace of the poet Drummond. It resembles, somewhat, our 
Maiden's Blush, but is inferior to that fruit in flavor. An excellent 
bearer, a handsome fruit, and good for cooking or drying, and exceed- 
ingly profitable for market. 

Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, and, when in bearing, somewhat 
pendulous. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish brown. Buds 
prominent. 



THE APPLE. 



213 



Fruit rather above the medium size, pretty regularly formed, round- 
ish, rather flattened. Skin very smooth, -pale light yellow, nearly 
white in the shade, with a fine blush where exposed to the sun. Flesh 
white, juicy, of a simple, pleasant flavor. Good. September. 

There is a JVew, or winter Sawthornden^ the wood of which is 
brownish red, tree more robust, the fruit larger, and a longer keeper 
than the above. 

Hay Boys. 

Fruit large, oblate, pale yellow. Flesh yellow, breaking, sweet. 
Good to very good. August. (Warder.) 

Hector. 
A seedKng of Chester Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, conical, striped and mottled with red on a 
yellow ground. Flesh yellowish, breaking, subacid, pleasant. Good. 
December to March. 

Helen's Favorite. 

From Troy, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark red shades. Flesh white, streaked 
with red, tender, juicy. January, February. (Elliott.) 

Hemphill. 

From Person Co., N". C. An erect, vigorous grower, and bears 
profusely. 

Fruit oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, very much shaded with 
red, and thickly sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish white, 
compact, mild subacid. Good. I^'ovember, May. 

Hexry Apple. 

A strong, vigorous grower, and productive, from Vermont. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, yellow, with a slightly bronzed cheek, and 
many small, grayish dots. Flesh yellow, tender, not very juicy, pleas- 
ant. Good. October, January. 

Heutwood. 

Originated in Indiana. Tree in growth and appearance much re- 
sembling Yellow Belleflower. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, clear smooth yellow, with rarely a blush 
in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Yery good. 
January to April. 

Hepler. 

Raised by Mr. Hepler, of Beadiag, Pa. 



214 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish. Color light yellow, shaded with dull red. 
riesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to April. 

Herefordshire Pearmain. 

Koyal Pearmain, of some. Parmin Eoyal. Old Pearmain. 
Royale d'Angleterre. Parmin. 

An old and popular English Apple, about which, as connected with 
other Pearmains, there is much confusion. The variety we have re- 
ceived, and grown for many years, is of a strong, vigorous, sjDreading 
growth. Young shoots dull grayish brown, slightly doAvny, moderately 
strong. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and marbled with dark red, and thickly sprinkled with conspicuous 
light areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, slight russet. Calyx 
partially open. Basin rather abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Herman. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Herman, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous 
and spreading, quite prolific. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, red striped on green ground. Flesh 
greenish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November to February. 

There is also another Hermann^ which originated at Hermann, Mo., 
from seed of Rawles Janet. Tree a fine grower, upright, and very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright red, with gray dots. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. December to May. 

Hess. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, form variable, sometimes roundish, often conical, 
red, in stripes of different hues. Flesh greenish white, tender. Good. 
December, February. 

Hetterich. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree an irregular grower. 
Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow. Flesh whitish, 
tender, acid. Good. November, January. 

Hewe's Virginia Crab. 

Hughe's Virginia Crab. 

The Virginia Crab makes a very high-flavored dry cider, which, by 
connoisseurs, is thought unsurpassed in flavor by any other, and retains 
its soundness a long time. It is a prodigious bearer, and the tree is 
very hardy, though of small size. 



THE APPLE. 



215 



Fruit quite small, about an inch and a half in diameter, nearly round. 
Skin dull red, dotted with white specks, and obscurely streaked vmh 
greenish yellow. Stalk long and slender. Flesh fibrous, with an acid, 
rough, and astringent flavor, and, when ground, runs clear and limpid 
from the press, and ferments very slowly. The Virginia Crab is often 
mixed with rich pulpy apples, to which it imparts a good deal of its fine 
quality. 

The Roane's White Crab is a sub-variety of the foregoing, about the 
same size, with a yellow skin. It makes a rich, strong, bright liquor, 
and keeps throughout the summer, in a well-bunged cask, perfectly 
sweet. 

Hewitt's Sweet. 

Large, oblate, yellow, splashed with red. Flesh whitish, sweet, ten- 
der and pleasant. Good. October, November. Productive. 

Hick's. 
Buckram. 

Originated with Isaac Hicks, North Hempstead, L. I. Tree an up- 
right, strong grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots stout, 
very short-jointed, dark brown, fine downy. Buds broad, flat, prominent, 
especially at ends. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, color pale greenish yellow, some- 
what striped and splashed with crimson, thinly sprinkled with light and 
gray dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Segments short, often a little recurved. Basin rather large and 
uneven. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, rich, sweet, slightly 
aromatic. Core rather large. Very good. August. A new Apple, of 
good promise. 

Hiester. 

Heaster. Heister. Baer. 

Stehly. Miller. 

Originated in Beading, Berks Co., Pa. Tree large, vigorous, spread- 
ing, productive. Young shoots very dark blackish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly 
splashed and mottled with two shades of red, few light gray dots. Flesh 
white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
March. 

HiGBY Sweet. 

Lady Cheek Sweet. Ladies' Blush. 

Originated in Trumbull Co., O, This is one of the most delicate of 
sweet Apples, valuable either for the table or market. Tree a thrifty, 
upright grower, an early and good bearer. Young shoots very short- 
jointed, moderately stout, dark rich reddish brown, with very few light 
specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, sometimes oblique. Color 



216 



THE APPLE. 



light waxen yellow, shaded with fine clear rich red in the sun, thinly 
sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity acute, rather 
deep, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx closed. Segments short, erect. 
Basin narrow, deep, uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, sweet, 
excellent. Core small. Very good to best. November to January. 




Higby Sweet. 



HlGHLAm)ER. 

Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree a good grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, greenish, mottled, and 
striped with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous 
flavor. Good. September, October. 

HiGHTOP. 

Supposed origin, Wayne Co., Ind. 

Fruit medium to large, flat, roundish, regular. Surface smooth, 
mixed dull red, striped carmine, dots scattered, minute. Flesh pale 
yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. December, Janu- 
ary. (Warder.) 

HiGHTOP Sweet. 

Summer Sweet. Sweet June. 

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. An old variety, highly prized at the West. 
Growth upright, vigorous. Tree hardy, very productive, light reddish 
brown shoots. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin very smooth. Color 
light yellow, partially covered with green dots. Stalk medium, inserted 
in a deep narrow cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx small, 



217 



THE APPLE. 



Closed. Basin stallow, sliglitly furrowed. Flesli yellowish, very sweet, 
not very juicy, but pleasant and rich. Very good. August. 




Hightop Sweet. 



Hill's Tavorite. 

Origin, Leominster, Mass. A thrifty grower, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded 
and striped with red, covered with thin bloom and numerous whitish 
dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, uneven. Calyx closed. Basin small, 
shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant, slightly 
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. Middle of September, and in 
use for a month. 

Hill's Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered with 
two shades of red, many light dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx closed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, 
moderately juicy, rich, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. Core 
small. January to April. 

Hilton. 

Origin, Columbia Co., K. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh tender, juicy, subacid, 
excellent for culinary purposes. Good. September to October. 

HlNi^ERSLEY. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. 

Fruit rather small, roundish oblong conical, greenish, thickly sprink- 



218 



THE APPLE. 



led with light and brown dots. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, 
rather tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. December to 
March. 

HoABY Morning. 

Dainty Apple. Downy. Sam. Eawlings, 

An English fruit for culinary purposes, large, oblate conic, yellow, 
splashed and striped with red, and covered with a bloom. Flesh white, 
firm, brisk subacid. Good. October, December. 

HoBBs' Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of Samuel Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, with a round head, productive, valuable for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, sweet. 
October, November. (Hobb's MS.) 

Hockett's Sweet. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit profitable 
for stock feeding. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with deep red. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, crisp, rather 
rich, sweet. Good. December to March. 

Hodge's Limber Twig. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, roundish, whitish, thinly shaded, splashed, and striped in 
the sun. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Yery 
good. October, December. 

Hog Island Sweet. 
Canada Sweet. Sweet Pippin. English Sweet, erroneously. 

Origin, Hog Island, adjoining Long Island. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Wood dark brown, slightly downy, short-jointed, valuable for 
family use and stock feeding. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate, yellow, striped with red, with a bright 
crimson cheek. Stalk rather short, slender, inserted in a deep, abrupt 
cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad basin of moderate depth. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, crisp, tender, slightly aromatic, with a very sweet, rich, 
excellent flavor. Good to very good. September, October. 

Holbert's Victoria. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as small, ovate, yellow, with 
pale gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, vinous, aromatic. De- 
cember to May. 

HOLCOMB. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with 



THE APPLE. 



219 



red in the sun. Flesli whitish, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, 
almost sweet. Good. December to March. 

HOLLADY. 

Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania Co., "Va. A very thrifty, up- 
right grower, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Color yellow, with a faint blush, and sprinkled 
with gray dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender, aromatic. Good. 
November to March. 

HOLLANDBURY. 

Hollingbury. Hawberry Pippin. Horsley Pippin. 

Beau Rouge. Bonne Rouge. Howburry Pippin. 

Kirke's Scarlet Admirable. 

An old English culinary Apple. Tree strong, vigorous grower. 
Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, ribbed, yellow, much red in the 
sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. October, December. 

Holland Pippin. 
Reinette d'HoUande. Summer Pippin. Pie Apple. 

This and the Fall Pippin are frequently confounded together. They 
are indeed of the same origin. One of the strongest points of differ- 
ence lies in their time of ripening. 

The Holland Pippin begins to fall from the tree and is fit for pies 
about the middle of August, and from that time to the first of Novem- 
ber is one of the very best kitchen apples. 

Fruit very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than the 
Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it, a 
little narrowed next the eye. Stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply 
sunk. Calyx small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin. 
Skin greenish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully 
ripe, washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few 
scattered, large, greenish dots. Good. 

Holland Sweet. 

Fruit medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red. Flesh firm, 
sweet, and valuable for long keeping and culinary uses. Good. J an- 
uary to May. 

Hollow Coee. 

There are two varieties under this name. One grown in New Jer- 
sey, of medium size, roundish oblong, yellow, with shade of light red. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core very 
large and hollow. December, January. 

The other, desciibedby Hogg, is medium size, conical, ribbed, green- 
ish, with pale red next the sun. Flesh white, tender, brisk, pleasant. 
Core very large, with open cells. September. 



220 



THE APPLE. 



Hollow Crown'. 
Hartford. Tyler. Kelsey. 

An old New England Apple, commonly grown there, origin un- 
known. Tree a strong, upright grower. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, splashed, striped, and 
marbled with red, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh yellowish, 
somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good. 
November, December. Valuable for cooking or market. 

Hollow Crown Pippin. 
Hollow-Eyed Pippin. 
An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a blush cheek in the 
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. October, November. 

Holly. 

Hardskra. Northern Hardskin. 

Persimmon. Simmon. 

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, healthy, and 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow ground, 
somewhat striped. Calyx closed. Flesh deep yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Good. November to March. 

Holmes. 

This is an old variety, first described in Thatcher's Treatise on Or- 
charding, and yet considerably grown in Massachusetts. The tree is 
vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, with bright 
blush in the sun, and many large russet specks. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity shallow. Calyx large, partially open. Basin ribbed. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, fine, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January. 

Holmes's Sweet. 

Origin, Niagara Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, waxy yellow, red cheek in the 
sun. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh yellow, tender, rather juicy, spicy, sweet subacid. Yery good. 
November and February. 

Holsten Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy. Flesh 
whitish yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very sweet, aromatic, rich. 
December, February. (Warder.) 



THE APPLE. 



221 



Honey Geeening. 

Poppy Greening. Honey Sweet, incorrectly. 

Origin imcertain. Tree vigorous, of ratlier a straggling, spreading 
habit, very productive. Young slioots light clear reddish yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, a slight 
blush in the sun, few light and gray dots. Stalk rather long, slender. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, very tender, moderately juicy, with a honeyed sweet. Yery 
good. Core small. November, February. 

Honey Sweet. 

Origin unknown. There are a number of sorts under name of 
Honey Sweet, it being a popular application for every good sweet 
apple. The one we now describe, however, we have found more gener- 
ally grown than any other, and therefore our application of the name 
to it. 

Tree very upright, vigorous. Young shoots light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow^, 
bronzed, crimson in the sun, with a few green and gray dots. Stalk 
rather long. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh white, moderately juicy, rather compact, honeyed sweet. Good. 
Yaluable for baking or stock. August. 

p 

Hood. 

Hood's Seedling". 

A nice and handsome little fruit, oblong conical in form, yellow, 
mottled, marbled, and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh whitish, 
firm, pleasant, sweet. November, December. 

Hooker. 

Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth upright, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, conic, slightly oblique, greenish yellow, shaded with 
dull crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots. 
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
January. 

Hoover. 
Wattaugah. 

Originated in South Carolina. It is pretty extensively disseminated 
and much favored where grown. The trees are quite distinct, having 
large foliage and retaining it until quite late into winter. It forms a 
beautiful upright spreading tree. Young shoots clear reddish bro^^ii, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes roundish oblate, slightly oblique, 
yellowish, mostly overspread, splashed, and striped with two shades of 
red, some conspicuous light dots, and patches of russet. Stalk rathpr 
long. Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx open. Basin slightly fur- 



222 



THE APPLE. 



rowed. Flesli yellowisli, rather firm, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Core 
small. Yery good. November to February. 




Hoover. 



Hopkins. 

Supposed origin, Maryland. Tree vigorous, spreading, not an early 
bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, sometimes with unequal 
sides, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with light and dark red. 
Stalk rather short. Calyx small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

Hopper. 

From South Carolina. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, sides unequal, greenish yellow, with 
a brown orange cheek in the sun, and a little russet about the stem. 
Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. 

HORMEAD PeARMAIN. 
Arundel Pearmaia. Hormead Pippin. 

An English variety, yet but little grown in this country. 

Fruit medium, roundish, or nearly roundish conical, pale yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber, December. 



THE APPLE. 



223 



Leech's Red Winter. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with, stout diverging branches. 

Truit medium or below, oblate, sides unequal, whitish yellow, 
shaded and obscurely striped with light red, many small light dots. 
Flesh yellowish white, half tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. December to March. 

Horse Apple. 

Haas. Yellow Hoss. 

Summer Horse. Trippe's Horse. 

Origin supposed to be North Carolina. Tree vigorous, an annual, 
early and abundant bearer, valuable for drying and culinary purposes. 
Young wood light reddish brown. 




Horse. 



Fruit large, roundish, yellow, sometimes tinged with red, and small 
patches of russet. Flesh yellow, rather firm and coarse, tender, pleasant 
subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. 

There is said to be another Horse Apple, ripening a month or more 
later ; we have not examined it. 

Horsham Russet. 

Origin, Norwich, England. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit small, roundish, warm yellowish gray russet, bronzed in sun. 
Flesh white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, December. 



224 



THE APPLE. 



HOSKREIGER. 

Heidelocher. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellowish green, with streaks of red in the sun. 
riesh white, tender, brisk subacid. November, March. (Hogg.) 

IIousum's Red. 
Originated in Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, shaded and obscurely 
splashed with red, light dots. Flesh white, rather compact, crisp, mod- 
erately tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good. 
Core small. December, February. 

Howard's Edgemont. 
Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially splashed and 
striped with red, light gray dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid. Good. November, December. 

Hubbard. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, yellow, with a few brown 
dots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. October. 

Hubbard's Pearmain. 
Hubbard's Eusset Pearmain. Golden Vining'. 

This little English fruit is described by Lindley as one of the richest 
of dessert Apples. Tree healthy, with slender young wood of a pale 
grayish brown color. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, regular, yellow, sometimes covered 
with pale brown russet, mottled red, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellow, 
firm, very rich, sugary, aromatic. November to March. 

Hubbard's Sugar. 

Origin, Guilford Co., N. C. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. 
Young shoots, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish j^ellow, striped with red. Flesh 
rich, juicy, and fine. September. 

Hubbard STON Nonsuch. 
John May. Old Town Pippin. Hubbardston. 

A fine, large, early winter fruit, which originated in the town of 
Hubbardston, Mass. The tree is a vigorous grower, forming a handsome 
branching head, and bears very large crops. Young shoots dull grayish 
brown, slightly downy. It is worthy of extensive orchard culture. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, much narrower near the eye. Skin 
smooth, striped with splashes, and irregular broken stripes of pale and 
bright red, which nearly cover a yellowish ground. The calyx open, 
and the stalk short, in a russeted hollow. Flesh yellow, juicy, and ten- 



225 



THE APPLE. 



der, with an agreeable mingling of sweetness and acidity in its flavor. 
Yevj good to best. October to January, 




Hubbardston Nonsuch. 



HUBBARDTON PlPPIN". 

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, spreading, irregular, strong grower, 
and productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. 

Eruit large or very large, variable in form, globular, inclining to 
conic, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and striped with red. Stalk 
short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small, cor- 
rugated. Flesh tender, yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, 
slightly aromatic. Core large and open. Yery good. November to 
March. 

Hughes. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, said to be 
an abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous 
gray dots. Flesh fine, tender, juicy, agi-eeable, saccharine without being 
sweet. Good. March, April. 

Hughes' Golden Pippin. 

An English Apple, described by Konalds as an excellent table sort. 
Tree hardy, with long slender shoots, productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with some russet 
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, brisk, spicy aro- 
matic. December, January. 

15 



226 



THE APPLE. 



Hull Blossom. 

Origin "unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundisli, slightly conic, pale yellow, mucli shaded, 
splashed and striped with red, many light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October. 

Hull Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly overspread with shades of 
light and dark red, few large light dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. October. 

HUNGE. 
Hunger 

Origin uncertain, popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina. 
Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, green, with a blush. Flesh soft, subacid, 
pleasant, valuable for drying and culinary uses. Good. September, 
October. 

Hunt. 

Supposed origin. Eastern Indiana. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mixed, striped, bright red, 
numerous yellow dots. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aro- 
matic. December, January. (Warder.) 

Hunthouse. 
A Yorkshire English Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, tinged with red in 
the sun, and crimson dots and faint streaks. Flesh white, firm, coarse, 
acid. December. (Hogg.) 

Hunt's Connecticut. 
Guttry. Baldwin, erroneously. 

An old variety. Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, round oblate, yellow, marbled and shaded with dull 
red, gray specks. Stalk short. Cavity often russeted. Calyx large. 
Basin quite shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, breaking, subacid. 
Good. November to March. 

I Hunt's Deux Ans. 

An English dessert Apj^le, which has the character of keeping two 
years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, russeted, with gray and 
large brown russet dots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, 
aromatic. 



THE APPLE. 



227 



Hunt's Duke of Gloucester. 
Hunt's Nonpareil ? 

This variety is claimed by Hogg as distinct from Hunt's Nonpareil, 
which is a synonym given it by Lindley. We have not examined them. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, almost covered with thin 
russet, reddish brown in sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, high flavored. 
December January. 

Hunt's Eusset. 

Supposed to have originated with the Hunt family, of Concord, 
Mass., many years since. Tree hardy, moderate grower, upright, 
spreading when in bearing, an annual and good bearer. Young shoots 
light reddish brown, slightly grayish. 




Hunt's Ensset. 



Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Color yel- 
low, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a blush of bright rich 
red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk varying in length. Cavity large, 
deep, acute. Calyx partially open. Segments medium, a little reflexed. 
Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, flne-grained, 
tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good or best. 
Core compact. January to April. 

Hurlbut. 
Hnrlbut Stripe. 

Origin, farm of General Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree very 
vigorous, and great bearer. Young wood dark brownish red, slightly 
downy. Buds prominent. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, angular. Skin yellow, shaded 



228 



THE APPLE. 



with red stripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly sprinkled 
with light dots. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep 
cavitj, surrounded by russet.' Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to 
very good. Core small. October, December. 

HUTCHESOI^. 

Origin, supposed Logan Co., Ky. Tree of rather slow growth, 
healthy and productive. Esteemed, where known, for its fine appearance 
and long keeping. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, overspread with 
rich red, large light dots. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. 
Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, 
almost sweet. Core small. Good to very good. December to April. 

HuTTON Square. 
A coarse culinary Apple, from England. 

Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellowish, with dull red in the 
sun. Flesh white, coarse, brisk, sweet. Good. November, December. 

Imperial. 
Magnifique. Maltranche. 
Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark red, deepest in the sun. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing subacid. 
Good. October, November. (Warder.) 

Indiana Beauty. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblong, unequal, yellow, partially covered 
mixed scarlet, splashed carmine. Flesh yellowish, breaking, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. September, November. 

Indiana Favorite. 

Supposed to have originated on the farm of Peter Morrits, Fayette 
Co., Indiana. Growth healthy, spreading, and a good bearer. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish, flattened at the ends, slightly one- 
sided, yellowish, shaded and streaked with red, and covered with russet 
specks. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, and very 
pleasant. Good. January to April. 

Indian Prince. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, sprinkled with whitish dots. 
Flesh yelloAvish, rather firm, juicy, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. 
Hardly good. September, October. 



THE APPLE. 



229 



Ingham. 

A new variety, grown from seed of Rawls J anet, by Martin Ingram, 
of Greene Co., Mo. Tree productive, and ttie fruit especially valued for 
its long keeping. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, orange yellow, mostly 
overspread with broken stripes of rich warm red, gray russet dots, and 
slight marblings. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Tlesh yellowish white, 
moderately juicy, crisp, mild subacid. Core above medium. Seeds 
dark brown. February to June. (Hort.) 

Irish Peach Apple. 
Earlj Croftoru 

Fruit of medium size, rotmd or a little flattened, yellowish green, 
vdih small dots in the shade, washed and streaked with brownish red in 
the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and pretty well flavored. Hardly 
good. August. 

Irish REI^^:TTE. 
An English ctilinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, ribbed, yellowish green, dull brown- 
ish in the sun, and with patches of russet. Flesh yello^dsh white, crisp, 
juicy, brisk sharp acid. Hardly good. November to February. 

IsLAXD Beauty. 
Chicago ? 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with a shade of brown in the 
sun, moderately sprinkled with indistinct light dots. Flesh whitish^ 
tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core rather large. September. 

Isle of "Wight Pippix. 
Isle of Wight Orange. Orange Pippin. Pomme d' Orange. 

A very old Apple, described in Ponalds as fine for dessert. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, bright orange in sun, with sometimes 
a brownish cheek. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, aromatic, acid. January, 
February. 

Isleworth Crab. 
Brentford Crab. 

Fruit mediimi, roundish conical, yellow, brownish tinge in sun* 
Flesh white, crisp, jtiicy. Poor. October. 

Italian Eose. 
Weisse Italianische RosmarinapfeL 
An Italian dessert Apple, 

Fruit mediunij rotmdish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red, some- 



230 



THE APPLE. 



what striped in the sun. Tlesh white, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous. 
December. (Diel.) 

Jabe. 

Originated in Boxford, Mass. Tree thrifty, hardy, and a regular, 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, light straw color, beautiful blush cheek, and 
crimson spots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. September, November. (Me. E.ep.) 

Jabez Sweet. 

Originated on the premises of Jabez Barnes, near Middletown, 
Conn. Tree healthy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a few dark specks. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber, February. 

Jackson. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright grower. Young wood dark 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with many dark 
green blotches and gray dots, a very few faint stripes, and warm mot- 
tled brown cheek. Flesh greenish, fijie texture, tender, juicy. Good to 
very good. October, February. 

Jacques Lebel. 

An English fruit of much beauty, but ordinary quality. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, shaded with red in the 
sun, many gray dots. Stalk large. Cavity deep. Calyx half closed. 
Flesh white, tender, mild subacid. January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Jane. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth, an annual 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded with deep red in the sun, 
lighter in the shade, some obscure splashes and stripes, few light and 
gray dots. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, almost 
sweet. Good. December to March. 

Jarminite. 

Origin, Highland Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate roundish, green, partially covered with mixed 
and striped dull red. Flesh breaking, firm, mild subacid, almost 
sweet. December to March. (Warder.) 

Jefferis. 



Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Growth moderate, very productive. A fair 



THE APPLE. 



231 



and handsome fruit of excellent quality, in use all of September. Young 
wood light reddish brown, smooth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded and splashed 
with crimson, and thickly covered with large whitish dots. Stalk very 
short, inserted in a rather large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a round 
open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a rich, mild, subacid fla- 
vor. Yery good. September. 

Jefferson County. 

Origin, Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, an 
early and great bearer. Young wood dull grayish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, splashed and 
shaded with fine red, minute light dots and some blotches of russet. 
Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very 
good. Core small. October, November. 

Jenkins. 

Originated with John M. Jenkins, Montgomery Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, red, interspersed with numerous large 
white dots on yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, fine texture, 
juicy, agreeably saccharine. Good. January to March. 

There is another Jenkins apple which ripens in summer. It is small, 
roundish, yellow, striped with red. 

Jennings Sweet. 

Originated at Marietta, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with bright red. Flesh 
whitish, sweet, fine for baking or stock. Good. October, November. 

Jersey Pippin. 

Foreign. 

Fruit medium, round oblong conical, yellowish green, stripes of red 
in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, vinous, subacid. Good. 
November, February. (Elliott.) 

Jersey Sweeting. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a handsome 
round head, productive. Young wood dark reddish brown, downy. 

A very popular Apple in the Middle States, where it is not only 
highly valued for the dessert, but, owing to its saccharine quality, it is 
also planted largely for the fattening of swine. 

Fruit medium size, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye. The calyx 
is small, closed, very slightly sunk, in a small plaited basin. Stalk half 
an inch long, in a rather narrow cavity. Skin thin, greenish yellow, 
washed and streaked, and often entirely covered with stripes of pale and 
dull red. Flesh white, fine-grained, and exceedingly juicy, tender, 
sweet, and sprightly. Good to very good. Young wood stout, and 
short-jointed. This apple commences maturing about the last of 
August, and continues ripening till frost. 



232 



THE APPLE. 



Jewett's Best. 

Origin, farm of S. W. J ewett, Weybridge, Yt. Same habit as Rhode 
Island Greening. 

Truit large, oblate or nearly globular, yellowish green, mostly 
shaded with deep red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a very small basin. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, almost 
melting, pleasant, rich subacid. Very good. December to February. 

Jewett's Fine Red. 
Nodhead, 

Origin, Hollins, New Hampshire. Tree of moderate growth, and 
productive, requires high culture to produce fair fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish white, striped, splashed, and 
shaded with crimson, having a dull grayish bloom. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx firmly closed, in an exceedingly 
small basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant, sprightly, almost sweet. 
Good to very good. November to February. 

Joel. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow with patches of russet and rus- 
set dots. Flesh greenish yellow, dry, and poor. 




Jonathan. 



Jonathan. 

King Philip. Philip Rick. 

The Jonathan is a very beautiful dessert Apple, and its groat beauty, 
good flavor, and productiveness in all soils, unite to recommend it to 



THE APPLE. 



233 



orcliard planters. The original tree of this variety is growing on the 
farm of Mr. Philip Rick, of Kingston, New York. It was first described 
bj the late Judge Buel, and named by him, in compliment to Jonathan 
Hasbrouck, Esq., of the same place, who made known the fruit to him. 
It succeeds wherever grown, and proves one of the best in quality, and 
most profitable either for table or market. The tree is hardy, moder- 
ately vigorous, forming an upright spreading, round head. Young shoots 
rather slender, slightly pendulous, grayish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, roundish conical, or tapering 
to the eye. Skin thin and smooth, the ground clear light yellow, nearly 
covered by lively red stripes, and deepening into brilliant or dark red 
in the sun. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, inserted 
in a deep, regular cavity. Calyx set in a deej), rather broad basin. 
Flesh white, rarely a little pinkish, very tender and juicy, with a mild, 
sprightly, vinous flavor. This fruit evidently belongs to the Spitzen- 
burgh class. Best. November to March. 

John Carter. 

Origin uncertain, grown in Connecticut. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, marbled, striped, and splashed 
with crimson. Flesh white, tender, j uicy, with a mild subacid flavor. 
Good. September. 

Johnson-. 

Origin, Brookfield, Conn. A strong, upright grower, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conic, smooth, striped with red on a 
yellow ground, dark red in the sun. Flesh remarkably tender, crisp, and 
juicy, with a brisk, sweet flavor, very soon becomes mealy after ripen- 
ing. Good. Middle of August to middle of September. 

There is another Johnson Apple which is said to have originated in 
Massac Co., 111., and described in the Chicago jRe2?ublican. We have not 
seen it. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, almost 
entirely covered with rich dark red. Flesh yellow, subacid. December 
to March. 

Johnson Busset. 

Origin unknown. Ti-ee a crooked grower, moderate bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, light golden russet, few 
light and gray dots. Flesh white, tender, dry, poor, mealy. December, 
February. 

John's Sweet. 

Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. Tree a good grower, somewhat 
straggling, a prolific bearer. Young shoots, reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, and 
splashed ^vith red. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded 
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt basin. Flesh j uicy, tender, 
sweet. Good. January to May. 



234 



THE APPLE. 



Jolly Beggak. 

Hogg describes this as a first-rate early cooking Apple. Tree a pro- 
digious and early bearer. 

Truit medium, roundish, pale yellow, becoming orange in the sun. 
riesh white, tender, brisk subacid. August to October. 

Jubilee Pippin. 
From Norwich, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with gray and brownish specks. 
Flesh white, crisp, mild, almost sweet. Core large, open. October, 
December. (Lindley.) 

Judge Andrews. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh tender, aromatic. 
Good. August. 

Juicy Bite. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly over- 
spread, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, lively 
subacid. Good. SeDtember. 

Julian. 

Juling. Julien. 

An Apple of Southern origin. Tree moderately vigorous, very pro- 
ductive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat grayish, many 
white dots. 




Julian. 



Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides unequal. 
Color waxen whitish, striped, splashed, and mottled with rich red, 



THE APPLE. 



235 



moderately sprinkled with light dots, some having dark centres. Stalk 
short, small. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed. 
Segments long, slender, slightly recurved. Basin deep, slightly corru- 
gated. Plesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to 
very good. July and August. 

JUNALUSKEE. 
Junallska. Journal askia. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Young 
shoots dark brownish, slightly downy. 

Truit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, lightly shaded on 
the sunny side, and sprinkled with brown and gray dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, a little green russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, 
nearly smooth. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, rich 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. 



Kaighn's Spitzenburgh. 

Red Pearmain, Long- John, 

Red Spitzenburg. Red Pippin. 

Red Winter Pearmain, erroneously. Red Phoenix. 

Long Pearmain. Sheepnose of some. 

Lady Finger, erroneously. Russam. 

Scarlet Pearmain, erroneously. Hudson Red Streak, 

Origin, Gloucester Co,, N. J. Tree vigorous, spreading or straggling 
habit, productive, and valued only because of its showy fruit. 

Fruit rather large, oblong oval, approaching conic, whitish yellow, 
mostly shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with minute 
dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
November to J anuary. 



Kane. 
Cane. Cain, 

Origin, Kent Co., Delaware. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 
A beautiful little Apple, of pleasant flavor. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical, regular, whitish yellow, waxen, 
beautifully shaded and lightly striped with fine crimson. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, crisp, with a pleasant flavor. Good. October, November. 

Ejeddleston Pippin. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds. 
Fruit small, conical, straw color, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, sugary, aromatic. October to January. 



Keeping Bed Streak. 
An English culinary sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, mostly striped with two 
shades of red, some russet and gray dots. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, 
brisk subacid. December, February. (Hogg.) 



236 



THE APPLE. 



Keeping Eusset. 

This is a dessert Apple described by Hogg as of first quality. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellowish brown russet, with a red 
cheek in the sun. Flesh yellow, &m, juicy, rich mellow flayor. Oc- 
tober, January. 

Keim. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots 
reddish brown. 

Fruit small to medium, oblate. Color light waxen yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with light russet dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, shallow 
ca^^.ty. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh white, tender, 
crisp, fine, brisk, delicate aromatic subacid. Yery good. December to 
March. 

Keiser. 
Red Seek-no-Further. 

An old variety, much grown in Jefterson Co., Ohio, and highly 
prized ; growth of tree like Bambo. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular. Skin pale 
yellow, shaded svith. red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with 
large, grayish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
small, closed, in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, 
not very juicy, but mild subacid. Good. Is ovember to Febmaiy. 

Kelsey. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical, 
greenish yellow, with occasionally a faint blush, and numerous gray dots. 
Flesh tender, fine texture, greenish white, mild subacid. Good. March. 

Kelsey Sweet. 

Origin, Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with a tinge of brown in 
the sun, green and gray dots. Flesh greenish white, moderately tender, 
juicy, sweet. Good. October, November. 

KEi^IvEBEC BUSSET. 

From Maine. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, partially netted with russet, 
and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh moderately tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Kennedy's Bed ^Yinter. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree an U2:)right grower and regular 
bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conical yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 



THE APPLE. 



237 



with ligM and dark red, large light dots. Stalk short. Caljx closed. 
Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, a little coarse, pleasant subacid. Good. 
December, February. 

Kenney. 

From Connecticut. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, gi-eenish yellow, shaded 
and splashed with red, large light dots. Flesh white, rather tender, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. December to 
March. 

Keneick. 

Kenrick's Autumn. Kenrick's Eed Autumn. 

Origin, on the farm of Mr. Kenrick, Newton, Mass. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, compact, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellomsh green, striped and stained with 
bright red. Flesh white, a little stained ^vith. red, tender, juicy, sprightly 
acid. Good. September. 

Kentish Broading. 

A fine showy old English Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with broken stripes or splashes 
of clear red. Flesh white, tender, a little coarse, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Kent. 

Originated on the premises of Walker Kent, near Plymouth, Mich. 
Tree a strong grower, and very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale greenish yellow, sometimes a slight blush 
cheek, few greenish dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. Core rather large. Good to very 
good. October. 

Kentish Fill-Basket. 

Potter s Large Seedling. Lady de Grey's. 

An immense English fruit, properly named, and much admired by 
those who like great size and beauty of appearance. The flavor is tol- 
erable, and it is an excellent cooking Apple. The tree grows strongly, 
and bears well. 

Fruit very large—frequently four and a half inches in diameter— round- 
ish, slightly ribbed or irregular. Color yello^vdsh green in the shade, 
but pale yellow in the sun, with a bro^niish red blush on the sunny side, 
slightly streaked or spotted with darker red. Flesh tender, juicy, with 
a subacid, sprightly flavor. Good. October to J anuary. 

Kentish Pippin. 

Eed Kentish Pippin, Vaun's Pippin. 

An old English Apple esteemed abroad for cooking, but is here quite 
good for dessert. Tree hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer. 



238 



THE APPLE. 



Truifc medium, roundish oblate, sides often unequal, greenish yel- 
low, with a slight blush next the sun, small gray dots. Stalk short, 
small. Cavity deep, large, and with thin russet extending out upon the 
fruit. Calyx partly open. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
rich, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. December to May. Valua- 
ble as a late keeper. 

Kentucky. 

Of unknown origin, and probably a local name. An early and abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit large and very uniform, roundish, slightly conical. Color yel- 
lowish, marbled and mottled, with dull red in the sun, with irregular 
greenish splashes or specks. Cavity narrow, acuminate. Calyx large, 
in a narrow abrupt basin. Flesh not very fine, but juicy, very tender, 
agreeable subacid. Good. October. 

Kentucky Cream. 

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, an 
early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, largest at the crown or apex, and 
tapering slightly toward the stalk, yellowish mostly overspread with 
rich clear red, thickly sprinkled with large areole dots, and some gray- 
ish marblings next the stalk. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute. 
Calyx large. Segments partially closed, divided. Basin broad, deep, 
somewhat corrugated. Flesh yellowish, breaking, not very juicy, rich, 
mild subacid. Good to very good. December to March. 

Kentucky King. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellow, mixed and striped with car- 
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic. 
Good to very good. December, February. (Warder.) 

Kentucky Red Streak. 
Winter Red Streak ? Bradford's Best. Selma ? 

Origin obscure, supposed Tennessee. Tree upright, vigorous, and 
productive annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly inclining to conic, greenish yellow, 
shaded with dull purplish red, and indistinctly splashed and striped, 
thickly sprinkled with large light dots, having gray centres, sometimes 
the number of dots give appearance almost as if mottled. Stalk medi- 
um. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Core 
small. Good to very good. December to March. 

Kentucky Sweet. 
A Southern Apple of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, conic, regular, deep red, stripes obscured and scarcely 
visible. Dots scattered, large, yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, fine- 
grained, juicy, very sweet, rich, slightly perfumed. November, January. 
(Warder.) 



THE APPLE. 



239 



Kerry Pippin. 
Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin. 
An Irisli dessert Apple. 

Fruit middle size, oval, a little flattened at tlie eye, pale yellow. 
FlesL. yellow, tender, crisp, with a sugary flavor. Good. Ripens in 
September and October. 

Keswick Codlin. 

A noted English cooking Apple, which may be gathered for tarts as 
early as the month of August, and continues in use till !N"ovember. It is 
an early and a gi^eat bearer and a vigorous tree, and is one of the most 
profitable of orchard sorts for cooking or market. Tree very hardy, 
forming a large, regular, upright, spreading, round head. 




Keswick Codlin. 



Fruit a little above the middle size, rather conical, with a few obscure 
ribs. Stalk short and deeply set. Calyx rather large. Skin greenish 
yellow, washed with a faint blush on one side. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, with a pleasant acid flavor. 

Ketchu:h's Favorite. 

Origin, farm of ]\Ir. Ketchum, in Sudbury, Yt. Tree \TLgorous and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, liglit waxen yellow, slightly shaded 



THE APPLE. 



with rosy blush, irregularly sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white, 
inild, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September to January 

KiKITA. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with 
dull red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild 
•sweet. Good. November, December. 

KiLHAM Hill. 

A native of Essex Co., Mass., raised by Daniel Kilham. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish, ribbed, narrowing to the eye, pale yel- 
low, slightly splashed with red in the shade, deep red in the sun. Flesh 
of sprightly, rather high flavor, but is apt to become dry and mealy. 
Good. September. 

KiNELLASr. 

From Koss-shire, Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish green, some red in the sun. 
Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant. Good. December, January. 



King of Tompkins County. 

King of the Pippins. 
Hampshire Yellow. 
An English fruit of poor quality, medium size, roundish oblate, pale 
yellow, washed and striped with red. Flesh very firm, sharp subacid. 
Good. October, November. 



THE APPLE. 



241 



King of Tompkins County. 
King Apple. Toms Red. Tommy Red. 

Origin uncertain ; said to liave originated with Thomas Thacher, 
"Warren Co., N. J. A valuable market fruit. Tree very vigoroTis, 
spreading, an abundant bearer annually. Young shoots very dark red- 
dish brown, quite downy, especially toward the ends. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, angular. 
Color yellowish, mostly shaded with red, striped and splashed with 
crimson. Stalk rather stout and short, inserted in a large, somewhat 
irregular cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a medium, slightly cor- 
rugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, tender, with an 
exceedingly agreeable, rich, vinous flavor, delightfully aromatic. Yery 
good to best. December to March. 

KiNGSLEY. 

Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree an erect moderate grower, an early 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. 
Flesh fine-grained, juicy, melting, subacid. Yery good. November, 
February. 

Kingston Black. 
A small English cider fruit of little value. 

Fruit roundish, pale yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, stained 
with red, tender, juicy, sweet. November, December. 

King Tom. 

From North Carolina. Origin unknown. Tree a crooked, twisting, 
tangled grower, forming a low head, Avith stout, distinct, blunt shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, orange yellow. Flesh yellow, rather tough, 
spicy. August. (Ga. Hort. S. E-ep.) 

Kinney. 

A Southern variety, little known. 

Fruit medium, I'oundish conic, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with gray dots and some russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

KiRKBRIDGE WhITE. 

Tree of rather slow upright growth, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, oblong ovate, very irregular, ribbed, yellowish 
white. Stalk short and small, in a narrow cavity. Calyx small and 
closed. Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, subacid. Core rather large. Good. August and September. 

Kirtland. 
Khtland's Seedling-. 
Tree vigorous, and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblong, deep rich yellow at maturity. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, spicy, subacid. Mid autumn. (Am. Hort. An.) 

16 



242 



THE APPLE. 



Kirk's Lord Nelson. 

English. 

Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, striped and mottled with bright 
red. Flesh firm, juicy, but not rich. October, November. 

KiTTAGESKEE. 

A Southern Apple of unknoNvn origin. Tree moderately vigorous, 
spreading. Young shoots short-jointed, gi-ayish. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, sides unequal, fine yellow, with a tiage 
of brown in the sun, few dark or brown gi^ay dots. Stalk rather short 
and slender. Cavity broad, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx partially 
closed. Basin broad, shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, 
brisk, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. 
November to March. 

Ejlaproth. 

This beautiful Apple, a native of Lancaster Co., Pa. (on the farm 
of Mr. Brennaman), was brought into notice by Dr. J. K. Eshleman, of 
Downington, Pa., and promises to be an excellent fruit, especially for 
market purposes. It bears carriage remarkably well, a most prolific 




Eaproth., 



bearer and vigorous gTower. ^Ye give the Dr.'s description. Young wood 
very grayish dull reddish brown. Size medium, form oblate. Skin 
gi^eenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, deepened on the sunny 
side, dotted all over with light specks, and occasional russet spots near 
the stalk, which is short and inserted in a smooth deep cavity. Calyx 
small and closed. Segments reflexed, set in a wide, regular, and well- 
formed basin. Flesh white, very crisp, juicy, tender, and pleasant sub- 
acid flavor, and mitil quite ripe acid predominates. Yery good. August 
to October. 



THE APPLE. 



243 



KXICKEEBOCKEE. 

Origin unknovna. 

Fruit meclium or above, roundisli oblate, gi-eenisL. yellow, sprinkled 
-^ith bro^Ti dots. Stalk medium. CaYity large, deep, uneven. Calyx 
closed. Basin broad, shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, crisp, 
brisk subacid, pleasant aromatic. Good to very good. September, 
October. 

KxoBBY Russet. 

Knobbed Eusset. Old Maid's. Winter Eusset. 

A dessert Apple from Sussex, England, which Lindley describes as of 
medium size, roundish oval, yellow, nearly covered ^vith russety knobs 
or waii;s. Flesh yellowish, crisp, not juicy, but sweet and high flavored. 
December to March. 

Kxowtj:s' Eaely. 
Oat Harvest ? 

Introduced by John Knowles, near Philadelphia. Tree of moderate 
growth, forming a round head, an early, annual, and abundant bearer, 
and the fruit continues in use a long time. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, smooth, pale greenish yellow, partially 
striped and splashed with dull crimson. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, very tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good to very good. A.ugust. 

Kxox Eusset. 

Found in the orchard of J. Knox, Pittsburgh, Pa. Origin umknoy^Ti. 
Tree spreading, productive, shoots slender. 

Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat conic, yellow gi^een, 
blushed, covered with light russet. Flesh yellow, fine-gi-ained, mild 
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. December, January. 

Kohl. 

From Germany. Tree thrifty, forming a regular top, a good and 
regular bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish, crisp, juicy. Good keeper. (A. Pom. Pep.) 

Koxig's Eei>'ette. 

Eeinetfce Doree. Eeinette du Eoi. 

Eoyale. T\'iiiter CitronenapfeL 

This is said to be a beautiful long-keeping dessert Apple, of Ger- 
man origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, lemon yellow, with a 
rich red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, firm, and juicy, rich 
subacid. December to March. (Diel.) 

Keausee. 

Krowser, Krouser. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, a handsome gi-ower and an 
abundant and regular bearer. Young wood dark reddish brown. 



244 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundisli conic. Color whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with bright red. Stalk rather shoi-t, inserted in a medium 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh white, ten- 
der, mild subacid. Good to very good. December, March. 

Keauter E-EIXETTE. 

A German Apple, highly praised in its own home. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk long. Cavity 
russeted. Flesh wliite, very fine, jnicy, highly aromatic. December to 
March. 

Labute. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, mostly shaded, 
and somewhat splashed with rich red. Stalk rather short. Cavity 
deep. Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, 
rather firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core large. October. 

Lackee. 
Laquier. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, pale red, striped 
and splashed with crimson. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a narrow 
russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin wide, deep, corrugated. Flesh 
white, tender, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. K'ovember to 
March. 

Lady Apple. 

Api. Api Petit. Pomme Eose. 

Pomme d'Api Rong-e. Petit Api Rouge. Gros Api Ptouge. 

An exquisite little dessert fruit, the pretty size and beautiful color 
of which render it a universal favorite ; as it is a great bearer, it is also 
a profitable sort for the orchardist, bringing the highest price of any 




Lady Apple. 



fancy apple in the market. It is an old French variety, and is nearly 
always known abroad by the name of ; but the name of Lady 
Apple has become too universal here to change it now. No amateur's 
collection should be without it. 



THE APPLE. 



245 



Fruit quite small, but regularly formed and flat. Skin smooth and 
glossy, with a brilliant deep red cheek, contrasting with a lively lemon 
yellow ground. Stalk of medium length, and deeply inserted. Calyx 
small, sunk in a basin with small plaits. Flesh white, crisp, tender, and 
j uicy, with a pleasant flavor. The tree has upright, almost black shoots, 
with small leaves ; forms a very upright, small head, and bears its fruit 
in bunches. The latter is very hardy, and may be left on the tree till 
severe frosts. The Lady Apple is in use from December to May. 

The A pi Noir, ov Black Lady Apple^ differs from the foregoing sort 
only in the color, which is nearly black.. In shape, size, season, and 
flavor, it is nearly the same. It is, from its unusually dark hue, a sin- 
gular and interesting fruit — poor flavor. 

The true Api Etoile, or titar Lady Apple^ figured and described by 
Poiteau, in the Pomologie fran9aise, is another very distinct variety ; 
the fruit is of the same general character, but having five prominent an- 
gles, which give it the form of a star. This variety is rather scarce, the 
common Lady Apple being frequently sent out for it by Fi'ench nursery- 
men. It keeps until quite late in the spring, when its flavor becomes 
excellent, though in winter it is rather dry. The growth of the tree re- 
sembles that of the other Apis. 

The Api Gros, or Large Lady Apple, is of a similar habit in growth 
of the tree to the true Lady Apple, the fruit a trifle larger, more round- 
ish, less brightly colored, and quite inferior in qualit3^ 

The Api Gros Pomme de Rose, or Rose-colored Lady Apple, is also 
another variety, with fruit of medium size, roundish, pale yellow, washed 
with bright rosy red. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, crisp, 
aromatic. 

Lady Blush. 
Received from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded in the sun with 
bright red, many light and gray dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, pleasant 
subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. November, December. 

Elliott describes a Lady or Lady's Blush as medium, yellow, with red 
blush. Flesh dry. 

Lady Finger. 
Under this name Hogg describes an Apple as : 

Fruit below medium, pyramidal, rounded at base, dull greenish yel- 
low, with minute gray russety dots, dull blush and spots of lively red 
in the sun. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasantly acid. November to 
March. 

Coxe describes an apple as Lady Finger or Long Pippin, as remarka- 
bly long, greenish yellow. Flesh pleasant, early winter, but does not 
keep well. 

Elliott describes under name of Lady Finger, synonym Sheep ISTose, 
an apple as medium size, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush. Flesh firm, 
watery. November, December. 

We have also received an apple from Maryland under this name which 
is of medium size, roundish conical, yellowish, shaded over the whole 
surface with deep crimson, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk 



246 



THE APPLE. 



short. Cavity ratlier deep. Calyx closed. Basin large, deep, corru- 
gated. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good 
to very good. Core small. August. 

Lady Haley's Noxsuch. 

An Eastern variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, light waxen yellow, shade of 
red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin 
medium, corrugated. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, slightly aromatic. 
Good. Cooking. September. 

Lady of the Wemyss. 
A large and handsome Scotch Apple. 

Fruit roundish, pale green, red next the sun. Flesh white, juicy, 
subacid. October, December. 

Lady's Delight. 

An English culinary Apple, the habit of the tree like that of the 
Weeping Willow. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, with red 
next the sun. Flesh white, crisp, jnicy, brisk, aromatic. October, De- 
cember. (Hogg.) 

Lady's Fancy. 
King of some. 

Origin unknown. Much growTi in Yermont, Northern New York, 
and Canada. 

Fruit above medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, splashed, 
shaded, and mottled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity narrow. Calj^x closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, agree- 
able, subacid. Core large. Good. November to February. 

Lady's Seedling. 

Origin, Delaware Co., Ba. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, pleasant subacid. October. 

Lady's Sweet. 
Pommeroy. Lady's Sweetuig. Roa Ton. Ladies' Sweet. 

We consider this one of the finest winter sweet Apples for the des- 
sert yet known or cultivated in this country. 

Its handsome appearance, delightful perfume, sprightly flavor, and 
the long time whicli it remains in perfection, render it universally ad- 
mired wherever it is known, and no garden should be without it. It is 
a native of this neighborhood. The wood is not very strong, but it 
grows thriftily, and bears very abundantly, making a round spreading 
head. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. Buds small. 



THE APPLE. 



247 



Fruit large, roundish ovate, narrowing pretty rapidly to the eye. 
Skin very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, but pale yellowish 
green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprin- 
kled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when first gath- 
ered, with a thin white bloom. There is also generally a faint mar- 
bling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and 




Lady's Sweet. 



rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set in a narrow, 
shallow, plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, in a shallow cavity. 
Flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, and crisp, with a deli- 
cious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor. Very good or best. Keeps 
without shrivelling, or losing its flavor, till May. 

Lady's White. 

Origin, Franklin Co., O. Tree a good grower and bearer. 
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish, very smooth and fair. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to February. 

Lafayette. 

Originated in Chester, N. H., on the farm of William Jenney, and 
first fruited in 1824, the year of General Lafayette's visit to this coun- 
try, hence its name. It is much esteemed in its native locality, but has 
been little disseminated. Tree a good grower and an annual bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded, splashed, and mar- 
bled with crimson, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk rather 



248 



THE APPLE. 



long, slender. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments rather short 
to a point. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, tender, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to Februaryt 

Lake. 

Origin, D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree of strong upright 
growth, productive. Young shoots stout, short-jointed, dull reddish 
brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, striped, s^^lashed, 
and shaded with deep red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Ripe September and Oc- 
tober. 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain. 
Laneb Abbey Pearmain. 

An old variety, from Kent, England. Tree not healthy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
two shades of red. Flesh whitish, compact, juicy, subacid. Good. 
November. 

Lancaster Greening. 
Lancaster Pippin. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Young 
wood smooth, reddish brown. Buds prominent, flattened. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, approaching conic. Color greenish, 
but when fully mature quite yellow, occasionally a blush of crimson in 
the sun, and pretty thickly sprinkled with russet and crimson dots and 
patches of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin very shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
compact, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Yery good. De- 
cember to May. Much valued as a long keeper. 

Lancaster Sweet. 

Origin, probably Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed and marbled with 
red. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, sweet. Good. September, 
October. 

Land ON. 

Origin uncertain, found on the farm of Buel Landon, Grand Isle, 
Yt., and by him introduced to notice. Tree vigorous, with low spread- 
ing branches, and bears moderately every year. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Color yellow, mottled 
and shaded with red or deep crimson, and covered with numerous gray- 
ish dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, 
basin corrugated and shallow. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, ^vith 
a rich, mild subacid flavor, aromatic. Yery good. February to May. 



THE APPLE. 



249 



Lane's Eed Streak. 

Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree of moderate 
growth. 

Fruit large, round conical, regular. Color yellow, with very fine 
short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful. Flesh white, fine, ten- 
der, pleasant subacid, of fair quality. Good. October. 

Lane's Sweet. 

Origin, Boylston, Mass. Tree a good grower and productive. 
Young shoots smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with red, moderately sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk medium, 
slender. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, pleasant sweet. Good to very good. September. 

There is another Lane's Sweet which originated in Hingliam, Mass. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, with a sunny 
cheek. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed, basin small, 
open. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Novem- 
ber to March. 

Lansingburgh. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, moderately 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, largely overspread with gray- 




Large Yellow Bough. 



250 



THE APPLE. 



ish red. Flesh firm, mild subacid. Good. Valuable mainly because 
of its long keeping qualities. 

Large Yellow Bough. 

Early Sweet Bough. Sweet Harvest. Bough. 

August Sweet. Washington, incorrectly. Sweet Bough. 

A native Apple, ripening in harvest time, and one of the first qua- 
lity, only second as a dessert fruit to the Early Harvest. It is not so 
much esteemed for the kitchen as the latter, as it is too sweet for pies 
and sauce, but it is generally much admired for the table, and is worthy 
of a place in every collection. 

Fruit above the middle size, and oblong ovate in form. Skin smooth, 
pale greenish yellow. Stalk rather long, and the eye narrow and deep. 
Flesh white, very tender and crisp when fully ripe, and with a rich, 
sweet, sprightly flavor. Ripens from the middle of July to the tenth 
of August. Tree moderately vigorous, bears abundantly, and forms a 
round head. Young shoots grayish brown, very slightly downy. 

Larue's Big Green. 
Origin, Hardin Co., Ky. 

Fruit very large, yellow. Flesh vinous, sprightly subacid. Feb- 
ruary, March. Superior for cooking. (Ky. Hort. Soc. Trans.) 




Late Strawberry. 



Late Strawberry. 

Autumn Strawberry. 

Origin, Aurora, N. Y., on lands formerly owned by Judge Phelps. 
Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, hardy. Young wood smooth, reddish 
brown, a regular and early bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



251 



Fruit medium, roundisli, inclining to conic, sometimes obscurely rib- 
bed. Color whitish, striped and splashed with light and dark red, and 
often covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, cui'ved. 
Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant vinous, subacid. Yery good. 
October, December. 

Late Sweet. 

A variety somewhat gi'own in Connecticut, origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly shaded, splashed, and mar- 
bled with red, light and gray dots. Flesh white, compact, not juicy, 
sweet. Decetnber, March. A long keeper and good for cooking. 

Late Wine. 

A very excellent Apple, the origin of which we have been unable to 
trace, nor can we identify it with any known sort. Tree upright, vigor- 
ous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots smooth, light red- 
dish brown, with buds large, round, and prominent. 

Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical. Sides unequal. 
Color mostly shades of light and dark crimson, sometimes almost pur- 
ple, a thin light bloom and light dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity 
acute, slightly russeted, sometimes lines or traces of russet outwards. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, very ten- 
der, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Yery good. October, November. 

Latham. 

Origin, Sag Harbor, Long Island, N". Y. Tree a good grower, very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, almost entirely 
overspread with light and dark red, small light dots. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November, December. 

Lauren's Greening. 
Origin, Laurens Co., Ga. 

Fruit large or above medium, oblate, greenish, with tinge of red in 
the sun. Flesh white, crisp, acid, pleasant. Good. September. 

Lawver. 

Origin uncertain. Introduced by George S. Park, of Parkville, 
Mo., and said to have been found in an old Indian orchard in Kansas. 
Tree vigorous, spreading, an early and annual bearer, a beautiful fruit, 
and a long keeper. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color dark bright red, covered with 
small dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, regular. Calyx small, closed. 
Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh white, firm, crisp, sprightly, aromatic, 
mild subacid. January to May. (Prairie Farmer.) 

Leaver. 

Eeceived from South Carolina. Tree remarkably vigorous and a 
good bearer. 



252 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medmm, roundisli, slightly conical, yellow, shaded and ob- 
scurely striped and splashed with red. Stalk slender. Calyx nearly 
closed. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic sub- 
acid. Good fco very good. Core small. November to March. 

Ledge Sweet. 
Portsmoutli Sweet. 

Origin, Portsmouth, N. H. Tree vigorous, productive, regular bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, thinly shaded with red, 
splashed and striped with dark red, thinly sprinkled with light and gray 
dots. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity broad, not deep. Calyx closed. 
Segments short. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, tender, juicy, mild, half sweet, pleasant. Core small. 
Good or very good. December to March. 

Leicester Sweet. 
Potter Sweet. 

Origin, Leicester, Mass. Tree vigorous, not very productive. 
Fruit rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red. Flesh 
tender, rich, excellent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. 

Leithemee, Streifling. 

Of German origin. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, lemon yellow, overspread, shaded, and 
striped and splashed with varying shades of red. Calyx closed. Basin 
ribbed. Flesh white, tinged with red, firm, aromatic, sweet. December. 

Leland Spice. 

L eland Pippin. New York Spice. 

Origin, Sherburne, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish. Color yellow, nearly covered with bright red. 
Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with a very rich aromatic 
subacid flavor, excellent for dessert or kitchen. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Lemon Pippin. 

Kirke's Lemon Pippin. Pepin Limon de Galles ? 

An English variety, of medium size, oval. Skin lemon yellow. 
Flesh firm, brisk subacid. Good. October. 

Lesher. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sides unequal, whitish, shaded in the 
sun with light purplish crimson, few small gray and light dots. Flesh 
white, crisp, moderately tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December 
to February. 



THE APPLE. 



253 



Lewis. 

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. A good grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, striped with crimson, and 
partially covered with thin cinnamon russet, and sprinkled with gray 
and brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx closed 
or nearly so, in a moderate basin. Flesh yellow, compact, with a rich 
subacid flavor, not very juicy. Good. November, February. 

It is claimed by some that there is another Lewis, but our experience 
in fruiting them does not enable us to so decide. 

Lewis's Incompakable. 

An English sort, mostly valued for cooking. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, with streaks and 
shades of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. De- 
cember. 

Liberty. 

Originated in Delaware Co., O. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, oblate, oblique, conical, yellowish, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of dull red. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather firm, mild subacid. Core small. Good. Valued mainly for 
its keeping qualities. December to May. 

LiGOZ. 

Origin un]?:nown. 

Fruit large, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
shades of red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, crisp, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. Core small. December, January. 

Limber Twig. 

James Elver. Red Limber Twig ? 

An Apple much cultivated South and West. Origin, supposed North 
Carolina. Tree hardy and productive, roundish, spreading, somewhat 
drooping. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, greenish 
yellow, shaded and striped with dull crimson, and sprinkled with light 
dots. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sur- 
rounded by thin, green russet. Calyx closed, set in a small, uneven 
basin. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, with a brisk, subacid 
flavor. Good. January, April. 

Lincolnshire Holland Pippin. 
Striped Holland Pippin. 
A second-rate cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, stripes of 
red in the sun. Flesh white, subacid. November, January. 



254 



THE APPLE. 



LiNDENWALD. 

Origin, orchard of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree moderately 
vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, surface oily, yellow, light shades of 
red in the sun, few indistinct dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, often 
russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. September. 

Lindley's Nonpareil. 

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree delicate, slender, poor grower, great 
bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish, rich, 
crisp, aromatic, nearly sweet. Good to very good. August, Septem- 
ber. 

LiPPiNCOTT Sweet. 

Origin, New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, thin shade of crimson 
in the sun, many brown and russet dots. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, pleasant mild sweet. Good. Core small. December to 
March. 

Litchfield Pippin. 
Raised by Wm. Hutchins, of Litchfield, Me. 

Fruit medium to large, oval, yellow, with red in sun. Flesh white, 
mild subacid. (Me. Bep.) 

Little Beauty. 

This little Apple, says Bonalds, has the property of holding firmly 
to the branches, so as not easily to be dislodged. Tree upright, and a 
great bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow bronzed in the sun. Flesh yel- 
lowish, rich, but rather dry. December, February. 

Loan's Pearmain. 
An old variety. Tree a poor grower. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, greenish, with stripes of dark red. 
Flesh firm, juicy, crisp. Good. September to November. 

LocY. 

Fruit globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong 
or conic, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh greenish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, ])leasant. Hardly good. November, February. 

LODGEMORE NONPAREIL. 
Clissold's Seedling-. 
An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep yellow, with blush in sun. Flesh 
yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. February, March. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



255 



London Pippin. 
Five- Crowned Pippin. New London Pippia. Koyal Somerset. 

A very old English Apple, mostly valued for cooking or drying. 
Tree a moderate grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base, yellow, with 
a tinge of red in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, rather 
firm, subacid. Good. November to February. 

London Sweet. 

Heicke's Winter Sweet. Mrs. Weaver s Sweet ? 

Clark's Seedling. London Winter Sweet. 

Origin supposed near Dayton, O. Tree vigorous, productive, valu- 
able in rich deep soils. Young wood, dull grayish brown. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with very slight 
indications of russet, a little green russet around the stalk, and sparsely- 
covered with brown specks. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in an abrupt, open, slightly uneven basin. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, tender, fine, delicate, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very 
good. November to February. 

Long Island Pearmain. 
Hollow Crown Pearmain. 

An old variety, described by Coxe, and while it is somewhat exten- 
sively grown, has been sometimes confounded with Winter Pearmain, 
■which is an entirely different fruit. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, having a large hollow basin or crown, 
yellow, splashed and streaked with red, and some faint russet spots. 
Flesh coarse, tender, somewhat dry, aromatic. Good. October to 
February. 

Long Island Pippin. 

Origin unlmown. Specimens from T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Mich. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. Flesh greenish 
yellow, breaking, flne-grained, juicy subacid. Almost best. January. 
(Warder.) 

Long Island Eusset. 

An old Apple, much grown in New Jersey and Long Island, and 
valued highly for cider purposes. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread with dull 
russet, black spots or blotches when fully ripe. Flesh yellowish, tough, 
rather dry, almost sweet. October to February. 

Long John. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, rather 
dry, subacid, valuable only for its size and long keeping quality. March 
to May. 



256 



THE APPLE. 



Long's Red Wintee. 

H. R. Robey, of Fredericksburg, says this was found in the forest 
about fifteen miles from that place. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed 
with bright red, sprinkled with a few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Long Start. 
Westmoreland Longstart. 
An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread and streaked 
with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, pleasant subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

Long Stem. 

There are four distinct Apples under this name, easily distinguished 
by the wood of the young shoots. 

The Long Stem of Connecticut is, perhaps, the oldest variety. The 
young shoots are dull reddish brown, somewhat downy, with prominent 
rounded, flattened buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with greenish dots, and 
small patches of russet. Calyx small, in a small basin. Flesh yellow, 
fine-grained, somewhat spicy, sweet, and rich. Good. September to 
J anuary. 

The Long Stem of Massachusetts has rather slender young shoots of 
reddish brown, somewhat grayish, and slightly downy, with small clear 
red buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a slight blush in the 
sun, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Calyx medium, 
closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic. 
Good. October, February. 

The Long Stem of Pennsylvania has yoimg shoots, of a yellowish 
brown, with very small short buds. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oblong, truncated, 
yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red mostly over the whole 
surface, many small light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, 
with bracts. Calyx closed. Segments a little recurved. Basin corru- 
gated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. November to February. 

The Long Stem of Kentucky has reddish grayish brown young 
wood, slightly downy, with short, round, flattened buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, shaded, mottled, and 
rather indistinctly splashed and striped over all with dull dark red, and 
with many large light gray dots. Flesh greenish white, rather compact, 
mild, almost sweet, subacid. Core small. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Longville's Kernel. 
Sam's Crab. 

English. Fruit rather below medium size, oval, rather flattened. 



THE APPLE. 



257 



greenish yellow, streaked with pale brownish red, with a few streaks of 
bright red. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly perfumed, subacid. Good. 
August and September. 

Lord Burleigh. 
Lord Burghley. 

A new celebrated English dessert Apple, as yet untested here. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, and ribbed, yellow, with a 
bright crimson cheek, and many russet specks. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, juicy, sweet pine-apple flavor. January to May. (Hogg.) 

Lord Suffield. 

A valuable English kitchen Apple, described as an improvement on 
Keswick Codlin. The tree hardy, and a great bearer. 

Fruit above medium, conical, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in 
the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, brisk subacid. August and Sep- 
tember. 

LoRicK Cluster. 

Said to have originated in Georgia. Tree a poor grower, but a 
great bearer and keeper. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale green, with a brown tinge in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core 
small. January to April. 

LoRiNG Sweet. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with red, and sprin- 
kled with brown specks. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. 
November to June. 

Loudon Pippin. 
White's Loudon Pippin. Lady Washington ? 

Origin, farm of Mr. White, Loudon Co., Ya., and much cultivated 
and valued in that section. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, light yellow, sometimes blush 
of red in the sun, sprinkled with a few grayish dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a large cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, open. Ba- 
sin smooth and even, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender, 
juicy, subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 

Louise Benard. 

Originated in Belgium. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, shaded with, 
bright red in the sun, small reddish gray spots. Stalk short. Cavity 
deep, irregular. Calyx open. Flesh very white, tender, subacid,, aro- 
matic. (An. Pom.) 

17 



258 



THE APPLE. 



Lovett's Sweet. 

Origin, Beverly, Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic. Skin yellow. Flesh yellow, 
moderately juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. October to February. 

Lowell. 

Queen Anne. Michigan Golden. Greasy Pippin. 

Orange. Tallow Apple. Golden Pippin of some. 

Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. Young 
wood reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oval or conic, bright waxen yellow, oily. 
Stalk of medium length. Cavity deep, uneven. Basin deep, abrupt, 
and furrowed. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, Avith a brisk, rich, 
rather acid flavor. Good to very good. ^September, October. 




Lowell. 



LowRE Queen. 
Loure Queen. 

Origin unknown, somewhat extensively grown in Central Ohio. 
Trees upright, early bearers. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, yellow, striped and splashed with 
dull red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Yery good. Novem- 
ber, February. (Elliott.) 



THE APPLE. 



259 



Luce's Early Joe. 
Early Joe, incorrectly. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, with a blush in the sun, few 
brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, mild, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. September. 

Lucombe's Pine- Apple. 

Pine -Apple. Pine -Apple Pippin. 

An English Apple, rather below medium size, ovate conical, ob- 
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good. October, December. 

Lucombe's Seedling. 

English. Fruit large, roundish, angular, whitish, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh firm, juicy, good for cooking. October, 
November. 

LUDWIG. 
Haas. 

Originated on the land of Ludwig, Bucks Co., Pa., and consid- 
erably grown in its native locality. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, splashed, mottled, 
and shaded with light red, many dots, with dark centres. Stalk short, 
slender. Cavity rather large, a little greenish russet. Calyx closed. 
Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes a little stained next 
the skin, fine-grained, juicy, mild subacid. Core rather small. Good to 
very good. November to March. 

Lyman's Large Summer. 
Large Yellow Summer. 

A large and handsome American fruit, introduced to notice by Mr. 
S. Lyman, of Manchester, Conn. The bearing trees are easily recognized 
by their long and drooping branches, which are almost wholly without 
fruit-spurs, but bear in clusters at their extremities. They bear poorly 
until the tree attains considerable size, when it yields excellent crops. 

Fruit quite large, roundish, flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, 
pale yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, subacid, and good for the table or 
for cooking. Last of August. 

Lyon's Sweet. 

Originated in Connecticut. Tree a good grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, striped, 
and splashed with red, light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, rather compact, juicy, tender, sweet. Good. December. 

Lyscom. 

Osgood's Favorite. Matthew Stripe. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young 
shoots dark brown, downy. 



260 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a few broken stripes or 
splashes of red. Stalk short, planted in a deep, round, even cavity. 

Calyx large, in a broad, plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, and exceed- 
ingly mild and agreeable in flavor. Good to very good. September to 
November. 

McAfee's Nonsuch. 
McAfee's Red. 

Originated at McAfee's old Fort in Kentucky. Good grower, very 
productive. Young shoots smooth reddish brown. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblate. Skin yellowish green, 
shaded and striped with crimson and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk 
short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small basin. 
Flesh whitish, solid, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to 
March. 

McCoy's Pippin. 

Origin, Loudon, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth, 
productive, valued as a showy market sort, and also for cooking. 

Fruit large, oblate, a little oblique, greenish white, a shade of dull 
red in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, December. 

McDaniel. 

Origin, Green Co., Ohio. 

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, yellow, covered with rich crim- 
son, indistinct stripes. Dots light gray. Flesh yellow, solid, juicy, sub- 
acid, rich, piquant. October, November. (Warder.) 

McDowell's Sweet. 
Origin, North Carolina. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, fine yellow, mostly over- 
spread, shaded, and splashed with light and dark red, almost purplish in 
the sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin narrow, corrugated. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, refreshing, sweet. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

McHenky. 

Origin, Elizabethtown, Indiana. Growth upright and free, mode- 
rately productive. Color and quality similar to American Summer 
Pearmain. September to December. 

Mackay Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, slight tinge of red in 
the sun. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sweet, pleasant. Good. Core 
small. December to March. 



THE APPLE. 



261 



McKim's Yandervere. 

Origin, on the grounds of Kobert McKim, Centre Co., Pa. Tree 
vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, splashed, striped, and 
mottled with shades of red, light and brown dots. Elesh white, ten- 
der, not very juicy, acid. Good. September, November. 

McKlNLEY. 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, dull red on green- 
ish yellow. Stripes indistinct. Flesh breaking, fine-grained, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Maclean's Favorite. 
An English Apple of little value. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh crisp, acid. November to 
February. 

McLellan. 
Martin, 

Origin, Woodstock, Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, very produc- 
tive, annual bearer, and handsome. Young shoots, dull grayish red- 
dish brown, sKghtly downy. 




McLellan. 



Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly conic, very re- 
gular, and fair. Color yellow, mostly striped, marbled, and splashed 
with red. Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Calyx small, 
nearly closed. Basin moderate, slightly uneven. Flesh white, very ten- 
der, juicy, with a fine vinous flavor, almost saccharine. Yery good. 
December to March. 



262 



THE APPLE. 



Macomber. 

Origin, Guilford, Maine. Tree a good annual bearer. 

Fruit full medium, oblate, angular, yellowish, shaded and striped 
with red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin large and re- 
gular. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. 
December, January. 

Magnolia. 

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, beautifully striped 
and mottled with crimson. Stalk short, in a broad, uneven cavity. 
Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, 
subacid. Good to very good. October. 

We have also received from J. W. Dodge, Tennessee, an apple under 
this name, the origin of which cannot be well traced. It is large, 
roundish oblate, inclining to conic, irregular, yellow, striped, mottled, 
and splashed with red. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant, 
slightly aromatic. Very good. December, January. 

Maiden's Blush. 

A remarkably beautiful Apple, a native of New Jersey, and first de- 
scribed by Coxe. It begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and con- 
tinues until the last of October. It has all the beauty of color of the 
pretty little Lady Apple, and is much cultivated and admired, both 
for the table and for cooking. It is also very highly esteemed for 
drying. 




Maiden's Blush. 



This variety forms a handsome, rapid-gi-owing tree, with a fine 
spreading head, and bears large crops. It is very valuable as a profita- 
ble market sort. 



THE APPLE. 



263 



Fruit of medimn size, very regularly shaped, and a little narro^ver to- 
wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale 
lemon yellow in the shade, 'with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, 
the two colors often joining in brilliant red. Stalk short, planted in a 
rather wide deep hollow. Basin moderately depressed. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. 

Maiden's Favorite. 
Maiden's Apple. 

Origin, farm of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, IST. Y. Its delicacy and 
beauty will make it desirable for the amateur. Tree of rather slow 
growth, upright slender branches, an annual and good bearer. Young 
shoots smooth, clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes slightly conic, gene- 
rally cylindric, but often very obscurely ribbed, whitish or pale 
waxen yellow, shaded and sometimes slightly mottled with crimson, and 
sparsely sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short, small, surrounded by 
thin russet, in a deep, uniform cavity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin 
slightly corrugated, deep, open. Flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a 
pleasant, very delicate, vinous subacid. Good to very good. Core 
small. October to January. 

Majoe. 

Originated with Major Samuel McMahon, Northumberland Co., 
Pa. This is a showy market Apple of really excellent quality. The 
tree is a rapid a.nd vigorous grower, ^vdth rather irregular, upright, 
spreading shoots, reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit large. Form roundish, often oblate, slightly inclining to conic. 
Sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish, shaded and rather obscurely 
striped and splashed with deep red, many light russet gray dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, with stiff, short segments. Basin large, 
broad, and furrowed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich 
subacid. Core small. Yery good. i«[ovember to April. 

Mala Carle. 

Pomme Finale. Charles Apple. 

Mela di Carlo. Mela Carla. 

Pomme de Charles. 

The Male Carle is the most celebrated of all Apples in Italy and the 
South of Europe, whence it comes. Here or in New England it does 
not always attain perfection, but south of ISTew York it becomes beauti- 
ful and fine, as it needs a warm and dry soil. 

Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, a little narrow to- 
wards the eye. Skin • smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale 
lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, 
the two colors often j oining in strong contrast. Flesh white, not veiy 
juicy, but tender, and with a delicate, slightly rose-perfumed flavor, 
Good. September to January. 

Mam^la.. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree a very thrifty, compact 
grower. Young wood reddish. 



264 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit above medium, oblate, crimson red. Tlesli yellowisli, rich, aio- 
matic subacid. October, November. 

MA3OI0TH June. 

Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree an upright, moderate grower ; not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with shades of red, light dots. Flesh very white, tender, not 
very juicy, mild subacid. Good. July, August. 

Manaen. 

This variety was grown from seed of the Talman Sweet, by F. E« 
Miller, Sugar Grove, Warren Co., Pa., and first fruited in 1867. The 
tree is said to be a thrifty, upright grower. Young wood dark reddish 
brown, with a few white raised dots, and slightly downy. Leaf broad, 
roundish oval, coarsely serrated. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate conical, iiTegular, or partially 
ribbed, pale whitish yellow, with deep carmine dots and marblings in 
sun, russet lines radiating from the stalk, scattering minute, raised, gray, 
or russet dots in the shade. Stalk slender. Ca^^.ty deep, broad, open, 
russeted. Calyx partially closed, with erect recurved, divided segments. 
Basin rather deep, abrupt, generally iiTegular in form, usually clean and 
smooth, but occasionally with russeted broken lines. Flesh yellowish 
white, granulated, tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet, aromatic. Yery 




Mangum. 



good. Core small. Seeds dark rich brown, oblong, pointed. Season, 
last of August and September. A new variety of fine promise as an 
amateur's fruit. (Rural New Yorker.) 



THE APPLE. 



265 



Mangum. 

Fall Cheese of Ya. Cheese. Seago. 

Gully. Carter of Ala. Maxfleld. 

Carter's Winter. Patton. Johnston's Favorite. 

Alabama Pearmain ? Sam Wingard. Blakely. 

A Southern variety of uncertain origin. It is extensively cultivated 
South, where it is counted as one of the most desii^able and reliable 
apples. Tree a good, fair grower, with young shoots of a grayish brown, 
very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, striped and mostly 
shaded with red, thickly sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots. Stalk 
short and small, inserted in a broad cavity surrounded by russet. Ca- 
lyx partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellow, very ten- 
der, juicy, mild subacid. Yery good to best. October, November. 

Mank's Codlin. 

Irish Pitcher. Frith Pitcher. Irish Codlin. 

Eve of Scotland. Frith Pippin. 

An old English culinary Apple, long cultivated and esteemed here as 
well as abroad for its productiveness, hardiness of tree, and early bear- 
ing habit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, one side of apex end higher 
than the other, clear pale yellow, with a bronzed cheek in sun. Flesh 
yellowish white, fine crisp, brisk subacid. Good. August to Novem- 
ber. 

Mannington's Peaemain. 

Origin, Sussex, England. A dessert fruit of considerable esteem 
abroad, and here fully sustains its foreign character. Tree hardy, and 
early bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, truncated, yellow, partially 
russeted, shaded and splashed ^vith red, prominent, rough, light gray 
dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. Yery Good. Core 
medium. October, December. 

Manomet. 

Horse Block. Manomet Sweet. 

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. This is one of the finest of sweet apples, 
esteemed highly wherever grown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with a richly shaded cheek. 
Stalk rather slender, inserted in a shallow cavity, slightly surrounded by 
russet. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, 
sweet, and rich. Yery good. Core small. August, September. 

Mansfield Busset. 

Brought into notice by Dr. Joseph Mansfield, of Groton, Mass. 
Tree vigorous, upright, and very productive. 



266 THE APPLE. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, cinnamon russet. 
Stalk long, inserted in a deep furrowed cavity. Calyx partially closed, 
set in an open basin. Flesh not very juicy, rich, aromatic, saccharine, 
vinous. Good to very good. Keeps till April or May. 




Manomet. 



Marble Sweet. 

Virginia Sweet. Mclhtire's Sweeting. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled dull red and yellow. 
Flesh sweet, dry. November, February. (ElKott.) 

March's Red Winter. 
March's Red Seedling. 

Origin, on the farm of George B. March, near ChilKcothe, Ohio. 
Tree a moderate grower. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, overspread and shaded 
with rich bright red. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, pleas- 
ant subacid. Good. November to January. 

Margil. 

Neverf an. Munche's Pippin. 

An old English dessert Apple, of slender growth. 
Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yel- 
low, firm, aromatic. Good. October, November. 

Maria Bush. 



Origin, Lancaster, Co., Pa. A healthy grower and good "bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



267 



Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots. Stem slender. Cavity 
large. Basin abrupt and open. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, subacid. 
Good. October, November. 

Marks. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree vigorous, 
upright, productive. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, yellow- 
ish white, with a few russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange 
blush. Flesh whitish, tender, brisk subacid. Good. January to March. 
The fruit drops badly. 

Marmalade Plppin. 

Althorp Pippin. Welsh Pippin. 

This is an English Apple, from Derbyshire. Tree hardy, and profuse 
bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, yellowish, 
bronzed in the sun, numerous dots and some pearly white specks. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet. October to February. There is 
another apple under this name, which is striped with red and ripens in 
August. 

f Marshall. 

Largely grown in some parts of New Hampshire, as a profitable 
market Apple, on account of its productiveness and very late keeping. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, a little flattened, deep green, mostly 
overlaid with a fine thick sprinkling of whitish green specks, a little 
blush and crimson specks next the sun. April, May. (Me. E/Cp.) 

Marshall's Sweet. 

Originated with S. B. Marshall, Ohio. Tree a moderate stocky 
grower, forming a round head. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, 
splashed and striped with light and dark red. Flesh white, a little 
stained next the skin, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. 
November, December. 

Marston's Red Winter. 

Origin, Greenland, N. H. Tree hardy, of moderate gTowth. Young 
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. Great bearer, and keeps as well 
as Baldwin. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish conic. Stalk rather slender, in a 
narrow, deep, compressed, slightly russeted cavity — sometimes with a 
lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments long, in a deep corrugated basin. 
Color whitish yellow, shaded and striped with bright red and crimson, 
thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Flesh whitish yellow, very juicy, 
tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. December to March. 



268 



THE APPLE. 



Mahtin. 

Origin, supposed Ohio. Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Truit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow mixed and striped 
red. Stalk short. Flesh light yellow, rather tender, juicy, subacid, 
agreeable. Almost good. August, September. (Am. Hort. An.) 

Martin Nonpareil. 

An English Apple. The tree a vigorous grower, hardy, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish or roundish oblate, yellow, with many traces 
and patches of russet, and small gray and brown dots. Flesh yellow, 
compact, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Yery good. Core small. Novem- 
ber to March. Too small for profit. 

Mart. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, overspread with light red, 
striped and splashed with crimson, few light dots. Stalk short, small. 
Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, tolerably juicy, 
mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core small. January 
to March. 

Maryland Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish shaded, splashed and marbled with 
light and dark red, light dots. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. Core large. October, November. 

Masten. 

Masten's Seedling-. 

Originated on the farm of R. C. Masten, Pleasant Yalley, Dutchess 
Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, with a broad, spreading, well-formed head, 
productive. Young shoots grayish brown. 

Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical, oily, yellow, brownish 
or faint blush in the sun, brown and light dots. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to 
March. 

Master's. 
Master's Seedling. 

An old Kentish, England, Apple. Tree hardy, vigorous, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, round, yellowish green, red cheek in the sun. Flesh 
white, firm, acid. November, January. 



THE APPLE. 



269 



Matlock's Summer. 

Fruit large, oblate, white, sometimes with a blush or indistinct 
splashes and stripes. Tlesh tender, juicy, almost sweet. Good. 
August. 

Matson. 

Fruit large, red streaked, showy, acid, cooking. (A. Pom. S.) 
Mattamuskeet. 

Origin, Eastern North Caroliua. Tree vigorous, productive. Yoimg 
wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and splashed 
with light and dark red. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, brisk subacid. 
Good. December to March. Valued principally for its keeping quali- 
ties. 

Mauck. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. 

Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh tender, 
pleasant. Good. Core large, hollow. October, November. 




Maverack's Sweet. 



Maverack's Sweet. 

Raised by Dr. Maverack, Pendleton District, S. C. Tree vigorous 
upright, spreading, sometimes irregular, an early and good bearer. 
Young shoots reddish grayish brown, slightly downy. 



270 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, roundisL. oblate, yellow, mostly shaded witli ricli deep 
red, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short, inserted in an open cavity. 
Calyx open, set in a deep corrugated basin. Elesh yellowish, rather 
coarse-grained, breaking, tender, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to February. A valuable sweet apple for market or 
cooking. 

Maxey. 

This variety we received from A. L. Woodson, Hart Co., Ky., 
by whom the tree is described as a good grower, an annual but not early 
bearer, producing fair, even-sized fruit, that keeps well into May and 
June. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical, light greenish 
ground, with broken red stripes and splashes, from the stem end, of 
pinkish red, light dots and indistinct dark specks. Stalk medium length 
and size. Cavity regular, round, smooth, lightly russeted. Calyx large, 
open, with divided recurved segments. Basin shallow, broad, regular. 
Flesh whitish, not very juicy or tender, subacid. Good. Core small. 
May to July. 

May. 

May Apple. Pillkin. Pljrmouth Greening. 

Bhenish May. Winter May. May of Myers. 

May Seek-no -further of some. 

An old Apple, considerably grown at the West. Origin unknown. 
Its only value is because of its long keeping quality. Tree a poor 
grower, but a good bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, downy 
somewhat towards the end. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale greenish yellow, slight brown- 
ish in sun. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, not very juicy, mild 
subacid. Core rather large, and open. Good. February to June. 

May Seek-no-Farther. 
Lop-sided Pearmain. Pilliken. May, erroneously. 

Origin unknown. Considerably grown in some parts of the West, 
and valued only because of its productiveness and long keeping. 
Tree spreading, hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, dull greenish, mostly overspread and 
shaded with obscure stripes and marblings of dull dingy red. Flesh firm, 
dry, subacid. Good. February to May. 

Meach. 

From J. M. Ketchum, Brandon, Yt. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, striped and 
mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yellowish, 
rather fine, juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November. 

Meadow Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, gray and light 
dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender and juicy, rather rich, sweet. 
Core small. Good. November, February. 



THE APPLE. 



271 



Mear's Sweet. 
Mear's Seedling. 
Origin, near Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, brownish in 
the sun. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
mild, sweet subacid. Core small. Good. January to March. 

Meister. 

From Berks Co., Pa. 

Size below medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, striped with 
red, with numerous white spots, and russet dots. Flesh tender, pleasant 
subacid. Good. October. 

Meloit. 

Norton's Melon. Watermelon. 

Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Tree of rather slow growth while 
young, a good bearer. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. One 
of the best and most valuable sorts for the dessert ; a little too tender for 
shipping long distances. 

Fruit medium or above. Form roundish oblate, slightly conic, ob- 
scure ribs towards apex. Color pale yellow, nearly covered with light 




Melon. 



crimson, splashed, striped, and mottled with carmine, some traces of 
russet, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk me- 
dium, slender. Cavity large, deep, regular, often considerably russeted. 
Calyx partially closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes a little re- 



272 



THE APPLE. 



curved. Basin rather abrnpt, slightly corrugated. Flesli wMte, very 
tender, juicy, refreshing, lively vinous subacid. Core small. Best. 
November to March. 

Melrose. 
White Melrose. 

An old Scotch Apple little known. Tree a strong, healthy grower 
and a free bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, much ribbed toward the apex, 
pale yellow, becoming deeper in the sun, and at times many crimson 
spots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sweet subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

Melt m the Mouth. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 
Young shoots long, slender, dark reddish brown, downy at ends. 

Fruit medium or rather below, roundish, slightly conic, deep red, 
splashed and marbled on a yellow ground, with a few small white dets. 
Stalk long, very slender, curved, in a small cavity. Calyx closed, in a 
rather abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, with a mild, 
rather rich, pleasant subacid, somewhat resembling Summer Pearmain. 
Yery good. September to November. 

Melvtn Sweet. 

Origin, Concord, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped with pale red. 
Flesh rich and sugary. November to February. (Hov. Mag.) 

Menagere. 

We received this fruit from Mr. Manning, who, we believe, had it 
from Germany ; it is only fit for cooking. 

Fruit very large, regularly formed, but very much flattened, pale 
yellow, with sometimes a little red in the -sun. Flesh tolerably juicy. 
Good. September to January 

Menonisten Peinette. 
Eeinette des Menonites. 
A German dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a flush of 
red in the sun. Flesh fine, firm, juicy, aromatic, brisk subacid. No- 
vember, February. 

Mensfeld Calville. 

Calville d'Hiver de Mensfeld. Mensfelder Gulderling. 

Mensf elder Winter Calville. 

Originated in Mensfeld, in the Duchy of Warsaw. Tree a strong, vig- 
ous grower, with long jointed branches. 



THE APPLE. 



273 



Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed, yellowish green, with 
distinct small brown dots. Calyx large. Stalk short. Tlesh half firm, 
rather tender, sugary, vinous. Good for table or cooking. December 
to February. (Yer.) 

Mercer. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from "Western New York. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few 
gray dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October. 

Mere de Menage. 

Fruit very large, conical, yellow, overspread, shaded, and striped with 
red. Flesh firm, crisp, brisk, juicy, subacid. October, December. A 
very showy market Apple, and good for cooking. 

Merrill's. 
Merrill's Apple. 

Origin, Smyrna, N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with a bright red cheek. Flesh yel- 
low, rather firm, rich, spicy, subacid. Good. December to March. 

Merritt's Sweet. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. Flesh com- 
pact, very sweet, good for culinary use and stock feeding. Good. 
Last of August. Productive. 

Merwin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, faintly striped, 
splashed, and shaded with red. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, mod- 
erately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Methodist. 

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous and productive, medium size, 
oblong oval, greenish, marbled and striped ^vith red. Flesh white, ten- 
der, mild subacid, not rich. Good. November 

METOIRf:E. 
French Crab. 

An old variety, of litle value. Tree of moderate growth, holding its 
fruit quite late in autumn. 

Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded over with red. Flesh juicy. 
Good flavor for baking. 

Mexico. 

Origin, Canterbury, Conn. Tree of moderate growth^ productive, 
hardy. Young shoots dull grayish brown, downy. 

IS 



274 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundisli oblate, crimson, striped, splashed, and shaded 
with very dark red, a little yellow in the shade, with a few large light 
dots. Stalk medium length. Cavity broad, shallow, russeted. Calyx 
closed in a narrow basin. Flesh whitish, stained with red, tender, 
rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Sep- 
tember, October. 




Mexico. 



Michael Henry Pippin. 
Rariton Sweet. 

A New Jersey fruit, a native of Monmouth County, first described by 
Coxe. The tree forms a very upright head, with pretty strong shoots. 
Very productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong ovate, narrowing to the eye, 
when ripe, of a lively yellowish green. Stalk short and rather thick. 
Calyx set in a narrow basin. Flesh greenish white, very tender, juicy, 
mild tame sweet. Good. November to March. 

Middle. 
Mittel. 

Origin, Herkimer, N. Y. A moderate grower, not very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, greenish 
yellow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, mild subacid. Good, De- 
cember, February. 

Middlebourg Reinette. 
Reinette de Middlebourg-. 

A new variety, originating in Holland. Tree upright, productive. 



THE APPLE. 



275 



Fruit medmm, roundish oblong, greenish yellow, with many grayish 
spots. Calyx small, half closed. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, fine, 
firm, rather dry, subacid. December to March. (Yer.) 

Mifflin King. 
Origin, farm of Mr. Kofiman, Mifflin Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish with a slight blush and a few gray dots. 
Stalk short, small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, lively subacid. Good. November and December. 

MiGNONNE d'HiVER. 

A new variety, probably of French origin. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate depressed, slightly conic, greenish 
yellow, with shade of rich bright red in the sun, few light and gray 
dots. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, 
moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, almost sweet. December, February. 

Milam. 

Harrig-an. Winter Pearmain of some. Blair. 

Thomas. Rusty Coat Milam ? 

Origin uncertain, much grown in some sections at the West, very 
productive, and keeps well. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, greenish, shaded and striped with 
red. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, subacid, not rich. Good. December, 
March. 

Milch. 

Braunschweiger Milch, Milch Apfel. 

An extremely beautiful German Apple, recently introduced. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, waxy white, with crimson stripes 
and dots on the sunny side. Flesh white, tender, crisp, subacid. 
August. 

Miller. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. 
Young shoots grayish dall reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, shaded, splash- 
ed, and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, sometimes stained with 
red next the skin, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core large. 
Stiptember, November. 

Miller. 

Introduced by James O. Miller, Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood smooth, light reddish 
brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and splashed with rich red, large light or areole dots. Stalk short. 



276 



THE APPLE. 



Cavity deep. Calyx large, partially closed. Basin deep, furrowed, 
riesh yellowish, tender, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. 
October, November. 

MiNCHALL Crab. 

Minshul Crab. Mincham's Crab. 

Lancashire Crab. Lancaster Crab. 

An English Apple, valued mainly for cooking. Tree hardy, and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with traces of rus- 
set, and shades of red in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. 
November, February. (Ron.) 

Minier's Dumpling. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower and good bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, greenish, with dull red in the 
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. November, February. (Lind.) 

Minister. 

A New England variety, introduced to notice by the late R. Man- 
ning. It originated on the farm of Mr. Saunders, Eowley, Mass. Tree 
moderately vigorous, upright spreading, very productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, oblong, tapering to the eye, around which are a few fur- 
rows — and resembling the Yellow Belle-Fleur in outline. Skin striped 
and splashed uear the stalk, with bright red on a greenish yellow ground. 
Stalk an inch long, slender, curved to one side, and pretty deeply in- 
serted. Calyx small, closed, inserted in a very narrow plaited or fur- 
rowed basin. Flesh yellowish white, very tender, with a somewhat 
acid, but very agreeable flavor. Good to very good. Core large and 
open. October to February. 

MiNKLER. 

Brandywine ? 

This is an old variety which was first exhibited before the Illinois 
Horticultural Society, and because it could not be identified, received, 
for the time being, the name of its exhibitor. At some future time it 
will probably be found identical with some variety long since named 
and described. Tree an irregular grower, good bearer and keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, pale greenish yellow, 
striped and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, compact, 
moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January 
to March. 

Mishler's Sweet. 

From Pennsylvania. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong ovate, greenish yellow, few gray dots. 



THE APPLE. 



277 



Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. Core large. 
October. 

MiTCHELSON. 

Mitchelson's Seedling. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as beaatiful, and suitable for 
dessert or cooking. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, slight patches 
and traces of russet, with a reddish cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, crisp, brisk rich subacid. December, February. 

Molasses. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous, and hardy. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin thick, rough, greenish yellow, shaded 
with dull red, thickly covered with large crimson or lilac dots, and dull 
lilac bloom. Flesh yellow and exceedingly sweet. January to April. 

There are, besides the above, three or four distinct apples under this 
name. One is claimed to have origmated in Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, tinge of crimson in the sun. 
Flesh yellow, compact, not very juicy, sweet. Tree a slow grower. 
October, November. 

Elliott describes a Molasses, giving as synonyms. Priest's Sweet, 
J3utter, JBlue Sweet. 

Fruit small, roundish, red. Flesh dry, sweet. October. 

Another we have met is roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with dark red. Flesh rich, sweet. Fine for 
cooking. None of this class are valued, except for the purpose of 
cooking and feeding stock. 

Monarch. 
Monarch Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, a good and early bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin light red, splashed 
and striped with dark red, and numerous light dots. Flesh juicy, not 
very tender, but rich, pleasant subacid. Good. September, October. 

MoNKLAND Pippin. 

Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, soft, 
coarse. Poor. November. 

Monk's Favorite. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. 

MONKTON. 

A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, clear red, with stripes of 
crimson. Flesh yellow, juicy, brisk acid. (Hogg.) 



278 



THE APPLE. 



Monmouth Pippin. 
Eed Cheek Pippin. 

A native of Monmoutli Co., N. J., of moderate upright growth, and 
productive. Young shoots dark oKve. 




Monmouth. Pippin. 



Fruit large, oblate, a little inclining to conic, obscurely five-angled, 
slightly flattened at base and crown. Color pale yellow, with a beautiful 
warm cheek, and numerous russet dots. Stalk rather short, inserted in 
a large, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, 
abrupt, and corrugated. Tlesh juicy, fine, brisk, aromatic subacid. Very 
good to best. November to March. 

Monstrous Bellflower. 

An old variety, little grown. Tree a strong, irregular, vigorous 
grower, not pi'ofitable. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow blush in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, brisk, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October, No- 
vember. 

Montalivet. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, deep yellow, with small russet 
dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. January, 
February. Core small. 



THE APPLE. 



279 



MOOEE. 
Moore's Seedling 

A good culinary Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, greenish yellow, with broken 
streaks of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasantly sweet. October, 
December. (Hogg.) 

Moore's Extra. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, not an early but a good bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base. 
Color yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, 
large light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx 
• open. Segments short, erect, separated. Basin large, deep, irregular. 
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core small. 
Yery good. December, March. 

Moore's Greening. 

Raised by R. Moore, of Southington, Conn. Yery productive. 

Fruit medium, globular, inclining to oblong or conic, greenish yel- 
low, sometimes with a slight blush. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a 
brisk, vinous flavor. Good. December, March. 

/ 

Moore's Sweet. 

Sweet Pippin. Polhemus. 

Eed Sweet Pippin. Pound Sweet of some. 

Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Although not a first- 
class Apple, it is a very profitable and valuable one for all cooking or 
stock-feeding purposes. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dark dull red, with a slight bloom, 
small light-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, rich, pleasant sweet. Good. 
Core small. November to May. 

Moorhen Pippin. 

An English dessert Apple, below medium size, roundish oblate, 
greenish, with splashes of red and russet in sun. Flesh firm, rich, pleas- 
ant. January to April. (Ron.) 

MORELAND. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree very productive. 
Fruit medium, yellow, with a red cheek, pleasant acid. Good for 
cooking. October. 

Morgan White. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, irregularly ribbed, uneven, 
greenish, marked with gray stripes, rarely a faint blush. Dots white, 
large. Flesh greenish white, breaking, tender, juicy, acid to subacid. 
Good. September to January. (Warder.) 



280 



THE APPLE. 



Morrison's Eed. 

Origin, supposed to be a native of Medfield, Mass., on the farm of 
Mr. Fisher. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish 
brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, light yellow, shaded and obscurely 
striped with deep red. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity small. Calyx 
closed, in a very small basin. Flesh tender, crisp, with a very mild, 
pleasant subacid. Very good. November to March. 

Morrison Sweet. 

Origin, Clinton Co., N. Y. Tree small, hardy, round regular head, 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, with slight blush in sun 
Flesh white, rather dry, sweet. Poor. October, November. 

Morris's Court of Wick. 

A variety esteemed in England, too small for Americans. 
Fruit small, oblate, greenish, with light red in the sun. Flesh firm, 
tender, juicy, rich, vinous. October, January. 

Morris's Eusset. 
Origin, Brentford, England. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, brownish russet, becoming ruddy in 
the sun. Flesh firm, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, subacid. October, 
February. (Hogg.) 

Morton. 
Morton's Seedling. 

Origin, supposed Clermont Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright 
spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a reddish 
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sweet subacid. 
Good. November, December. 

Moses Wood. 

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Cavity and basin 
shallow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Moss's Incomparable. 

Originated in England. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, washed with pale red, 
and splashed with bright red in the sun, many small dark brown specks. 

Stalk slender. Cavity large. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, 
aromatic subacid. January to February. 

An apple of good promise. (An. Pom.) 



THE APPLE. 



281 



Mote's Sweet. 

Originated on the property of L. S. Mote, Miami Co., Ohio. A valua- 
ble, but as yet comparatively new Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing, productive. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large. Form roundish, somewhat roundish oblate conic. Color 
pale whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and moderately 
sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, rich honeyed sweet. 
Yery good. Core small. September, October. 

Mother. 

Queen Anne. Gardener's Apple. 

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots grayish brown, downy. One of the best of 
Apples for the dessert, rather too tender for shipment. 



Mother. 



Fruit medium. Form roundish, slightly conical. Color yellow, 
almost entirely overspread with light, clear, rich red, splashed and mar- 
bled with many deeper shades, many minute light dots. Stalk short, 
small. Cavity acute, often a little russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, 
corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic subacid. Best. 
November, February. 



282 



THE APPLE. 



Mother Davis. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitisli yellow, shaded and ob- 
scurely splashed with light red, many small and large light dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh fine, yellowish, tender, juicy, 
sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core rather small. 
November, December. 

Mountain Belle. 
A native of Habersham Co., Ga. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, orange ground, shaded and 
striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx medium. Flesh 
white, hard, juicy, tough, subacid. Good. November to May. (White.) 

Mountain Sweet. 
Mountaineer. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow. Dots minute. Calyx small, closed. 
Stalk short, slender. Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine-grained, 
juicy, sweet. Good to very good. December. (Warder.) 

Mouse Apple. 
Moose Apple. 

Origin, Ulster Co., N. *Y. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit, in weight, light ; in size, large, roundish, slightly conical, pale 
greenish yellow, with a brownish blush on one side, and a few scattered, 
russety gray dots. Flesh very white and fine-grained, moderately juicy, 
delicate, faintly perfumed, mild subacid. Good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

MuNSON Sweet. 
Orange Sweet. Ray Apple. Meachem Sweet. 

Origin uncertain, probably Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, spreading, 
an annual and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush. Stem 
short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, sweet. Good. September to February. 

Murphy. 

Baised by Mr. J). Murphy, of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate grower, 
spreading, tolerably productive. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish, pale red, streaked with darker red, and 
marked with blotches of the same color. Flesh white, tender, with an 
agreeable flavor. Good. November to February. 

Muscat Beinette. 
Eeinette Musquee. 
A new German Apple, said to be superior. 



THE APPLE. 



283 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, much striped with red. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, rich, aromatic, subacid. November to 
March. (Hogg.) 

Muster. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit oblate, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red and splashes of 
crimson. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. 
Best. Core small. August and September. (Warder.) 

Naigle's Winter. 

Origin, Missouri. Tree upright while young, becoming drooping 
when in fruit ; very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends. Color a bright yellow, 
covered with two shades of red, many large yellow gray dots, light blue 
bloom. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
mild subacid. Core small. Yery good. December, February. (Hort.) 

Nanny. 

An English Apple, which Hogg describes as of excellent quality. 
Tree a moderate grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with shades 
of deep red, russet dots. Flesh yellow, rather soft, juicy, subacid. Oc- 
tober. 

Nantahalee. 
Maiden's Bosom. 

Originated in Macon Co., Ala. Tree a rapid grower, of rather a 
straggling, drooping habit. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, broad oblate conic, often contracted near the apex, 
ribbed, pale yellowish green, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stalk 
medium. Cavity large, uneven. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, 
a little recurved. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
sprightly acid. Good. Core large. July, August. 

Nectar. 

Origin, near Kaleigh, N. C. 

Fruit medium, oblate, green. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, rich, saccharine. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Ned. 
Saylor. Libhart. 

Originated at Marietta, Pa. Tree vigorous, rather straggling, with 
slender shoots, dark reddish brown, slightly grayish, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and splashed with two shades of dark rich red, and sprinkled 
with large light conspicuous dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx large. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good 
to very good. December to February. 



284 



THE APPLE. 



Needle. 

Supposed an old English Apple, not yet identified. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with small 
brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Mesh white, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December, January. 

Neisley Bellflower. 
Neasley Bellflower. 

From Salem, Columbiana Co., O. Tree rather upright, vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale whitish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with light and dark red, few light and gray dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, mild 
subacid. Good. Core small and close. December to March. 

Nelson. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color dull 
green, becoming yellow, sometimes bronzed with dull brown. Stalk 
rather long, slender. Cavity medium, acute, regular, green. Calyx me- 
dium, closed. Segments reflexed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh greenish 
yellow, firm, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Core medium. Good. May to 
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) 

Nelson's Codlin. 
Backhouse's Lord Nelson. 
A culinary English Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, light yellow, deepening in the sun and 
with russet specks and traces. Flesh yellowish white, tender, brisk, 
sharp subacid. Good. October, November. 

Nequassa. 
Nequassa Sweet. 

Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, oblate. Color yellow, striped with red. Stalk of moderate 
length, inserted in a large, open cavity. Basin smooth and open. Flesh 
white and very sweet. Good. November to January. 

Neversink. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, beautiful waxen orange- 
yellow color, with a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly 
mottled carmine cheek. Stalk short. Cavity narrow, acuminate, shallow. 
Calyx large. Basin deep, rather wide, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, some- 
what tough, moderately juicy, subacid, quince-like. Good. December 
to March. 

Newark King. 
Hinckman. 

Origin, New Jersey. The tree is spreading, and bears well. 



THE APPLE. 



285 



Fruit medium, roundisli conical, smooth, red, with a few yellow 
streaks and dots on a greenish ground. Calyx set in a narrow basin. 
Flesh tender, with a rather rich, pleasant flavor. Good. November to 
February. 

Newark Pippin. 
French Pippin. Yellow Pippin. 

A handsome and excellent early winter variety, easily known by the 
crooked, irregular growth of the tree, and the drooping habit of the 
branches. Not profitable. Young shoots slender, dull brownish red, 
smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong, regularly formed, greenish 
yellow, becoming a fine yellow when fully ripe, with clusters of small 
black dots, and rarely a very faint blush. Calyx in a regular and rather 
deep basin. Stalk moderately long, and deeply inserted. Flesh yellow, 
tender, very rich, juicy, and high flavored. Yery good. November to 
February. 

Newbury. 
Cat's Head. 

Origin uncertain. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, greenish, with a brownish cheek in the 
sun. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh gi^eenish, coarse. Core large. 
Poor. December, February. 

New Late Reinette. 
Eeinette Tardive Nouvelle. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped, splashed, and veined 
with reddish brown and shaded with gTay. Calyx half closed. Flesh 
yellowish, fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, aromatic, subacid. April to 
June. (Alb. Pom.) 

New Rock Pippin. 

From England. 

Fruit below medium, dull green, becoming brownish in the sun, 
slight tinge of red and considerable russet. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, 
sweet. Good. November to February. 

New Small Lemon Pippin. 
An old EngKsh Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, clear yellow, with many 
small red dots. Flesh whitish, fii-m, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
November, December. 

Newtown Spitzenburgh. 

Yandevere of New York. Spitzenburgh. 

Ox Eye. Burlington. 

Matchless. Kountz. 

J oe Berrj. ' Barrett's Spitzenburgh. 

Spiced Ox Eye. Wine, erroneously. 

This old and valuable Apple has been long known in New York as 
the Yandevere, but as it was first described by Coxe as Ne'v\i:own Sj)it- 



286 



THE APPLE. 



zenbnrgli, we continue that name. It had its origin in NewtoMTi, Long 
Island. Tree moderate, vigorous, spreading, and productive in rich, light 
soil, of most excellent fruit, which is suited to more tastes than any other 
Apple of its season. 




Newtown Spitzenburgh.. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sKghtly conic, fine yellow, washed with light 
red, striped and splashed with deeper red, and richly shaded with car- 
mine on the sunny side, covered with a light bloom, and sprinkled with 
peculiar gray specks. Stalk short, inserted in a wide ca^dty. Calyx 
small, closed, set in a regular basin of moderate depth. Tlesh yellow, 
crisp, tender, with a rich, sprightly, vinous flavor, scarcely subacid. 
Best. October to February. 

JSTicHOLS Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, shaded ■ and faintly 
splashed with red, few light dots. Flesh whitish, compact, moderately 
juicy, sweet. Good cooking. Core small. December, January. 



Caroline. 

Berry. 

Summerour. 

Accidental. 

Red Pippin. 

Howard. 

Hubbard. 

Mobbs. 

Cheataw. 

Edward Shantee. 

Pound. 

WaU. 



NiCKAJACK. 

Aberdeen. 
Trenham 
Big HUl. 
Carolina Spice. 
Cheatan Pippin. 
Chatham Pippin. 
Winter Rose. 
Red Hazel. 
Wander. 

Red Warrior, erroneously. 
Forsythe's Seedling, 
Ruckman's Red, 



Alleghany. 
Chaltram Pippin, 
Gowden. 

Graham's Red Warrior. 
Walb. 

Winter Horse. 
Missouri Pippin. 
Missouri Red. 
Leanham. 
Winter Horse. 
Jackson Red, 
World's Wonder. 



This Apple is very widely disseminated in sections of the South and 



THE APPLE. 



287 



Southwest, it having as it were the habit of reproducing itself from seed, 
or at least so nearly identical as to be impossible to distinguish the seed- 
ling from the parent, hence one cause of so many synonyms. The first 
dissemination of it known was by a Colonel Summerour, of Lincoln 
County, ]Sr. C, under the name of Winter Rose ; but as it was found on 
Nickajack Creek, it soon took that name, and is now best known there- 
by. The habit of the tree is upright spreading, forming a very large 
head. On branches two, three, or four years old, there are woody knobs 
or warts of various sizes, which, when cut from the branch, are found to 
contain kernels entirely detached from the regular grain of the wood. 
The great value of the variety consists in the hardihood and productive- 
ness of the tree rather than the character of the fi'uit, which is not more 
than good in quality. Young shoots bright clear dark reddish. 




Nickajack. 



Truit large. Form roundish to roundish oblate, slightly conic, some- 
times oblique. Color yellowish, striped, shaded, and splashed with two 
shades of red, and with a grayish appearance, as if covered with a thin 
bloom, many large areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, medium 
depth. Calyx partially open. Basin medium, slightly corrugated, 
Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately tender and juicy, negative subacid. 
Good. Core small, closed. December to April. 

NiEMAx's Red Reikette. 
Nieman's Eothe Reinette. Reinette Rouge de Nieman. 

Originated at Hanover, Germany. Tree a strong, vigorous grower. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread and 
splashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesli white, tender, 
juicy, vinous, subacid. November, February. (Yerg.) 



288 



THE APPLE. 



Nix Geeex. 
Queen Apple, erroneously. 

Origin, Habersliam Co., Ga. Tree profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate roundisb, greenish yellow, witb many light 
dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. November, February. 

Noblesse de Gaxd. 

An English sauce Apple, described by Konald as large, roundish, 
slightly conical, straw-colored. Flesh firm, heavy, brisk subacid. J an- 
uary, February. 

Nonpaeeil. 

English Nonpareil. Old Nonpareil. Original Nonpareil. 

Hunt's Nonpareil, Loveden's Pippin. Reinette Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil d'Angletsrre. Due d'Arsel. Grune Reinette. 

An old English variety. Tree free upright grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with patches of 
dull russet, and red in the sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic, 
mild acid. Good. December, March. 

Nonpareil Eusset. 

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, conical, gi^eenish yellow, covered with 
thin dull russet. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. 
January to May. 

Nonsuch. 
Nonsuch. 

An old English sort, valuable as a sauce Apple ; productive. 

Fruit of medium size, regular form, flat, greenish yellow, striped and 
spotted with dull brick red. Flesh white, soft, with a plentiful subacid 
juice. Good. September, November. 

Norfolk. 

From Massachusetts. 

Fruit small, flat, yellow, pleasant. August. (Cole.) 

Norfolk Beaufin. 

Read's Baker. Catshead Beaufin. Norfolk Beefing-. 

A large English fruit, only fit for cooking purposes, dull red, on 
greenish ground. Flesh fii-m, subacid. Good. January to May. 

Norfolk Paradise. 
An English dessert Aj^ple. 

Fruit medium, oblong, greenish yellow, brownish red in sun, with 



THE APPLE. 



289 



stripes. Elesh white, firm, juicy, rich, subacid. October to February. 
(Lindley.) 

Norfolk Stone Pippin. 

Stone Pippin. White Stone Pippin. White Pippin. 

A valuable long-keeping cooking fruit. Tree a free grower and 
abundant bearer. 

Pruit below medium, roundish, yellowish gTeen, slight tinge of red 
in the sun. Flesh white, firm, brisk, rich, sweet. November to 
March. 

Norfolk Storing. 

An English Apple, valuable for market or cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with yellow red cheek 
in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid. Novem- 
ber, January. 




Northern Spy. 



Northern Spy. 

This beautiful American fruit is one of the most delicious, fragi-ant, 
and sprightly of all late dessert apples. It ripens in January, keeps till 
June, and always commands the highest market price. The tree is of 
rapid, upright growth, and bears moderate crops. It originated on the 

19 



290 



THE APPLE. 



farm of Heman Chapin, of East Bloomfield, near Rocliester, N. Y. The 
trees require high culture, and open heads to let in the sun, otherwise 
the fruit is wanting in flavor, and apt to be imperfect and knotty. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. The tree blooms late, often escaping vernal 
frosts. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin thin, smooth, in the 
shade gi^eenish or pale yellow, in the sun covered with light and dark 
stripes of purplish red, marked with a few pale dots, and a thin white 
bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, planted in a 
very wide, deep cavity, sometimes marked Avith russet. Calyx small, 
closed. Basin narrow, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
tender, slightly subacid, with a peculiarly fresh and delicious flavor. 
Core large and open. Yery good to best. December to June. 



Northern Sweet. 
Northern Golden Sweet. Golden Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of the late Nathan Lockwood, of St. George, 
Chittenden Co., Yt. Tree healthy, spreading, and productive, but needs 
high culture for the perfect development of the whole crop. Young 
wood reddish, smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes yyith a blush. 
Stalk rather long, in a moderate cavity. Calyx, small and closed, in a 
narrow, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, 
rich, and excellent. Core medium. September, O'ctober. Not profit- 
able. 



NORTHFIELD BeAUTY. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous gTower. Young shoots rich red- 
dish broAvn, with few prominent dots. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yellow, with 
stripes, shades, and splashes in the sun. Flesh w^hite, crisp, brisk sub- 
acid. Core small. Good for cooking. August, September. 



Nottingham Pippin. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with slight markings of rus- 
set. Flesh white, marro^\y, sugary, vinous. November to February. 
(Hogg.) 



Nursery. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to conic, gi-eenish yellow, 
slight blush or brown in the sun, gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Ca- 
lyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, compact, mod- 
erately juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Good. Decem- 
ber to February. 



Oakes. 

From Danvers, Mass. Origin unknoA\ni. Tree a strong, ^4gorous 
grower, and fair bearer. Young shoots clear reddish, smooth. 



THE APPLE. 



291 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenisL. yellow, with, a shade of 
red in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good to 
very good. November, January. 

There is an English culinary Apple of this name described by Lindley, 
which is medium, roundish, with ribs, pale green, with broken streaks 
of pale brown, and russety specks. Flesh soft, greenish white, slightly 
sweet. November, December. 

Oconee Greening. 

Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Tree 
vigorous and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, a little brownish in the sun, 
russet about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots. Calyx open, 
in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin. Stalk very short, in a rather 
regular, deep cavity. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding 
in a delightful aromatic, lively, subacid juice. Good to very good. 
October, November. 

OriNE. 

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin oily. Color lemon yel- 
low, washed and splashed with red in the sun, many large reddish gray 
spots. Stalk large, short. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
sweet subacid, aromatic. November. (An Pom.) 

Ogdensburgh. 

Originated with A. B. James, Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, brownish red 
in sun, few light and brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, very 
mild subacid. Yery good. Core medium. New. November, Decem- 
ber. (Elliott's Notes.) 

Ogleby. 

From Spottsylvania Co., Ya. Tree a rapid grower. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes a slight 
blush in sun, with gray and green dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, crisp, 
juicy subacid. Good. October, November. 

Ohio Nonpareil. 

Myer's Nonpareil. Cattell Apple. 

Western Beauty, erroneously. Rusty Core. 

This is one of the most valuable of autumn Apples, whether for mar- 
ket or table use. Its origin is in doubt, the first known trees of it being 

in the orchard of Bowman, Massillon, Ohio. The young trees are 

very vigorous, with stout, straight shoots, while the orchard trees are 
very wide, regular, open, spreading, requiring little or no thinning, and 
bearing the fruit evenly over the whole tree, and all fair sized, smooth 
fruit. Young shoots smooth, rich, dark reddish brown. 



292 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium to large. Form roundisli oblate. Color yellow, shaded, 
marbled, and splashed with two shades of rich red, thinly sprinkled with 
light and gray dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity larg^, deep, 
regular. Calyx rather large, partially open. Segments rather short. 
Basin medium. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, 
slightly aromatic subacid. Core small. Yery good. October, Novem- 
ber. 




Ohio Nonpareil. 



Ohio Pippin. 

Ernst's Pippin. Shannon. 

Origin in doubt. Supposed Dayton, Ohio. It was first disseminated 
by the late A. H. Ernst, of Cincinnati. Tree healthy, vigorous, spread- 
ing, moderately productive. Young shoots strong, dull reddish brown, 
quite downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with mottled red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, pleasant, sharp subacid. Good. Core 
small. November, January. 

Ohio Eed Streak. 

Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Growth vigor 
ous, upright. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
red. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx large, closed. Basin 
shallow, uneven. Flesh rather compact, juicy, rich subacid. Good. 
January to April. 



THE APPLE. 



293 



Ohlinger. 

Origin, Pennsylvania, Berks County. 

Fruit below medium, yellow, with a brownish cheek, with many are- 
ole specks. Flesh yellowish white, tender, subacid. Good. October. 

Old English Codlin. 
English Codlin. Trenton Early ? 

The trees are very vigorous and fruitful. A large and fair cooking 
Apple, in use from July to November. 

Fruit generally above medium size, oblong or conical, and a little 
irregular, clear lemon yellow, with a faint blush next the sun. Stalk 
stout and short. Flesh white, tender, and of a rather pleasant subacid. 
Much esteemed for cooking, ripens gradually upon the tree. 

Old Field. 

Origin, Connecticut. A good grower, bears well, an old variety. 
Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, nleasant, mild subacid. Good. January to April. 

Old House. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to ob.-conic, yellow, with a blush. 
Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy, flavor agreeable, aromatic. Good. 
December. 

Old Hundred. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from J. W. Manning, Bead- 
ing, Mass. Tree upright grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellowish, striped, splashed, 
and marbled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid. Good. November to February. 

Old Eoyal Busset. 
Leather Coat Russet. 

Fruit medium, roundish, gray russet on gi-een. Flesh greenish 
white, sharp subacid. November, February. (Elliott.) 

Old Town Crab. 

Spice Apple of some 

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with brown specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
sweet. December, March. 

Old Town Pippin. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, shaded and 
splashed with red, few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, not very 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking. January to March. 



294 



THE APPLE. 



Oline. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, washed with red. Flesh tender, 
fine, subacid. Very good. November, December. (Soc. Y. M.) 

Olive. 

Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright grower. 

Fruit medium, slightly conical, crimson, with gray dots. Calyx 
open. Stalk long, stout. Flesh crisp, juicy, subacid. October, No- 
vember. 

There is another Olive Apple, from Vermont, which is medium, ob- 
late, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
shades of red, few areole dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, mild subacid. November to January. (Gar. Mon.) 

Omar Pasha. 
An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, dotted with rus- 
set. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, pleas- 
ant acid. December to March. 

Orange. 

There are several Apples under this name ; but as it is almost im- 
possible to decide which has prior right to the name, we enumerate and 
describe in the order they are known to as. 

The Orange of New Jersey origin is a vigorous grower, and mode- 
rately productive. Young shoots clear, reddish brown, buds reddish, 
prominent. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Skin orange yellow, with a 
few gi'ay dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, 
pleasant. Very good. September, October. 

The Orange of Heading, Pa., has fruit roundish, slightly oblate, 
faintly ribbed, of a warm yellow orange color. Flesh yellowish, 
sprightly. Good. 

The Orange of France, received from A. Leroy, Angers, is of me- 
dium size, roundish, fine yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, mode- 
rately sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. 
October, November. 

Orange Pippin. 

Marigold Pippin. Isle of Wight Orange. 

An old Apple, originated in Normandy, and valued mainly as a cider 
fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish, rich orange yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, plea- 
sant acid. October to January. 

There is also an Orange Pippin grown in New Jersey difiering from 
this, but we have been unable to obtain its history or description. 



THE APPLE. 



295 



Orange Sweet. 

There are several varieties under this name, but we have been un- 
able to examine and compare them closely. The one we have most 
known came from Ohio, and has young shoots of a light reddish brown, 
smooth, the fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, sometimes traces of 
russet, few gray and green dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Valuable for baking. October, 
jSTovember. 

Another w^e have from Massachusetts, is a good grower and bearer. 
Young shoots smooth, very dark reddish brown. Buds very small. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow. Calyx small. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, rather coarse, but rich, sweet. Good for cooking. Au- 
gust and September. 

Another Orange Sweeting, grown in Maine, is described as a tree of 
upright habit, healthy, thrifty, and productive. Young shoots dark 
brownish red. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, bright yellow, with a blush cheek in 
the sun, small greenish dots in shade, and crimson dots in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, sw^eet, and rich. September, October. 

Warder, in his American Pomology, describes an Orange Sweet or 
Itusset as large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy orange russet. Flesh 
green, rather tough, fine-grained, sweet. Good for baking. December. 

Ord. 

Ord's Apple. Simpson's Pippin. Simpson's Seedling. 

An English Apple, grown from a seed of the Kewtown Pippin. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, somewhat ribbed, dull green, washed 
and splashed with dull red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh 
greenish white, tender, crisp, brisk subacid. December to April. 

Orleans Peixette. 
Reinette d' Orleans. 

Fmit large, roundish oblong, deep yellow, with stripes of bright red 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, brisk acid. December. 

Orndorf. 

Origin, Muskingum Co., O. Tree a vigorous, spreading, upright 
grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
whitish, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, ISTovem- 
ber. 

Orxe's Early. 

Origin unknown, supposed foreign. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing. _ 

Fruit medium, roundish. Color whitish, thickly sprinkled with gray 
and light dots. Stalk long and slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, tender, fine-gi-ained, moderately juicy, pleasant, sprightly sub- 
acid. Good. Core small. August, September. 



296 



THE APPLE. 



Ortley. 



Ortley Pippin. 
Woolman's Long-. 
Greasy Pippin. 
White Bellefleur. 
Van Dyne. 
Melting Pippin. 
Yellow Pippin. 
Woodward's Pippin. 
Davis White Bellflower, 



White Bellflower. 
White Detroit. 
Hollow Cored Pippin. 
Green Bellflower. 
Jersey Greening. 
Crane's Pippin. 
Inman. 

Tom Woodward Pippin. 
Marrow Pippin. 



Ohio Favorite. 
Willow Leaf Pippin. 
W^hite Pippin. 
Detroit. 
Davis. 

Warren Pippin. 
Golden Pippin. 
White Seek-no-Further, 
Tod's Golden Pippin. 



j^retty 



Origin, orchard of Michael Ortley, South Jersey. It grows 
strongly, with upright slender shoots, and bears abundantly. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, be- 
coming fine yellow at maturity, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk 
slender, of medium length, inserted in a deep, acute cavity, surrounded 
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt, somewhat corrugated basin, 
riesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy subacid, very pleasant. Good 
to very good. Core large. November to February. 



Osceola. 

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, large light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh 
whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Janu- 
ary to March. 



OSKALOOSA. 

I Jack Apple. 

Origin unknown. Tree a moderate grower, forming a handsome head, 
an early but not an abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened, yellow. Flesh juicy, mild 
subacid. November. (Gard. Month.) 



OSLIN. 

White Oslin. Arbroath Pippin. 

An excellent Scotch Apple. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit below medium size. Form oblate. Skin rather tough, clear 
lemon yellow when quite ripe, and sprinkled with a few grayish green 
dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, spicy aromatic. Good. Sep- 
tember. 



Osnabrucker Reinette. 
Reinette d'Osnabruck. Grau Osnabrucker Reinette. 

A foreign variety, not apparently of much value. 

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow ground, somewhat russeted, with 
a red cheek in sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, 
fine, juicy, perfumed. Very good. December, February. (Yer.) 



THE APPLE. 



297 



OSTERLEY. 
Osterley Pippin. 

A seedling of the Ribston Pippin, from Middlesex, England, de- 
scribed by Ronalds as a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with thin russet 
and red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, jnicj, brisk, aro- 
matic, sharp subacid. November to February. 

OSTOGATE. 

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with many gray russet dots. 
Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yel- 
low, fine, aromatic, sweet subacid. November. (An. Pom.) 

Overman's Sweet. 

Origin, Illinois. Tree hardy, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, mottled, 
and splashed with red, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, not very tender, moderately jnicy, mild, sweet. 
,Core small. Good. November, March. 

OVIATT. 

Origin, "Warren Co., O. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, shaded with red 
in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whit- 
ish, a little coarse, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. September. 

Ox. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large roundish conical, whitish, slightly bronzed in the sun, few 
gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. November to 
January. 

OXNEAD PeARMAIX. 

Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. 

From England. Tree hardy, with slender drooping branches, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a thin russet, brownish in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, rich, acid. November, Feb- 
ruary. 

Ox Sweet. 

From Massachusetts. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish, sometimes a little 
bronzed in the sun, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good. 
Core rather large. October, November. 



298 



THE APPLE. 



Padley's Pippin. 
Compote. Padley's Royal George Pippin. 

An old English Apple, of moderate growth, but quite productive. 
Young shoots grayish chestnut red. 

Fruit medium, or small, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellow, yel- 
low in the sun, with some russet. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich, brisk 
acid. December, January. 

Panden Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, some 
gray and red dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, 
compact, crisp, sweet. Good. Cooking. November. 

Park Spice. 
Park Apple. 

Origin, Westchester Co., IST. Y. Tree thrifty, upright spreading, 
very productive. Young shoots pretty smooth, dark reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblique, whitish yellow, shaded with red, 
obscurely splashed and striped, moderately sprinkled with light and 
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core 
medium. Very good. December to March. 



Parmentier Eeinette. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, golden yellow, dotted with reddish gray, and 
striped with bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sharp 
subacid, aromatic. March to May. (S. Y. M.) 

Parrot Reinette. 
Supposed of German origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, lightly splashed, 
shaded, and marbled with light red, few brown dots. Stalk medium, 
rather slender. Cavity broad, deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core large and 
open. New, promises valuable for market or cooking. 

Parry's Pearmain. 
An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, truncated, greenish yellow, shaded 
and striped with red in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. 
Good to very good. January to March. 

Passe Pomme d'Automne. 

Passe Pomme Rouge d'Automne. Generale. 

Pomme d'Outre Passe. Passe Pomme Cotellee. 

Herbststrich Apfel. Rother Herbststrichapf el. 

Of German origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, ribbed, yellowish, shaded 



THE APPLE. 



299 



and striped witli rich red in tlie sun. Flesh very white, tinged with red, 
tender, juicy, vinous, excellent for cooking. September. (Hogg.) 

Passe Pomme Kouge. 
Bother August Apf el. Rothe Sommerpasspomm. 

Tree slender grower, hardy, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, entirely overspread and shaded 
with red. Flesh white, tinged with red next the skin, crisp, juicy, soon 
decays. Poor. August. 

Patch's Kusset. 

Of English origin. 

Fruit below medium, roimdish oblate, greenish yellow, with thin 
gray russet. Calyx small. Stalk long. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
brisk aromatic. Good. November, December. (Lind.) 

Paterson's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Considerably grown in Western New York, and 
esteemed valuable for its season. Tree upright, thrifty, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered and indis- 
tinctly splashed and striped with dark rich red, many conspicuous light 
dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Pawpaw. 

Western Baldwin. Rubicon. Ball Apple. 

Origin, Pawpaw, Mich. Tree hardy, a good and regular bearer. 
Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. 

A new Apple, esteemed in its place of origin for its productiveness 
and beauty of appearance. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded 
and mostly overspread with bright rich red, faintly splashed and mot- 
tled, moderately sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk medium. Cavity 
deep, narrow. Calyx partially open. Segments a little recurved. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, firm, rich, brisk subacid. Yery good. Decem- 
ber to June. 

Pawsan. 

An English cider Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dull green, with network of russet. Flesh 
firm, juicy, acid. October. 

Peach. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderate grower. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with 
blush of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, lively brisk 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December to April. A 
good keeper. 



300 



THE APPLE. 



Peach-Pond Sweet. 

This is a most excellent autumn variety, from a small village of this 
name in Dutchess Co., N. Y. It appears well worthy of a more gen- 
eral dissemination. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull gray- 
ish brown. 




Peach-Pond Sweet. 



Fruit of medium size, rather flat, striped light red. Stalk long and 
slender. Flesh tender or very mellow, moderately juicy, very rich, 
sweet, and agreeable. Yery good. September to November. 

Pear. 
Pear-Apple. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, pale yellow, with a blush 
in the sun, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, jnicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. Core small. December, February. 

Pearsall's Sweet. 

Supposed to have originated in Queens Co., Long Island. Tree up- 
right spreading, quite productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes oblique, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and mottled with light red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Core large 
and open. November, January. A good keeper, and valuable for 
baking. 

Pearson's Early. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish 
white, sharp subacid. August, September. (Elliott.) 



THE APPLE. 



301 



Pearson's Plate. 

A variety from England, which has a very high reputation. 

Fruit small, about two and a half inches in diameter, regularly 
formed, flat, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with a little red in the 
sun. Flesh white, crisp, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. February, 
March. Core small. 

Peck's Pleasant. 
Waltz Apple. 

A first-rate fruit in all respects, belonging to the Newtown Pippin 
class. It has long been cultivated in Rhode Island, where, we think, it 
originated, and in the northern part of Connecticut, and deserves ex- 
tensive dissemination. It considerably resembles the Yellow Newtown 
Pippin, with more tender flesh, and is scarcely inferior to it in flavor. 




Peck's Pleasant. 



The tree is a moderate, upright spreading grower, but bears regu- 
larly and well, and the fruit commands a high price in the market. The 
apples on the lower branches of old trees are flat, while those on the 
upper branches are nearly conical. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly 
downy. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish, a little ribbed, and slightly flat- 
tened, with an indistinct furrow on one side. Skin smooth, and when 
first gathered, green, with a little dark red ; but when ripe a beautiful 
clear yellow, with bright blush on the sunny side and near the stalk, 
marked with scattered gray dots. The stalk is peculiarly fleshy and 
flattened, short, and sunk in a wide, rather wavy cavity. Calyx woolly, 
sunk in a narrow, abruptly, and pretty deeply sunk basin. Flesh yel- 
lowish, fine-grained, juicy, crisp and tender, with a delicious, high aro- 
matic sprightly subacid. Yery good or best. November to March. 



302 



THE APPLE. 



Pelham Sweet. 
Green Sweet. 

!From Massacliusetts. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 

Truit below medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish, sometimes 
shaded with red in sun, sjDlashes and patches of russet. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yello\^T.sh, moderately tender, sweet. Good. Core 
small. December to March. 

Pexningtox's Seedling. 

An English fruit of medium size, nearly flat, a little angular, mostly 
covered with rough yellow russet, with a little pale brown in the sun. 
Flesh yelio^vish, firm, crisp, with a brisk acid juice. Hardly good. 
November to March. 

Pennock. 

Pomme Rove. Big Eomanite. Eed Pennock 

Large Eomanite. Neisley's Winter Penick. Pennock's Red Winter. 

Prolific Beauty. Pehcan Gay's Eomanite. 

Roman Knight. Red Ox. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading 
grower, and very productive. 

Pruit quite large, oblique, generally flat, but occasionally roundish 
oblong, fine deep red, with faint, indistinct streaks of yellow. Flesh 
yellow, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant half sweet flavor. Good. 
November to March. 

Pennsylvania Sweet. 
Pennsylvania Sweeting. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblong, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, fine-grained, 
very sweet. Good. Early winter. (Warder.) 

Pennsylvania Wine Sap. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, conical oblate, truncated, yellow, blushed, very little 
splashed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. De- 
cember, January. (Warder.) 

People's Choice. 
Melt-in-the-Mouth of some. 

A Pennsylvania fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young 
shoots gi'ayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Color red, sometimes 
obscurely striped, thickly sprinkled with large whitish dots of peculiar 
appearance. Flesh yello^\dsh, firm, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Good. 
December to March. 



THE APPLE. 



303 



Pepin Eusse. 

Fruit medmm, roundish oblate, yellow, with reddish gray dots, 
bright red in the sun. Flesh fine, half firm, yellowish white, subacid. 
December, January. (S. Y. M.) 

Perry Eusset. 
Golden Eusset. 

The origin of this is in obscurity. It was, many years since, car- 
ried from Perry, "Wyoming Co., N. Y., to the "West, under the name 
of Golden Eusset, but as it was entirely distinct from the true Golden 
Eusset, it soon became kno^vn as the Perry Eusset, which name we con- 
tinue. It is of " good" quality for table or kitchen, but does not keep 
late, and sometimes drops its fruit from the tree early. Tree a moderate, 
upright spreading grower, hardy, an early and abundant bearer. Young 
shoots light brownish red. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes a little oblique, pale 
yellow, netted with russet on the sunny side, and sometimes brownish. 
Stalk short, cavity narrow, sometimes with a lip. Calyx closed. Basin 
abrupt. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
November, December. 

Petit Jeax. 

From Jersey, England. Tree an abundant bearer. 
Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, pale yellow, shaded and striped 
with red. Flesh white, tender. Good. November, February. 

Petworth Xoxpareil. 
Green Xonpareil. 

Eonalds describes this English fruit as larger than the old Nonpa- 
reil, of the same shape, green. Flesh crisp, juicy. February, March. 

Phillippi. 

Origin, supposed Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous. Young shoots 
reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, ololate conical, greenish yellow, with numerous 
blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side. Stalk short 
and slender, inserted in a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small, closed, set 
in a narrow superficial basin. Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy. Good 
to very good. October to January. 

Phillips' Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of George Phillips, Coshocton Co., Ohio. 
Tree thrifty, upright, very productive. Young wood smooth, light, 
clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, whitish 
yellow, shaded with light red, and striped and splashed with dark, 



304 



THE APPLE. 



large light dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. 
Segments sliort. Basin abrupt, deep. Ilesli white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. Core small. December, 
March. 

Phcenix. 
From Illinois. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, light yellow, faintly shaded, 
splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown and light dots. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. December, March. 

Pickard's Reserve. 

Origin, Parke Co., Ind. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, sides unequal, yellow, shaded with red in 
the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. 
Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, 
juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. Core small. 
December, January. 



PiCKMAN. 

Pickman Pippin. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull brown, 
downy. Buds knobby at base. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with scattered shades of 
russet, and small russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very 
good. January, April. 



PiFER. 

Pfeifer. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree rapid grower, upright spreading. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, sparsely streaked with red on a yel- 
lowish green ground, fa^vn-colored next the sun. Flesh white, tender, 
subacid. Good. January to July. 



Pigeon. 

Jerusalem. Coeur de Pigeon. Pigeon Kouge. ^ 

Gros Coeur de Pigeon. Passe Pomme. Duif Apfel. 

Rother Taubenapfel. Arabian Apple. 

This old Apple is described by JRonalds as a free but not robust 
grower. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, straw color, flushed with red in the 
sun. Flesh white, delicate, crisp, pleasant subacid. December to 
February. 



Pigeonette. 

Pigeonet Blanc. Pigeonette Blanc d'£te. 

Pigeonette G-ros de Rouen. Museau de Levre. 

American Peach. Taubenfarbige ApfeL 

This is described by Hogg as of only second quality, and here pro- 
■ bly of little value. 



THE APPLE. 



305 



Friiit below medium, oblate roimdisli, yellow, striped and rayed with 
red. riesh white, delicate, agreeable acid. August, September. 

PIGEO^^:TTE de Eouen. 

This is described in the Annals of Pomology, by M. Bivort, as tree 
very productive. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, truncated, pale yellow, spotted with gray, 
washed and blotched with bright red. Flesh white, tender, subacid. 
Good. December to IMarch. 

PiKETOX EUSSET. 

Origin, near Piketon, Ohio, 

Fruit large, conical, reddish green, and russety. February to April. 
(O. P. S. Eep.) 

Piles Eusset. 
Pyles Eusset. 

An old EngKsh Apple. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit mediimi, roundish oblate, dull green, covered with russet, be- 
coming dull brown or orange in the sun. Flesh greenish, breaking, 
brisk, slightly aromatic subacid. November to April. (Lindley.) 

Pike Apple Eusset. 
Hardingham's Russet. 

Tree of moderate gi^owth, fruit not fair or very valuable. 

Fruit medium, conic, angular. Skin whitish yellow, faintly striped. 
Stalk rather long and slender. Cavity rmeven, and slightly russeted. 
Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good. Last of September and Oc- 
tober. 

PixE Creek Sweet. 
Hamilton. 

Origin, Pine Creek, Clinton Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright 
spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with a few 
brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, uneven. Calyx small, 
closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, rich honeyed sweet, Yery good. Core small. October. 

PiXE Strawbeery. 
Tree healthy, \igorous, upright. 

Fruit medium to large, conical, pale yellow, blushed and splashed, 
light carmine. Dots large, yellow. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh yel- 
low, tough, juicy, sweet. Good. Y^inter. (Am, Hort. An.) 

PiXK SWEETIXG. 

Originated with Y'illiam Keller, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigor- 
ous, spreading, producing enormous crops. 

20 



306 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, perfect in form, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good. September, October. 

Pinner. 

Carrell's Seedling. Pianer Seedling. 

Origin, Middlesex, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed slightly, yellowish brown russet, be- 
coming reddish bro^vn in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk 
subacid. December, February. 

Pioneer. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded with light red, 
and splashed and striped with dark red, many small light and gray dots. 
Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core small. October, No- 
vember. 



Pitmaston Golden Pippin. 

Fruit small, round, rough, pale yellowish brown russet. Flesh deep 
yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet. December. (Hogg.) 

Pitmaston Nonpareil. 
St. John's Nonpareil. Pitmaston. Eusset Nonpareil. 

Origin, near Worcester, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with russet and faint red 
in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, aromatic subacid. No- 
vember, December. (Lind.) 

Pitmaston Pine-Apple. 

Fruit small, conical, yellowish brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
crisp, sugary. December, January. (Hogg.) 

Pittsburgh Pippin. 

Flat Pippin. Swiss Pippin, Swiss Apple. 

Father Apple. AVilliam Tell. Schwitzer Apple. 

Greasy Back. Pippin. Wythe. 

Origin, supposed to be Pittsburgh, Pa. An irregular grower, some- 
what drooping in habit, and generally a good bearer. Young shoots 
dull reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, oblate, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, rarely with a blush, 
sparsely sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small, in a large 
cavity, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin broad 
and corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good 
to very good. November to April. 

Platt's Sweet. 



Origin, Addison Co., Yt. Tree a strong grower, and productive. 



THE APPLE. 



307 



Fruit medrnm, roundish conical, sides unequal, greenish yellow, 
shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh yellowish, juicy^ peculiar, 
sweet. Good. Core small. January to March. 

Pleasant Yalley Pippin. 

Of unknown origin. Received from New Jersey. Tree moderately 
vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with 
brown or gray dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

Plum. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red 
in the sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. 
Very good. Core small. August. 

Polish. 
Red PoUsh. 

Originated in the neighborhood of Boston, Mass. Tree very produc- 
tive, moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with dark rich red, light gray dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, sometimes stained next the skin, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

Polly Bright. 

Origin supposed to be Virginia. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit elongated conic. Skin light yellow, shaded with carmine, ob- 
scurely striped. Stalk of medium length, in an acute cavity, russeted. 
Calyx in a small furrowed basin. Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant 
subacid flavor. Good. September, October. 

POMEROY. 
Taunton. 

There are two Pomeroy Apples from England — one from Somerset- 
shire and one from Lancashire ; neither of them proves of much value 
here. The first is medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with 
stripes of red and russet in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sugary. 
October, December. 

The second is medium, roundish oblate, ribbed at apex, pale yellow, 
shaded cheek of red in the sun, russet dots. Flesh whitish, tender, 
brisk subacid. September, October. 

There is another Pomeroy from Massachusetts, which is of medium 
size, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled in sun with 
light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good or very good. October, 
November. 



308 



THE APPLE. 



PoMME Grise. 

Pomme de Cuir. Grise. 

Gray Apple. Leather Apple of Turic. 

A small gray Apple, from Canada, probably of Swiss or French 
origin, and undoubtedly one of the finest dessert Apples for a northern 
climate. It is not a strong grower, but is a good early bearer, and has 
an excellent flavor. Young wood reddish brown. 




Pomme Grise. 



Fruit below medium size, oblate roundish. Skin greenish gray or 
cinnamon russet, with a little red towards the sun. Calyx small, set in 
a round basin. Flesh tender, rich, and high-flavored. Yery good to 
best. December to February. 

There is an Apple under name of Pomme Gris d'Or which is claimed 
as of more upright growth. The fruit more oblong and quite distinct. 
We have been unable to so decide. 

Pomme Water. 
Pomme Water Sweet. 

An old Apple, described in Kenrick, Hogg, and others. It has 
travelled considerably, but is not generally known, nor very highly 
appreciated. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, 
shaded and splashed with red or crimson in the sun. Stalk rather short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, pleasant, sweet. 
Good to very good. Fine for baking. October, December. 

PoNTO Pippin. 

An English variety, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish, 
slightly conical, greenish yellow, red in the sun, with spots of dark russet. 
Flesh greenish white, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. November to Feb- 
ruary. 



THE APPLE. 



309 



POORHOUSE. 

A new variety, received from A. L. Woodson, of Kentucky, by him 
obtained from Tennessee. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, with russet dots. 
Stalk short. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Yery good. December. Promises a good keeper. 

Pope. 
Pope's Apple. 

This is described by Hogg as originating in Kent, England, and 
there highly esteemed. The tree an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, clear yellow, with patches of 
green, dark dots and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, sugary, 
juicy, rich, and excellent. November to March. 

Porter. 

A first-rate New England fruit, raised by the Pev. S. Porter, of Sher- 
burne, Mass., and wherever grown a decided favorite. The tree is hardy, 
a, moderately vigorous grower, forming a low, round, spreading head, and 




Porter. 



producing abundantly, if in good soil, a fruit uniformly fair and even in 
size and form. It is a valuable market fruit, and continues a long time 
in use. 



310 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit rather large, regular, oblong, narrowing to the eye. Color 
clear glossy bright yellow, and, when exposed, with a dull blush next 
the sun. Calyx closed. Segments irregular, set in a narrow and deep 
basin. Stalk rather slender, not three-fourths of an inch long. Flesh 
fine-grained, and abounding with juice, sprightly, agreeable aromatic 
subacid. Very good to best. Eipens in September, and deserves general 
cultivation. 

POETEE SpITZEXBURGH. 

Origin uncertain. A free grower and very productive. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, globular, slightly inclining to conic, red, shaded with 
deep crimson. Stalk very short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded 
by thin russet. Calyx small, closed, set in an open basin. Flesh white, 
much stained, very compact, crisp, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good 
to very good. November to March. 

Portugal Gray ^Eeinette. 

Reinette Grise de Portugal. Graue Portagiesische Peiaette. 

Origin unknown. A very singular-colored fruit, small to medium, 
green, covered with a peculiar diity reddish brown. Calyx large, closed. 
Flesh greenish white, tender, pleasant subacid. January, February. 

Posey's Ped. 
Posey's Red Winter Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red. Flesh whitish, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. 
Good. Core small. November to April. 

Posteley. 
Posteley's SeedHng. 

Origin unknown. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, shaded 
in the sun with dull red, many gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, compact, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to 
very good. Core medium. December to March. 

Potter's Large. 

Potter's Large Apple. Potter's Large Seedling. 

A very large English sauce Apple, roundish oblong conical, obscurely 
ribbed, greenish yellow, with a blush red in the sun, and many red and 
gray dots. Flesh white, subacid. October to December. 

Pottinger. 
Big Red. 

Origin and distinctiveness uncertain. Tree vigorous, large. Branches 
upright. Shoots purple, warty. Buds long, pointed. 



THE APPLE. 



311 



Fruit large, regular, oblate, dull red, shaded and striped, covering 
the yellow ground. Dots small, prominent, with some roughness. Flesh 
yellow, breaking, granular, j uicy , subacid, aromatic. Only good for kitchen 
and drying. December, January. (Warder.) 

Pound Cake. 
Royal Pearmain ? 
A Southern Apple, not much known. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, golden yellow, mot- 
tled and shaded with red, netted and patched with russet. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather crisp, tender, a little granular, vinous, pleasant. Good to 
very good. November, December. 

Pound Royal. 

Winter Pound Royal. 

Probably of French origin. Fruit apt to be unfair, unless with high 
culture. Tree spreading, with long slender branches. Young shoots 
light bi'own. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, with a slightly uneven surface, 
pale yellowish white, rarely with a faint blush, and marked when ripe 
with a few large ruddy or dark specks. Flesh very tender, breaking, 
fine-grained, with a mild, agreeable, aromatic subacid. Good. In use 
from December to April. 

Pound's July. 

Origin, Kentucky. Ti:ee vigorous, upright spreading. Young shoots 
light reddish brown. 

Frait large, roundish conic, sides unequal, greenish white, with a 
dull blush, and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, tender, not very juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Good 
to very good. July, August. 

Pound Sweet. 

There are several sorts under this popular name, as applied to any 
large sweet apple. One is large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with 
slight red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet. Sep- 
tember, October. Another is large, roundish, red. Flesh whitish, mod- 
erately juicy, aromatic, sweet. 

POVESHON. 

An old l^ew Jersey Apple, valued mainly for making early cider. 
Fruit small, oblate, deep red. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Powell's Eusset. 

A little English Apple, described by Ronalds as roundish oblate, 
light brown russet. Flesh white, firm, brisk subacid. December, Jan- 
uary. 



312 



THE APPLE. 



Powers. 

Miller's Apple. 
Origin, Perrjsburgh, Ohio. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, waxy yellow ground, shaded with red, 
and splashed with carmine. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx 
closed. Basin abrupt, somewhat corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild, aromatic subacid. Very good. October, November. 
(O. P. S. Trans.) 

There is another Powers, or Powers Seedling, which originated on 
the farm of C. W. Powers, Amenia, Dutchess Co., Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red, light dots. Flesh white, a little stained next the 
skin, crisp, juicy subacid. Good. November. 

POWNAL SpITZENBURGH. 

Origin, Vermont. A n old variety, not much esteemed. Tree a rapid 
grower, but late coming into bearing. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, 
yellow, marbled and striped with red. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Prairie Calville. ' 
Calville des Prairies. Renetten. Wilden Apfel. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, overspread and blotched 
with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. November, December. 
(An. Pom.) 

Pratt's Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of Daniel Pratt, Richland, Oswego Co., N. Y. 
Tree vigorous, with an open spreading head, an annual bearer, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, with broad yet slight ribs. Color rich 
pale yellow ground, marbled, striped, and shaded over two-thirds the 
surface, with two shades of clear bright pinkish red, and dotted with 
inconspicuous light dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity deep, 
broad, and open. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, round, 
and slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, breaking, tender, 
rather fine-grained and juicy, mild, pleasant, rich, sweet. Very good. 
Core medium. December to March. 

President. 

Origin, farm of Capt. John White, Salem, N. H. Tree vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the 
sun, few gray dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. Septem- 
ber, October. 

The original tree of the President is said to have been in bearing at 
the inauguration of Washington as President, and to be yet in a healthy 
condition. 



THE APPLE. 



313 



President De Fay's Dumoxceau. 

Origin, Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. A new variety, of 
good promise. 

Fruit very large, oblate, broadly ribbed, rich yellow, splashed and 
marbled with bright red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. November, February. 
(An. Pom.) 

Press. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, vigorous. 

Fruit rather large, oblate. Skin whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. 
March. 

Press Ewing. 

Originated in Christian Co., Ky., and introduced to notice by J. S. 
Downer. Tree hardy, vigorous, ii-regular, spreading. Young shoots 
dark brown, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with 
crimson, and thickly covered with dots, having a dark centre. Stalk 
medium, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed, set in an un- 
even, deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, 
mild, agreeable subacid. Good to very good. FelDruary till April. 



Priestly. 
Priestley's American. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, smooth, dull red, with small streaks of 
yellowish green. Flesh white, moderately juicy, with a spicy, agreeable 
flavor. Hardly good. December to March. 

Priest's Sweet. 
Blue Sweet. Molasses Sweet. 

Origin, Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, globular inclining to conic, yellow, chiefly covered 
with dull red stripes and numerous red dots. Stalk short, set in a rather 
deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, fine, tender, and 
pleasant, not very juicy, a late keeper. Good. January to May. 

Primate. 

Eough and Ready. Early Tart Harvest. 

Sour Harvest. Zour Bough. 

July Apple. Powers. 

Scott . North American Best. 

The true origin of this delicious amateur's Apple is unknown. It ap- 
pears to have been long known and grown in various sections of our 
States under different names. The tree is hardy, a strong and stocky 



314 



THE APPLE. 



grower, and forms a beautiful head, very productive. Young shoots 
short-jointed, reddish brown, quite downy. Buds rather prominent. 




Pilmate. 



Truit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish white, with a crimson 
blush on the exposed side. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a rather 
large, deep, irregular cavity. Calyx closed in an abrupt, open, somewhat 
corrugated basin. Flesh white, very tender, sprightly, refreshing, mild 
subacid. Yery good or best. An excellent dessert Apple, ripening the 
last of August, and continuing in use till October. 

Princely. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a good grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
marbled, and indistinctly splashed with red, small light dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild 
almost sweet subacid. Core small. Good to very good. October, 
J anuary. 

Prince of Orange. 
Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow, with 
blotches of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, subacid. Good. 
October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Princesse Koble. 

G-rosser Edler Prinzessinapf el. 

An excellent Dutch Apple. Tree a good grower, an early and good 
bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



315 



Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat conical, yellowish, with many 
broken stripes of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, pleasant, vi- 
nous. November. (Hogg.) 

Peincesse Noble des Chahtreaux. 
Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, bright green, with many indistinct spots, 
greenish brown around the stalk. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, sugary, agreeable acid. January, February. 
(Yerg.) 

Prinz. 

Of German origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright, a good grower, 
and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, yellow, shaded with 
pale red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, breaking, mild, pleasant subacid. Good 
to very good. October, November. 

Progress. 

" Esquire Miller's Best Sort." 

A native of Middlefield, Conn. Tree a moderate grower, and forms 
a handsome head, bears early, and very productive. The original tree 
stands on the land of Enoch Coe, formerly of Isaac Miller Esq., and for 
some time was called " Esquire Miller's best Sort." 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Stalk short, inserted in a round 
cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, partially closed, set in an 
open basin. Skin smooth, yellow, with a sunny cheek, sometimes with 
a few scattered gray dots. Flesh solid, tender, crisp, juicy, refreshing, 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Pipe, October to April. 

Proliferous Peinette. 
An English Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, dull yellow with broken 
stripes of crimson, small russety specks. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, 
rich brisk flavor. October, December. 

Prolific Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with dull stripes of red. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, acid. Poor. September, December. 

Prolific Sweet. 

From Connecticut. Tree a good grower, very productive, fine for 
cooking. 

Fruit roundish conic. Skin greenish. Flesh whitish, tender, with 
a pleasant, sweet, spicy flavor. November to February. 



316 



THE APPLE. 



Prop. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, pale yellow, witb a few large splashes 
and stripes of light red, few large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
large, open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. December. 

Pryor's Eed. 

Pitzer HiU. Big HiU. Prior's Eed. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, not very vigorous, nor 
an early bearer, requires a deep, rich soil, and a warm season or a south- 
ern climate for the full development of its excellence. Young wood 
and buds clear reddish brown, many large conspicuous gray dots. 




Pryor's Eed. 



Fruit medium, somewhat globular oblate, obliquely depressed. Color 
greenish yellow, shaded with red, striped with dark crimson, and thickly 
sprinkled with greenish gray dots, and some seasons much covered with 
russet. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small acute cavity, sur- 
rounded by traces of russet, which sometimes considerably overspread 
the fruit. Calyx firmly closed, set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, very rich, pleasant subacid. Yery good. January to 
March. 

There is an apple under name of Pryor's Blue, which may be distinct 
from the above, and may prove identical. 

Pucker End. 

From Long Island. Tree thrifty and productive. Fruit large, 
roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often shaded with crimson in 



THE APPLE. 



317 



the sun, few dark gray dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx closed. Plesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October. 

Pumpkin Eusset. 

Sweet Russet. Pumpkin Sweet. Flint Russet. 

York Russet . 

Origin unknown. Trees large and spreading. 

Fruit large, round. Flesh pale yellowish green, slightly covered 
with russet. Stalk long, set in a wide, shallow cavity. Eye narrow, 
slightly sunk. Flesh exceedingly rich and sweet. Good. September 
to January. 

Pumpkin Sweet. 
Yermont Pumpkin Sweet . Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet. Pound Sweet. 

A very large sweet Apple, which we received from Mr. S. Lyman, 
of Manchester, Conn. It is, perhaps, inferior to the Jersey Sweet or 
the Summer Sweet Paradise for the table, but is a very valuable apple 
for baking, and deserves a place on this account in every orchard. Tree 
upright, spreading. Young wood brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish, more or less furrowed or ribbed, espe- 
cially near the stalk. Color pale green, with obscure whitish streaks 
near the stalk, and numerous white dots near the eye, sometimes becom- 
ing a little yellow next the sun. Flesh white, very sweet, but not very 
juicy. Good. September to December. 

There is also in Connecticut and Massachusetts another Pumpkin 
Sweet, the tree of which is a strong, upright grower, and very produc- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich yellow, frequently with consider- 
able russet. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, rich, sugary, sweet, ripen- 
ing in September and October. Very valuable for baking or stock feed- 
ing. 

There are also several other Apples under the name of Pumpkin 
Sweet, but we consider the two above described as the best we have 
known. 

Pushmataha. 
Sloan's Seedling". 

Originated near Tuscaloosa, Ala. Tree stout, upright, moderately 
spreading head, early and abundant bearer. Young shoots grayish, 
downy at end. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown dots. Stalk 
medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November to January. 

Putnam Harvey. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish, with patches of 
russet. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. August, September. 
(Elliott.) 



318 



THE APPLE. 



Putnam Keeper. 

From Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and splashed with red. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh yello^T.sh, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. Core small. December to March. 

Putnam Sweet. 
Originated near Marietta, Ohio. 

Fruit large, flat, regular, sui'face smooth, mixed, splashed, and 
striped deep red. Dots numerous, large. Calyx small, /closed. Stalk 
short. Flesh tender, sweet, very good. Kitchen, stock. August, Sep- 
tember. (Warder.) 

Putneyite. 

Fruit medium, roundish, light yellow, coarse, dry, acid. December, 
J anuary. (Elliott.) 

Quaker. 

An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, an early 
and great bearer, regarded by some as a valuable market sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, splashed and 
striped with rich red, light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
large. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aro- 
matic subacid. G-ood. November, February. 

Quaker Pippin. 

Fruit medium, greenish yellow. "Very acid. Poor. October. 
(Elliott.) 

Queen Charlotte. 

An old German Apple, described by Ronalds as : 
Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a facing of brown in sun. Flesh 
brisk, pleasant. March, April. 

Queen of Sauce. 
A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, striped and flushed with red, 
patches and specks of russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, 
juicy, sugary, brisk, pleasant. Good. November, Januaiy. 

Queen of the Pippins. 
Reine des Reinettes. 
Origin unkno^vn. Foreign. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, truncated, fine yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with red, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
open. Basin large. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, slightly aro- 
matic. Good to very good. November, December. 



THE APPLE. 



319 



Queen of the Yallet. 

Origin unknown. Received from Connecticut. Tree vigorous, up- 
right spreading. Young shoots brownish, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, striped, 
and splashed with rich red, many whitish dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very 
good. November, December. 

Quince. 
Seneca Spice ? Pear Apple. 

Origin uncertain ; first described by Coxe. In appearance this Apple 
is much like a large yellow Newtown Pippin ; grown at the West it is 
larger than in New England, of a rich high flavor, and by some es- 
teemed very highly. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, and 
productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Buds small, reddish, 
pointed. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, rarely with a blush, 
somewhat broadly ribbed. Stalk short. Cavity broad, open, deep. 
Calyx closed. Basin large, rather deep, furrowed or uneven. Flesh 
yellowish white, crisp, tender, a little coarse, with a brisk, pleasant 
subacid quince aroma. Core rather large. Yery good. October, De- 
cember. 

There is another Quince, or Coles Quince, which is claimed to have 
originated in Cornish, Maine. The fruit of the two is very similar, 
and we have at times questioned its identity. The young wood is, 
however, different in shade of color, being clear rich reddish brown, 
with buds short, abrupt, prominent. 

Rabine. 

This English Apple is descriljed by Hogg as valuable for culinary 
or dessert purposes. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, mot- 
tled, splashed, and striped with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, crisp, sugary, brisk, pleasant acid. October, December. 

Kagan. 
Ragan's Red. 

Originated with Reuben Kagan, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, and fruitful. Young wood dull reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conic. Color marbled and striped 
with red on a green ground. Stalk medium length, inserted in a very 
deep, narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a deep, abrupt basin. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, pleasant, rather rich, spicy, subacid. 
Good to very good. October to November. 



Fall Romanite. 
Gray Romanite, 
Striped Rambo. 
Delaware. 



Rambo. 

Romanite. 
Seek-no -Further. 
Bread-and-Cheese Apple. 
Rambouillet, 



Trumpington ? 
Large Rambo ? 
Terry's Redstreak. 



The Rambo is one of the most popidar autumn or early winter 



320 THE APPLE. 

fruits. It is a liigMy valuable Apple for the table or kitcben, and tbe 
tree thrives well on light sandy soil, being a native of the banks of 
the Delaware. The tree is of a vigorous, rather spreading habit, quite 
productive. 




Rambo. 



Fruit of medium size, flat, smooth, yellowish white in the shade, 
streaked and marbled with pale yellow and red in the sun, and speckled 
with large rough dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved to one side, 
and deeplj^ planted in a smooth funnel-like cavity. Calyx closed, set 
in a broad basin, which is slightly plaited around it. Flesh greenish 
white, very tender, rich, mild subacid. Very good. October to De- 
cember. 

There is claimed to be a distinct or sub-variety of this, called Hed 
Mamho, the fruit of which is more red, otherwise there is no percepti- 
ble difference. 

Rambour Gros. 
An old Apple, described by Ronalds as : 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, slight projecting ribs, yellow, 
marbled and faintly striped with rich warm red. Flesh white, crisp^ 
juicy, sharp subacid. Good. December, January. 

Rambour Papeleu. 
Rambourg Papeleu. 
Of Russian origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, deep rich yellow, spotted, 
striped, and splashed with shades of rich red, small light russet dots. 
Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, 
breaking, sharp subacid. Good. November, J anuary. An Apple of 
good promise for market. 



THE APPLE. 



321 



Kambour Rose. 
Rambour Rouge. La Mere des Pommes. Kool-appeL 
Tree moderately vigorous, with large strong branches. Yery pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, rich yellow, mostly over- 
spread, splashed, and shaded with rich red, traces of fawn russet. 
Stalk large, short. Flesh greenish white, half crisp, sugary acid, agree- 
able. Good for cooking. October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Ram's Horns. 

A large dark red Apple, imperfectly described by Cole. Poor. Out 
of use. 

Randel's Best. 
Randel Best. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly 
striped and overspread . with dark red. Stalk short. Calyx small. 
Flesh white, tender, sweet. November, February. (Elliott.) 

Rasche. 

Originated with "W. Rasche, near Hermann, Mo. A new variety, of 
good promise. Tree a strong grower, productive, and hardy. Young 
wood dark brown red, with prominent buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, obscure ribs. Color greenish yellow, 
with small irregularly scattered gray dots, a shade of deeper green suf- 
fused, faint traces of russet at the stem end. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Yery good. December to 
March. 

Rattle-Box. 
Hollow Core. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, thinly striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh white, tender, jucy, mild subacid. Good. Core 
large. August. 

Ravelston Pippin. 
Revelstone Pippin. 
An Apple from Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, irregularly ribbed, greenish yellow, 
with stripes of red, and many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Rawle's Janet. 

Missouri Janet ? Rock Remain. Jennett. 

Red Neverfail ? Rock Rimmon. Neverfail. 

Rawle's Jannet. Yellow Janett. Indiana Jannetting. 

Raule's Jannetting. Winter Jannetting. Raul's Gennetting. 

Rawle's Genet. Jeniton. 

Originated in Amherst Co., Ya., on the farm of Caleb Rawle. Tree 

21 



322 



THE APPLE. 



hardy, vigorous, spreading ; it puts forth its leaves and blossoms much 
later than other varieties in the spring, and consequently avoids injury 
by late frost; it is, therefore, particularly valuable for the South and 
Southwest, where it is much cultivated. Young wood clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and 
striped with crimson. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a broad open 




Rawle's Janet. 



cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a rather shallow basin. Flesh 
whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. 
February to June. So far has not succeeded well at the North. 

Kawling's Eed Streak. 

Rawling's Fine Red Streak. Red Streaked Rawling. 

An old English sauce Apple, described in Ronalds. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, sweet. Good for cooking. December to March. 

Bebecca. 
Daddy. 

An old variety, originating with a family by name of Stidham, in 
Delaware. Tree upright spreading. Young shoots dull grayish brown. 
Terminal bud large, blunt. Productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a crimson 
cheek. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Calyx closed. 
Basin bi-oad and deep. Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to 
very good. August, September. 



THE APPLE. 



323 



Red and Green Sweet. 

Eed Pound Sweet. Bedford Sweet. 

Wheelock Sweet. Large Early Red. 

Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree a good grower, upright spreading, a moderate 
annual bearer. 

Fruit very large, oblong conic, ribbed, greenish white, with stripes 
of red. Flesh white, tender, sweet ; a good fruit for baking and stock 
feeding. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Red Apple. 

« 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, striped and marbled with 
bright red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh whitish, slightly 
stained with red, tender. Good. January to March. (Am. P. S. Rep.) 

Red Astrachan. 

Deterding's Early. Vermilion d'^lte. 

Astrachan Rouge. Abe Lincoln. 

Rother Astrakan. 

A fruit of extraordinary beauty, first imported into England, with 
the White Astrachan, from Sweden, in 1816. It bears abundantly 
with us, and its singular richness of color is heightened by an exquisite 
bloom on the surface of the fruit, like that of a plum. It is one of the 




Red Astrachan. 



handsomest dessert fruits, and its quality is good, but if not taken from 
the tree as soon as ripe it is liable to become mealy. Tree a vigorous 



324 



THE APPLE. 



grower, upright spreading. An early and abundant bearer. Young 
shoots clear reddish brown. 

Fruit pretty large, rather above the middle size, and very smooth 
and fair, roundish, a little narrowed towards the eye. Skin almost en- 
tirely covered with deep crimson, with sometimes a little greenish yellow 
in the shade, and occasionally a little russet near the stalk, and covered 
with a pale white bloom. Stalk rather short and deeply inserted. Ca- 
lyx partially closed, set in a slight basin, which is sometimes a little 
irregular. Flesh quite white, crisp, moderately juicy, with an agreeable, 
rich, acid flavor. Good to very good. Ripens from last of July to mid- 
dle of August. 

Red Autujin CAtiViLLE. 

Calville Rouge d'Automne. Calville Eouge. 

Calville d'Automne. Pomme Violette. 

Erd Beere, or Strawberry of Switzerland. Rosseau, incorrectly. 

An old French Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, deeply ribbed, pale yellowish, washed 
and overspread with shades of rich dark, or very dark red. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, often stained with red, sprightly aromatic, subacid. Good. 
September to Pecember. An unprofitable variety. 

Red Belle-Fleur. 
Belle-Fleur. Striped Belle-Fleur. Belle-Fleur Rouge. Wigwam. 
A French variety, scarcely worth cultivation. 

Fruit large, regular, oblong conical, pale greenish yellow, but nearly 
covered with red, striped with dark red. Flesh white, tender, of tol- 
erably mild flavor, apr, to become mealy. Poor. November to Jan- 
uary. 

Red Cai^ada. 

Old Nonsuch, of Mass. Poland. Richfield Nonsuch. 

Steele's Red Winter. 

An old fruit, formerly much grown in Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts, but is not now much planted, on account of its small size and poor 
fruit ; succeeds well in Western New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Tree 
thrifty, but of slender growth ; very productive. Young wood brown- 
ish olive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Skin yellow, mostly 
shaded with deep red or crimson, somewhat striped or splashed on the 
sunny side, and thickly sprinkled with gray, and sometimes greenish 
dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep ca^dty. Calyx closed. 
Segments long, in a small, narrow, somewhat irregular basin. Core 
small, close. Flesh white, tender, crisp, abounding with a brisk, refresh- 
ing juice, and retaining its fine, delicate flavor to the last. Yery good 
to best. January to May. 

Red Cathead. 
Cathead of some. 

Tree upright, vigorous," and productive, extensively grown in the 



THE APPLE. 



325 



eastern and sonthwestern counties of Yirginia. Young wood dull red- 
dish, brown, downy. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, partially shaded with dull red, 
and sometimes deeper red in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with 
whitish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx open, 
set in a large basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good to very good. October, November. 




Eed Canada. 



Bed Cedae. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 
Fruit medium, dark rich red. Flesh yellow, mild subacid. Valued 
for its long keeping quality. 

Red Cheek. 

There are claimed to be three distinct Apples under this name. One 

is said to have originated on the farm of Hull, Sharon, Conn. ; 

the tree forming a small branching head, a great bearer, and the fruit a 
long keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish, shaded in the sun with 
light red. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant 
mild subacid. Core medium. December to February. 

Another Red Cheek is said to have originated near Dracut, Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitish, shaded with crimson in the 
sun, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Core rather large. November, December. 

Another comes from New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, inclining to conic, whitish yel- 
low, shaded with crimson in the sun, gray and light dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Core rather 
small. December, January. 



326 



THE APPLE. 



Ked Favorite. 

Origin near Carlisle, Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, juicy, subacid. (A. Pom. S. Pep.) 

Eed Gilliflower. 
Red Seek-no-Farther. Harkness New Favorite. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, fine red. Flesh wMte, mild, rich sub- 
acid. November to January. Tree a poor bearer. (Elliott.) 

Ped Horse. 

Received from Kentucky. Tree of upright growth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, with broad ribs, mostly covered with dark 
red, and obscure splashes and stripes, and pretty thickly sprinkled with 
light gray dots, and nettings of russet. Stalk short. Cavity large, 
irregular. Calyx open. Flesh yellow^ish, crisp, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid, aromatic. Very good. October, January. 

We have had but little opportunity of comparing this with other 
varieties, and it may prove a variety known by another name. 

Pedick. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. 
Core small. November, December. 

Ped Ingestrie. 

Paised by Mr. Elnight. This is greatly admired as a dessert Apple 
in England, but not here. 

Fruit small, oblong or ovate, with a wide basin at the eye, and a 
short and slender stalk. Bright yellow, tinged and mottled with red on 
the sunny side. Flesh very firm, juicy, and high flavored. Good. 
Pipens in September and October. 

Ped Jewell. 

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good and handsome grower, 
an early bearer, and uniformly productive. A new promising sort. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Sides often unequal. Color very dark 
crimson red, with many white conspicuous dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
closed, or partially open. Flesh yellowish, firm, compact, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 

Ped June Sweet. 
June Sweeting-. 

Origin unknown. Peceived from Pennsylvania. Tree a fine 
grower and abundant bearer, continuing a long time in use. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to oblate, greenish yellow, striped, 
splashed, and shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 



THE APPLE. 



327 



white, tender, moderately juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Yery Good. 
July, August. 

Eed Mormon. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly splashed 
with red, small dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. 
Core small. January to March. 

Eed Must. 

An old Herefordshire (England) cider fruit, of large size, roundish 
oblate, yellow, with red cheek in the sun. Flesh rich. October, No- 
vember. 

Eed Eaxce. 

Origin unknown. Tree a ^dgorous, upright spreading grower, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, 
shaded with red and thickly covered with whitish dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a small cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, shallow basin. 
Flesh yellowish, fii^m, juicy, rich, ^\T.th a mild Spitzenburgh flavor. 
. Good to very good. December, February. 

Eed Eepublicait. 

Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. Tree vigorous; spreading, moderately 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, striped and shaded 
with red, and sprinkled %vith large whitish dots. Stalk short, in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, deep, and furrowed. Good. Flesh 
coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. 

Eed Eoiaein. 
Pomme Eomarin Rouge. Mela di Eosmarino rossa. 

An Italian fruit. 

Fruit large, oblate oblong conic, bright yellow, shaded with red, and 
dotted with small brown spots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, crisp, sugary acid, perfumed. Core small. Decem- 
ber to March. (An, Pom.) 

Eed Eusset. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Sanborn, Hampton Falls, N. H. Tree very 
vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. Young wood clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with dull red and deep 
carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight ap- 
pearance of rough russet on most of the surface. Stalk rather short and 
thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet. Calyx 
nearly closed. Segments long, recurved, in a narrow, uneven basin. 
Flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with, an excellent rich, subacid flavor, 
somewhat resembling Baldwin. Yery good. January to April. 



328 



THE APPLE. 



Red Seek-no-Farther. 

Origin unknown. From Pennsylvania. Tree open, spreading, good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with red. Flesh whitish green, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild sub- 
acid. Core small. Good. December, January. 

Bed Streak. 

Herefordshire Red Streak. Scudamore's Crab. Johnson. 

A capital English cider Apple, which thrives admirably in this 
country, and is very highly esteemed, as it makes a rich, high flavored, 
strong liquor. It is a handsome grower, and a great bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Calyx small, set in a rather deep 
basin. Stalk rather slender and short. Skin richly streaked ^vith red, 
with a few yellow streaks and spots. Flesh yellow, rich, firm, and 
dry. Good. 

Red Stripe. 

Enghsh Red Stripe. Carolina Red Stripe. Rockhill's Summer Queen. 

Origin unknown. Comes to us from Indiana. Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. Valuable fruit for market or cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, almost ribbed, whitish, considerably 
striped, splashed, and mottled with crimson. Stalk short and slender. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
August. Core large and open. 

Red Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree upright, 
vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, yellowish, striped and shaded with 
light red, and sprinkled with greenish dots. Flesh whitish, very tender, 
juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. November to February. 

Red Warrior. 

Origin, North Carolina^ Distinct from Nickajack, which is some- 
times grown under this name. Tree upright, with young shoots dark 
reddish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and marbled with two 
shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy. Good. November to 
March. 

Red "Winter Calville. 

Calville Royale d'Hiver. Calville Roug-e d'Hiver. CalviQe Roug-e Normande. 
Calville Rouge d'Anjou. Calville Rouge. Sanguinole. 
Caillot Rosat. Red Calville. Calville vrale des Allemands. 

Cushman's Black? 

An old French variety, quite superseded. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, pale and dark red. Flesh 
tender, mild subacid. Poor. November to February. 



THE APPLE. 



329 



Red Winter Peaemain. 

Red Lady Finger. Buncombe. Red Fall Pippin. 

Bunkum. Red Vandevere. Meig's. 

Robertson's Pearmain. Batcbelor. Tinson's Red. 

Jackson's Red, Southern Fall Pippin. Powers. 

Origin unknown. An old variety. Tree of moderate upright 

growth. ; a regular bearer. Young shoots clear rich reddish, brown, 
slightly downy. 




Bed Winter Pearmain. 



Fruit medium size, roundish oblong conic, yellowish, white, mostly 
shaded with, maroon and thickly sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk 
very short, in an acute deep cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, set 
in a small, round, open basin. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild 
subacid, or nearly sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. J an- 
uary to March. 

Red Winter St\':eet. 

Origin unknown. Specimens from Kentucky, although, the fruit 
is there stated to have come from Virginia or Maryland. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, deep crimson on yellow, with indis- 
tinct splashes and stripes, large and small light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh, yellow, a little coarse, rich, 
honeyed sweet. Fine for cooking. December, February. 

Reed. 

Originated on the premises of George Reed, Leedsville, Dutchess 
Co., K Y. 



330 



THE APPLE. 



Truit medium, roundisli, wliitish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with 
light and dark red. Stalk medium. Calyx small, closed. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good. November. 

Reinette Calville. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, rich yellow, with broad 
stripes of dull red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, perfumed. 
November January. (Diel.) 

Reinette Coulon. 

A new Apple, originating with M. L. Coulon, Liege, in 1856. Tree 
vigorous, with dark reddish gray young shoots. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, golden yellow, 
washed and splashed with rich bright red, many prominent reddish gray 
dots. Stalk stout, short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh creamy white, semi-crisp, brisk subacid, agTeeable. Core 
open, large. November, January. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Daniel. 
Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yel- 
low, nearly covered with thin dull russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. 
Good. November to February. 

Reinette D'Anjou. 

Of French origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, shaded 
and indistinctly splashed with rich red, few light or areole dots. Stalk 
rather slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid. 
Very good. Core medium, hollow. December, February. 

Reinette de Bayeux. 

A Belgian Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, golden yellow, shaded with 
red around the stalk, and with scattered red dots. Stalk short. Cavity 
large. Calyx half closed. Flesh white, half tender, sharp subacid. 
December to January. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette de Breda. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rich yellow^, with russet and red in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic. 
December to March. (Diel.) 



THE APPLE. 



331 



Reinette de Caux. 
Of Frencli origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruifc large, roundish, sliglitly oblate, yellow, splashed and mottled 
with bright red in the sun, many gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx half 
closed. Flesh yellomsh white, tender, juicy, agreeable aromatic, sub- 
acid. January, February. (Alb. Pom.) 

Eeixette de Claeeyal. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear lemon yellow, with a slight 
tinge of I'ed in the sun. Flesh fine, white, fii-m, juicy, aromatic, vinous. 
December, March. (Diel.) 

Reikette de Hoxgeie. 
An old Apple, described by Lindley as : 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rough gray russet, with faint orange 
in the sun, numerous warty specks. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, 
aromatic. November to April. 

E,EI^^:TTE de Thor^^. 

Supposed to have originated in Holland. It is described in the An- 
nals of Pomology as a vigorous, upright, productive tree. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish truncated, yellowish, washed, shaded, 
and mottled with bright red, gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
with long segments. Flesh creamy white, tender, juicy, rich subacid. 
December. 

Eeinette Dore. 
Reinette Jaune Sardive. Reiaette Eousse. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, 
nettings of russet, and large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, not very juicy, firm, subacid. Good. Core small, 
October, ^sovember. 

Eeijtette du Yigan". 

Of foreign unknown origin. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with many red and gray 
dots, faint blush of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh yellow, tinted with rose, fine-grained, firm, juicy, rich subacid. 
December to March. (An. Pom.) 

Eeixette Grain d'Or. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with gray spots and dots, 
bronzed ia the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, juicy, brisk subacid, December, January. (Alb. Pom.) 



332 



THE APPLE. 



Reinette Pippin. 
Origin, supposed France. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, -with light and 
gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
medium or small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, moderately juicy, brisk 
subacid. Good. Core rather large. December, January. 

E.EINETTE QUARRENDON. 

French origin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, washed and 
splashed with two shades of red, small black dots. Stalk slender. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, half crisp, sugary acid. December. (Alb. 
Pom.) 

Reinette St. Lambert. 
Supposed to have originated in Liege. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread 
with brilliant rich red or crimson, with a tinge of purple. Stalk short. 
Calyx in a deep basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, deKcate, per- 
fumed* September. Of good promise. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Triomphante. 
Victorious Eeiaette. 
A German early winter Apple. 

Fruit large, oblong, pale yellow, thickly dotted with white specks 
and rough, projecting warts. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant aroma- 
tic. Good. The tree is of thrifty growth, and is said to bear well. 

Reinette Yervaene. 

Originated at Ledeberg-les-Gand. Tree spreading. Young wood 
brownish, do^vny. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mottled and shaded with brick red. 
Flesh greenish white, fine-gTained, sharp subacid. Good. ISTovember. 

Republican Pippin. 

Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. Fii'st discovered by George "Webb, who 
gave it the name. Tree of strong, but crooked growth, only moderately 
productive. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate, dull yellow, mostly shaded with red, 
somewhat striped and marbled, and thinly sprinkled with large gray 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking and drying. September, 
October. 

Rhode Island Greening. 

.Burlington Greening-. Russine, Bell Dubois, 

Jersey Greening. Griinling- von Rhode Island. 

The Rhode Island Greening is such a universal favorite, and is so 
generally known, that it seems almost superfluous to give a description 



THE APPLE. 



333 



of it. It succeeds well in almost all of tlie northern sections of the 
States, and on a great variety of soils, and where it does succeed is one 
of the most esteemed and profitable among early winter frnits. In 
Southern Ohio, Indiana, and farther south it drops too early. Tree a 
very vigorous, strong, spreading grower. Young shoots reddish brown. 
Yery productive. 



Rhode Island Greening. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, pretty regular, but often 
obscurely ribbed, dark green, becoming greenish yellow when ripe, when 
it sometimes shows a dull blush near the stalk. Calyx small, woolly, 
closed, in a slightly sunk scarcely plaited basin. Stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, curved, thickest at the bottom. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, 
tender, crisp, with an abundance of rich, slightly aromatic, lively, acid 
juice. Yery good. November to February. 

Rhode's Orange. 

Eaised by Col. Mercer Rhodes, Newton Co., Ga. Tree a slow 
grower, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, washed, striped, and mot- 
tled with light red, many light and gray dots. Stalk rather long. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. August. 

RiBSTON Pippin. 
Glory of York. Travers'. Formosa Pippin. Eockhill's Eusset 

The Ribston Pippin, a Yorkshire Apple, stands as high in Great 
Britain as the Bank of England, and to say that an Apple has a Ribston 



334 



THE APPLE. 



flavor is there the highest praise that can be bestowed. But it is 
scarcely so much esteemed here, and must be content to give place with 
us to the Newtown Pippin, the Swaar, the Spitzenburgh, or the Baldwin. 
In Maine, and parts of Canada, it is very fine and productive. 




Eibston Pippin. 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, greenish yellow, mixed with a little 
russet near the stalk, and clouded with dull red on the sunny side. 
Stalk short, slender, planted in a rather wide cavity. Calyx small, 
closed, and set in an angular basin. Flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, with 
a sharp, rich, aromatic flavor. Yery good. The tree forms a spreading 
top. November to April. 

Eichard's Graft. 

Derrick's Graft. Red Spitzenburgh. Derrikinan. 

Strawberry. Wine. Dirck's G-raft. 

Uncle Richard's Graft. 

Originated at Greenport, Columbia Co., N. Y. An excellent fall 
Apple, worthy of extended cultivation. Tree a free, upright spreading 
grower, productive. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblafce. Color yellow, nearly covered with 
splashes, marblings, and shades of rich red. Stalk medium lengiih, slen- 
der. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Segments sometimes recurv- 
ed. Basin medium, slightly uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
pleasant, rich, aromatic subacid. Yery good. September, October. 

BlCHARDSON. 

Origin, farm of Ebenezer E,ichardson, Massachusetts. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, mostly covered with red, bright in the 



THE APPLE. 



335 



sun, with numerous large, light specks. Stem rather stout, in a large 
cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep narrow basin. Flesh gi-eenish 
white, remarkably tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, almost saccharine 
flavor. Good. Last of August and September. (Cole.) 




Rich,ard's Graft. 



Richmond. 

Origin, farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree a free grower, 
and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow, striped, splashed, and marbled with 
crimson, and thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, sweet, and rich. Good. 
October to February, 

Ridge Pippin. 

Origin unknown, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree a good grower and 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, very much ribbed. Yellow, very 
slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk rather 
short, inserted generally in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in an ab- 
rupt uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost 
saccharine, slightly aromatic flavor. Good. March, April. 

Valued mainly as a long keeper and salable in market. 

RiEST. 

From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, ribbed at apex, fair yellow. Flesh fine, 
pleasant. Good. August. 



33G 



THE APPLE. 



ElGLEY. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roimdish conical, pale yellow, shaded and splashed 
with shades of red. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
moderately juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. December to March. 

KiTTER. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with 
two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Good. September. 

River. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree of slow growth, but productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sliglitly conic, ribbed, yellow, 
striped and shaded with dark red, with a slight bloom. Stalk medium, 
deeply planted. Calyx open, set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September. 

EOADSTOWN PiPPIlf. 

Introduced to notice by James McLean, of Poadstown, J., and 
originated in that town. A strong, erect gi'ower, and makes a large 
tree ; a good bearer, and a profitable market fruit, large and uniformly 
fair, excellent for cooking and drying. Size large, oblate oblique. 
Calyx small, and closed. Skin greenish yellow, sparsely sprinkled with 
green dots. Flesh white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very 
good. Middle of April to the middle of September. 

Poane's White Ceab. 

An old Yirginia cider Apple ; valuable only for that purpose. 
Fruit small, round, yellow. September, October. 

Poberson's White. 

Origin said to be Culpepper Co., Ya., where it is popular. Tree up- 
right, of rapid growth, and bears regular crops. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color greenish yellow, with many 
dark dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. 
October to December. 

PoBERT Bruce. 

Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Tree of vigorous, upright growth, and 
good bearer. 

Fruit rather above medium, oblate, crimson shaded. Calyx open. 
Stalk short. Flesh white, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant. August. 
(Gar. Mon.) 



THE APPLE. 



337 



BOBERTS. 
Roberts Seedling-, 
Origin, Muskingum Co., O. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with blush cheek in sun. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Yery good. November, 
December. 

EOBEY. 

Robey's Seedling. 

Baised by H. B. Bobey, Fredericksburgh, Ya. Tree vigorous and 
productive. 

Fruit large, round, tapering to the eye. Color lively red, faintly 
striped, on a scarcely perceptible yellow ground, thickly covered with 
creamy spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. ISTovem- 
ber, December. 

BOBIJT. 

This is a new Apple, originated in the garden of M. Bobin, at 
Corbeil, and described in the Annals of Pomology. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conic, yellowish, mottled and veined 
with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh 
white, firm, juicy, perfumed subacid. April to May. 

BoBiNsox's Pippin. 
An old English Apple of little value. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, bronzed in the sun. 
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, sharp subacid or acid. December, Feb- 
ruary. 

Bobinson's Superb. 

Farrar's Summer. 

An Apple from Yirginia. Tree upright, productive. 
Fruit large. Flesh crisp, juicy. September, October. 

BoBiNsox's Sweet. 

Origin, Yermont. Tree upright, vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium, round, light red, striped. Flesh fine-grained, juicy, 
sweet. Too much of the fruit imperfect to make it desirable. 

BOCHELLE BeIXETTE. 
Reinette de la Rochelle. 
Tree ^^gorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, brownish blush 
in Sim, many large gray and red spots or dots. Flesh Avhitish, rather 
coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid. January. (Am. Pom.) 

22 



338 



THE APPLE. 



Hock. 

Origin, Peterborough, N. H., recommended by Kobert Wilson, of 
Keene, as an excellent fruit. Tree vigorous, with lojig, slender branches, 
very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, striped and splashed with 
dark and bright red on a yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
flavor subacid. Good. September, October. 

Another Hock Apple comes from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish, sprinkled with a 
few indistinct gray and light dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, lively 
subacid. Good. Core small. August. 

Rock Pippin. 
Lemon. Walnut Stem. 

From Ohio. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, yellow, bronzed in sun. Flesh firm, 
and a good keeper, and in spring profitable market fruit. (O. P. S.) 

PocKPORT Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a strong grower and productive. 
Young shoots reddish brown, smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, becoming waxen yellow, 
with a dull red cheek. Stalk rather long, inserted in a cavity some- 
what ribbed, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, nearly closed, set in 
a broad, open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, brisk, sweet. Good to very 
good. J anuary to April. Core small. 

There is claimed to be another Pockport Sweet, originating in Ohio, 
but we fail to discover the distinction by means of the fruit. 

Pock Saveet. 

Origin, farm of Elihu Pearson, Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, and a constant bearer. Young shoots reddish olive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic, reddish, 
shaded, striped, and splashed with darker red, and sprinkled with large 
whitish dots. Stalk short, set in a broad, deep, russeted cavity. Calyx 
closed. Pasin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, 
sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Polen's Keeper. 
Rowland. 

Fruit medium, round, regular, splashed red on russet. Dots scattered, 
small, white. Calyx small, closed. Flesh greenish yellow, fine-grained, 
acid, rich. Good to very good. March, AiDril. (Warder.) 

POLLIN. 
Rolla ? 

Origin, Franklin Co., IST. C. Tree of moderate growth, bears abun- 
dantly. 



THE APPLE. 



339 



Fruit medmm, roundish oblate, yellow, stained and striped with 
dull red. Stalk long. Cavity wide and deep. Basin shallow. Flesh 
compact, fine-grained, subacid. Good to very good. October to J anu- 
ary. 

ROMANITE. 

Broad River. Southern Romanite. 

The origin of this Apple is unknown. It has been sometimes con- 
founded or placed as identical with Shockley in North Carolina, where 
it is much grown, but it is quite distinct. It is also distinct from Gil- 




Eomanite. 



pin, sometimes known as Komanite. Tree vigorous, spreading, very 
productive. Branches slender. "Wood short-jointed, dull grayish 
brown. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, truncated, yellow ground, mostly 
overspread with clear, light, handsome red, indistinct light dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. February, April. 
Valuable as a keeper, and for the evenness of its fruit. 

KoMAN Stem. 

Originated at Burlington, in New Jersey, and is much esteemed 
in that neighborhood. Tree very productive, moderately vigorous, 
spreading, irregular. 

Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, whitish yellow, with a 
faint brownish blush, sprinkled with patches of dark russet, and, when 
ripe, having a few reddish specks, unless the fruit is very fair. Stalk 



340 



THE APPLE. 



three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a shallow caTity under a 
fleshy protuberance. Calyx set in a rather narrow basin, with a few 
plaits. Core hollow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, musky 
flavor. Yery good. November to March. 

Rome Beauty. 
GiUett's Seedhng. 

Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree a moderate grower, succeeds well at 
the Southwest. Young wood clear reddish brown, slightly downy or 
gray. A late bloomer. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, shaded and strij^ed 
with bright red, and sprinkled witli light dots. Stalk an inch long, in- 
serted in a large, deep cavity, surrounded by gi^eenish russet. Calyx 
partially closed, set in a narrow, deep basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, s|)rightly subacid. Good. Core rather large. October to De- 
cember. 

Rosa. 

An old French Apple. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, shaded and splashed with red in 
the sun, reddish gray dots. Flesh white, fijie, tender, juicy, subacid. 
December, January. (Alb. Pom.) 

EosE. 

Coxe calls this the Rose Apple of China, and says he imported it 
from England. Tree vigorous, ujjright, abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, rather oblong, striped red and green. Flesh pleasant, 
juicy. October. 

Roseau. 

Foreign. Tree poor grower and unprofitable. 

Fruit large, dark red, irregular in size and form. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
rich. Good. November, February. 

Roseau D'AuTOiixE. 
Tree large, vigorous grower, spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, russet at stem, 
blush red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, rich, fii-m. September. 
(Coxe.) 

Rose Calville. 

From France. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded and 
rather indistinctly splashed with crimson. Stalk short. Calyx closed, 
or partially open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Xo- 
vember, January. 



THE APPLE. 



341 



EOSE DE HOLLANDE. 
Eose de la Benauge. Rose Tendre. Pomme de Codillao 

Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, golden yellow, spotted and 
veined with rosy carmine. Stalk small, short. Calyx half open. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. Winter. (An. Pom.) 



EOSEJIARY. 
Eosemary Russet. 

An old Apple described by Konalds as of medium size, roundish 
conical, gi-eenish, with a little red russet. Flesh fii'm, yellowish, rich, 
and good for table or kitchen use. December, February. 

E-OSS NONPAEEIL. 

An Irish fruit, rather below medium size, roundish, narrowing a lit- 
tle to the eye, covered with a thin mellow russet, and faintly stained 
with red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, tender, with a rich 
aromatic flavor. Very good. A profuse bearer. Yery subject to rot 
before ripening. Unprofitable. October. 

■ ROSTOCKER. 

Stetting- Roug-e. Annaberger. Matapfel. 

Rothe Stettiner Rothe Hernapfel. Bodickheimer ? 

Berliner Glossapfel. 

A large and favorite German Apple, says Hogg, valuable for culinary 
purposes. 

Fruit oblate, ribbed, yellowish, deep red next the sun. November 
to May. 



EosY Eed. 

An old variety, origin unknown. It is grown in Michigan, where it 
is claimed as a seedling of Western Ne w York, and in Indiana, and there 
claimed as a seedling of Cambridge, la. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk medi- 
um, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, medium, irregular. 
Flesh yellowish, breaking, sometimes a Httle stained, mild subacid. 
Good. November, January. 



EouND Winter Nonesuch. 

A variety described by Hogg as an excellent bearer, and valuable 
for market. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with 
broken stripes and spots of red, some russet dots. Calyx large, closed. 
Stalk short. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to 
March. 



342 



THE APPLE. 



ROWE. 

Eowe's Seedling. 

An old Devonshire sauce Apple, described by Ronalds as : 
Fruit large, roundish conical, light green. Flesh greenish "vrhite, 
juicy, pleasant. August, September. 

EoxBURY Russet. 

Reiaette Rousse de Boston. Boston Russet. 

Howe's Russet. Putnam Russet. 

Marietta Russet. Warner Russet. 

Belpre Russet. Sylvan Russet. 

This Russet, a native of Massachusetts, is one of the most popular 
market fruits in the country, as it is excellent, a prodigious bearer, and 
keeps till late in the spring wherever the soil and climate suit it. South 
and West it drops its fruit too early, and is therefore not valuable. 
The tree is healthy, moderately vigorous, spreading, with young shoots 
of a reddish brown, downy. 



Roxbury Russet. 



Fruit of medium size, often large, roundish, a little flattened, and 
slightly angular. Skin at first dull green, covered with brownish yellow 
russet when ripe, with, rarely, a faint blush on one side. Stalk nearly 
three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, not deeply inserted. Calyx 
closed, set in a round basin of moderate depth. Flesh greenish white, 
moderately juicy, with a rather rich subacid flavor. Good to veiy good. 
Ripens in January, and may be brought to market in June. 

Royal Pearmain. 
Merritt's Pearmain. 
An old Aj^ple described by Coxe and Ronalds. It is to be found 



THE APPLE. 



343 



in tlie old orchards of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Oliio. The 
tree a moderately vigorous grower, very productive, the fruit keeping 
well. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical truncated, yellow, mostly overspread 
and indistinctly striped with red, warm rough russet at the apex. Stalk 
slender. Cavity russeted. Calyx with short divided segments. Basin 
irregular or broadly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, mild subacid, 
when fully ripe almost sweet. Yery good. November to March. 

Royal Reinette. 
Royal Grise Eeinette. 

From Sussex, England. Described by Lindley as : tree an abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit rather small, conical, yellow, striped with red, many gray spots. 
Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, brisk subacid. November to May. 

EOYAL KuSSET. 

Leathercoat Russet. Reinette de Canada Platte, 

Reinette de Canada Grrise. Passe Pomme de Canada. 

An old variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish green, mostly 
covered with brownish russet, which is bronzed in the sun. Flesh 
greenish white, firm, rich acid. Good. November, February. 

EoYAL Shepherd. 
A culinary Apple, described in Hogg as : 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, dull red in 
the sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, brisk, pleasant acid. November. 

KoYAL Somerset. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken streaks of 
red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
November to March. Cooking. (Hogg.) 

Eules Summer Sweet. 
Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblong, yellow. August. Poor. (A. Pom. S. Pep.) 
PuM Apple. 

Origin, Pawlet, Yt., on the farm of Brownley Pum. Tree upright, 
vigorous, an early and profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, slightly shaded ^vith crimson. Stalk 
short. Cavity moderate. Calyx partially closed. Basin broad and shal- 
low. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

Punnells. 

Origin, Maine. Profitable as a market fruit from its great produc- 
tiveness and long keeping. 



344 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roimdish, deep green in the shade, mostly covered 
with purplish brown. Flesh firm. Moderately good. April to June. 
(Me. Eep.) 

RusHocK Pearmain. 
Charles Pearmain. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with cinnamon russet, becom- 
ing brownish in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sub- 
acid. December, April. (Hogg.) 

BussET Pearmain. 

An old variety from Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly covered with russet, 
and a brownish red cheek. Flesh yellowish, breaking, rich, brisk sub- 
acid. Good. December to March. 

PussET Table Pearmain. 

A little dessert Apple, from England. Tree of slender growth, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish green, slightly russeted, 
with a bright red cheek in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, aromatic, 
subacid. Very good. November to February. (Pon.) 

PussiAN Transparent. 

Ponalds describes this as forming a large broad tree, but a poor 
bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, faced 
with a flush of rose, and speckled with dark points. Flesh sweet, pecu- 
liar. Good for cooking. November, December. 

Pymer. 

Caldwell. Green Cossings. Newbold's Duke of York. 

Cordwall. Newbold's Adrairal Duncan. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded with deep red, 
light dots. Flesh yellowish, rather fii^m, tender, subacid. Good. De- 
cember to April. 

Sable Syveet. 

Origin, Vermont. Tree good grower, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, partially 
splashed and mottled with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild 
sweet, subacid. Good. August. 



THE APPLE. 



345 



Sack axd Sugar. 

Morris's Sack and Sugar. 

A little, old, early English Apple. Tree a fine grower, and good 
bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow. Tlesh white, soft, juicy, 
sweet. Good. August. 

Sailly Autumn. 
SaUe? 

Origin, Plattsburgh, Y., on the farm of J. H. Sanborn. Tree 
upright, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, the exposed 
side frequently deep red. Stalk short, in a medium ca\T.ty. Calyx 
small, closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh very tender. Subacid. 
Good. September. 

Saixt Juliex 

Saint Julian. Seigneur d'Orsay. Concombre des Chartreaux. 

Heilige Julian's Apfel. De Saint Julien. Pomme de Saint Julien. 

An old variety, probably of French origin. Tree a strong, vigorous 
grower, productive. 

, Fruit medium, roundish conical, obtusely ribbed, yellowish russet 
green, slight tinge of red in sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, 
sweet. December. (Lind.) 

St. Laweexce. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Young 
shoots smooth, reddish bro^sm. 

Fruit large, oblate, tapering towards the eye, yello^\ish, striped and 
splashed ^dth carmine. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cav- 
ity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin small and deep. Flesh white, lightlv 
stained, crisp, juicy, tender, and vinous. Good to very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Saixt Sauteur. 
Calville Saint Sauveur. Pomme Saint Sauveur. 

Originated in France. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellowish, faint blush in 
the sun, many light dots. Stalk short. Flesh milk white, tender, juicy, 
aromatic, acid. Good. November. (An. Pom.) 

Salem. 
Salem Sweet. 

An old Massachusetts Apple, somewhat grown in Ohio and west- 
ward. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, rough, yellow, with 
brown and green dots, sometimes a blush in sun. Flesh yellowish, 
crisp, tender, mild, almost sweet. Good. Core small. October, De- 
cember. 

Salopian Pippin. 

A Shropshii-e Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree a compact grower, 
constant bearer. 



346 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish green, faint bronzed cbeek in sun, 
many small brown specks. Flesh white, juicy. Valued for cooking. 
October, December. 

Sam Young. 
Irish Russet. 

Origin, Ireland. 

Fruit small, slightly flattened and regularly formed, bright yellow, 
a good deal covered with gray russet. Flesh greenish, quite juicy and 
tender. Good. November to January. 

Santouchee. 
Panther. Wildcat. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, upright grower, productive. 
Young shoots grayish brown, with prominent buds. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, oblique, waxen white, with brown dots. 
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, furrowed. Calyx partially closed, 
small. Basin narrow. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. 
November to February. 

Sapson. 
Sapsonvine. 

An old but very nice little dessert Apple. Tree an abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish, crimson red, stained and striped with purplish 
crimson. Flesh white, stained with pink, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. August to October. 

Sartha's Yellow. 
Pomme de Jaune. Pomme d' Argent. Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha. 
Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small or medium, roundish, yellow, spotted with brown spots. 
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish 
white, firm, crisp, juicy, subacid. (An. Pom.) 

Savage's Cheese. 

Origin, Columbia Co., Ga. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, a 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, marked and striped with red. Flesh 
white, juicy. October. Good bearer. 

Savewell. 

Putnam's Savewell. Cornell's Savewell. 

Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often 
shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. February, March. Valu- 
able keeper. 



THE APPLE. 



347 



Sawyer. 

Origin, Amos Sawyer, Hillsborough, 111. Tree vigorous, upright, 
early bearer. 

Pruit medium. Eorm conic truncated, regular. Color waxy yellow, 
with faint blush of crimson, thinly sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk 
medium, slender. Cavity medium, acute. Calyx rather large, somewhat 
open. Segments reflexed. Basin deep, abrupt, regular. Flesh yellow, 
breaking, tender, juicy, subacid. Core small. Quality good. April to 
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) 

Sawyer Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, healthy grower, upright spreading. 
Young wood reddish brown, grayish, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, gTeenish, with blush in the sun. Flesh white, sweet. 
Good. October, November. 

Scarlet Crofton. 
Eed Crofton. 

An Irish Apple. 

- Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish russet, red in the sun. Flesh firm, 
crisp, rich, sugary. October, December. (Lindley.) 

Scarlet Leadington. 

Of Scottish origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, four-sided, yellow and red 
striped. Flesh yellowish, veined with pink or lilac, firm, crisp, juicy, 
brisk, sugary. November, February. (Hogg.) 

Scarlet Nonpareil. 

New Scarlet NonpareiL 

Foreign ; medium size, roundish oblate conical, whitish, striped and 
shaded with red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, subacid. Yery 
good. November, December. 

Scarlet Pearmain. 
Bell's Scarlet Pearmain. Sigler's Red ? Oxford Peach, 

A showy dessert Apple, of English origin. 

Fruit medium sized, pearmain or conical shaped. Skin light crimson 
or yellow in the shade, rich crimson on the sunny side. Stalk nearly 
an inch long, deeply set. Flesh white, stained with a tinge of pink, 
crisp, juicy, subacid. Yery good. In eating from the last of August to 
the tenth of October. A plentiful bearer. 

Scarlet Sweet. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dark brown- 
ish red, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded 



348 



THE APPLE. 



and indistinctly striped and splashed with light scarlet, many light dots. 
Stalk varying. Cavity open, deep. Calyx small, oj^en. Flesh yellowish 
white, tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Core small. Good to very 
good. October to February. 

Scarlet Tiffing 
A culinary Apple, from Lancaster, England. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, pale yellow, mostly 
overspread with deep scarlet *in the sun. Flesh pure white, tender, 
crisp, juicy, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.) 

SCHAFFER^S EaRLY. 

S chaffer's Early Eed. S chaffer's Garden. 

Origin, Lehigh Co., Pa. Tree an upright thrifty grower, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped, splashed, 
and marbled with red, sometimes only a red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good, or very 
good. Core small. August, September. 

SCHOONMA-KER. 
Schoolmocker. 

An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, up- 
right spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, bronzed blush in the sim. 
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Schreveton Golden Pippin. 
From Nottinghamshire, England. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, marked with russet. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, crisp. Good. December, April. 

Sciota Beauty. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, whitish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with two shades of red. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January to April. 

Scollop Gilliflower. 
Scolloped Gilliflower. Striped Gilliflower ? 

This, according to Elliott, is an entirely distinct variety from Red 
Gilliflower. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, flattened at base, tapering 
towards the eye, always much ribbed or scolloped, light yellow, striped 
and splashed ^vith shades of light and dark red. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx with long segments. Basin abrupt, deep, 
ribbed. Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet. 
Core large, hollow. Good. November to February. 



THE APPLE. 



349 



Scotch Bridget. 
A cooking fruit, Lancaster, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed or knobbed at apex. Flesh 
white, tender, soft, juicy. October, January. (Hogg.) 

Scott's Best. 

Origin, farm of Luther Scott, Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co., Y. Tree 
moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and mot- 
tled with light red, striped and splashed with crimson. Stalk variable, 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, tender, juicy, agreeable, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good 
to very good. November, December. 

Scrivener's Bed. 

An admired cider fruit in some parts of Maryland and Delaware. 
Fruit medium, roandish oblong conical, bright red, with dark stripes. 
Flesh juicy, breaking, rich. October. 

Seaconk Sweet. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree strong grower, very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, red, with stripes of darker red, 
.few small white dots. Flesh white, compact, sweet. Good. January 
to April. 

Seaman's Sweet. 

From Long Island. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, splashed, striped, and 
shaded with red. Calyx closed. Stalk very short. Flesh white, not 
tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Baking. October. 

Seaver Sweet. 
Grafton Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive, spreading. Young 
wood light reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, blush of red in 
the sun, few gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Core small. Janu- 
ary to j^.pril. 

Seedless. 

Origin in the grounds of Alfred Smith, Addison, Yt. Tree drooping 
habit, healthy and productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate roundish, light greenish yellow, with 
dark carmine cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh white, dry, very mild subacid. Only good. Core 
without seeds. November, December. 



350 



THE APPLE. 



Seever. 
Seever's Eed Streak. 
From Cosliocton Co., O. 

Fruit medium, globular, lemon yellow, striped with bright clear red. 
Stalk short, slender. Calyx with long segments. Basin deep, open. 
Mesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. October to November. (Elliott.) 

Selby Bellflower. 

A seedling from the Yellow Bellflower. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, pale yellow on rather a 
greenish ground. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx medium. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, mild, spicy, subacid. No- 
vember to March. (Gar. Mon.) 

Selma. 

From Clark Co., O. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, yellow, with pale russet 
patches, especially around the stem, dull faint red in sun. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, breaking, mild subacid. Yery good. November, Decem- 
ber. (Elliott.) 

Selwood's Reikette. 

From Lancaster, England. Tree a healthy grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly covered and striped with 
red. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk, pleasant. Cooking. Decem- 
ber, March. (Hogg.) 

September. 
Pride of September. 

Origin, Centre Co., Pa., received from W. G. Waring. Tree hardy 
and vigorous, a good and regular bearer. Young wood smooth, reddish 
brown. Buds prominent. 

Fruit large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conic, yel- 
low, slightly shaded and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, 
inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx 
partially closed, set in an ojDen basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
very agreeable subacid. Yery good. October. 

Sergeant's Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. 

Fruit medium, round, straw color, with a blush next the sun. 
Flesh tender, very sweet, superior for baking. October. (Kenrick.) 

Shaker Greening. 

Hampshire Grreening ? Shaker Pippin. 

Origin, Enfield, N. H. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. March, November. 



THE APPLE. 



351 



Shakespeare. 

An Englisli dessert Apple, described by Hogg as of medmm size, 
roundish oblate conic, greenish, with brownish red next the sun, few 
broken stripes of darker red, many russety dots. Flesh greenish yellow 
firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, vinous. December to April. 

Sharpe's Greening. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree thrifty, and upright grower. 
Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh 
juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Sheepnose. 

There are several Apples to which this name has been applied : some 
are proved identical with well-known varieties ; others, of which no ori 
gin can be traced, may yet prove only synonyms of well-known kinds. 

"Warder describes a Sheepnose as : 

Fruit medium, round, slightly conic, irregular, greenish yellow, white 
striae about the base. Dots minute. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. December, February. 

Another Sheepnose is grown in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which 
is medium size, roundish conical, yellow, sometimes a blush in sun. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, juicy, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Shell. 

Supposed origin, Virginia. 

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, becoming clear yellow in the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich. August. New. 

Shepherd's Fame. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, pale yellow, streaked with a 
deeper shade and rich red. Flesh yellowish, soft, tender, sweet. October, 
March. (Hogg.) 

Sheppard's Sweet. 

Origin, Windham Co., Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, and a great 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, striped with 
red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly 
closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, tender, sweet and pleasant. 
Good. October, November. 

Shiawassee Beauty. 
Michigan Beauty. 

Originated in Shiawassee Co., Mich. Tree a strong upright grower, 
until in full bearing, when it becomes partially pendent, very productive. 
Young wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. This variety resem- 
bles Fameuse, but its wood shows its distinctiveness. 



352 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit mediura, oblate, whitish, shaded, marbled, splashed, and striped 
with rich red, few light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin large, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
firm, very white, tender, juicy, brisk, refreshing subacid. Yery good. 
October, January. 

Shipley Green. 

Origin, Maryland. 

Fruit medium, oblong, red, and very acid. Good for cooking and 
keeping only. 

Shippen's Russet. 

Originated in Philadelphia. It is often found at the West, and as a 
market sort profitable, but inferior in quality to the Roxbury Russet. 
The tree is very vigorous, forming a large round spreading head, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, oblate, irregular, yellowish green, somewhat russeted. 
Flesh greenish, rather dry, soft, mild subacid. Good. November, 
February. 

Shockley. 

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, very pro- 
ductive, bearing young and regularly. Young wood reddish, grayish 
on under side. 




Shockley. 



Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow overspread with 
red, inconspicuous minute dots. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a deep 



THE APPLE. 



353 



acute cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow corrugated basin. 
Flesh crisp, juicy, rich, saccharine, slightly vinous, and pleasant. Good. 
April, May. 

This is one of the most profitable varieties at the South, where it not 
only bears abundantly, but keeps and sells remarkably well. 

Simpson Sweet. 

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, flattened at base and crown, green- 
ish yellow, with a tinge of brown in the sun. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Core small. 
December. 

SiNE-QUA-NON. 

A native of Long Island, named by the late Wm. Prince. 

Fruit roundish conical, about medium size, smooth, pale greenish yel- 
low. Stalk slender. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and of a delicate 
and very sprightly flavor. Good. The young trees are rather slow and 
crooked in growth. August. 

Sink. 

- Origin, Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, splashed and 
marbled with red. Flesh very white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. September. 

Sir William Gibbons. 
An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, streaked with light and 
dark red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sKghtly acid. Novem- 
ber, January. 

Skunk. 

An old New Jersey Apple. 

Fruit large, yellow, resembling Newtown Pippin, with red spots and 
blotches. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant. Good. November, Decem- 
ber. (Coxe.) 

Sleeping Beauty. 
Winter Sleeping- Beauty. Sleeper. 
Tree an excellent bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat flattened, straw-color, washed 
with lively red. Flesh yellowish white, crispj^ tender, juicy, acid. No- 
vember, February. (Hogg.) 

Sleight's Lady Apple. 

This valuable Apple was raised by Edgar Sleight, Dutchess Co., 
N. Y. It is almost a perfect fac-simile of Lady Apple, except being nearly 
twice as large. Tree somewhat more vigorous and spreading than the 
Lady Apple, and very productive. The fruit a little earlier in ripening. 

23 



354 



THE APPLE. 



Slingerland Pippin. 

Kaised by Mr. Slingerland, of Albany Co., N. Y. Tree vigorons, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, often oblique, yellow, shaded with 
red and sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, par- 
tially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid. 
Good to very good. December, February. 

Smalley. 
Spice. 

From Kensington, Conn. Tree vigorous, spreading, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant aromatic. 
Good. September, October. 

Small's Admirable. 

This is described by Hogg as an immense bearer, and adapted for 
dwarf culture. 

Fruit above medium, roundish ovate, flattened, lemon yellow. Flesh 
firm, yellowish, crisp, subacid. November, December. 




Smith's Cider. 



Smith's Cider. 

Smith's. Pennsylvania Cider. Popular Bluff. 

Fuller. ^ Fowler. 



Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. This Apple is widely grown, and much es- 
teemed as a profitable market sort. The tree is a very vigorous, strag- 



THE APPLE. 



355 



gling, spreading grower, and productive. Young wood a rich dark 
brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and 
striped with red, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk slender, of 
medium length, inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity. Calyx closed, 
set in a broad, rather shallow basin. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, crisp, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. December, March. 

Smokehouse. 

Millcreek Vandevere. Red Vandevere. English Yandevere. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa., near Millcreek, grew on the farm of 

Gibbons, near his smokehouse, hence its name. An old variety 

and popular in Pennsylvania. It somewhat resembles the old Pennsyl- 
vania Yandevere, and is supposed to be a seedling of it. 

Tree moderately vigorous, with a spreading head, a good bearer. 
Young wood dull dark reddish brown. 




SmokehiOTise, 



Fruit rather above medium, roundish oblate, skin yellow, shaded 
and splashed with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with large gray and 
brown dots. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a broad cavity. 
Calyx closed, set in a wide basin, of moderate depth, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, crisp, rather rich subacid. Good. 
September to February. Yalued for culinary uses. 

Snediker. 

Origin unknown. Tree an upright vigorous grower, productive. 



356 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, marbled with 
large red dots, few gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx closed or par- 
tially open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, 
tender, brisk subacid. Core rather small. Good. December, February. 

Snepps'. 
Jno. Snepps'. 

Supposed origin, Edinburgh, la. Tree vigorous and sufficiently pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit above medium, almost large, flat, dull green, becoming pale 
yellow, with many dark dots that often give it a gray appearance. Calyx 
large, closed. Stalk stout. Flesh yellowish, breaking, fine-grained, 
juicy, agreeably sweet. December, March. (Warder.) 

Somerset. 

Origin, Somerset Co., Me. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, bright yellow, mostly 
covered with splashes and stripes of bright red. Flesh yellowish, some- 
times a little stained with red, tender, juicy, agreeable subacid. Sep- 
tember. (Me. Rep.) 

There is another Somerset grown in Western New York, the fruit 
of which is medium or below, roundish conical, whitish yellow, partially 
netted with russet. Flesh yellow, tender. Good. August, September. 
The wood as well as fruit of these is quite distinct, the former being 
reddish brown, the latter dull grayish reddish brown, downy. 

Sommerset Lasting. 

A fine showy English Apple, described by Ronalds as large, round- 
ish oblate, clear yellow, with a bkish red cheek. Flesh white, tender, 
brisk, sharp subacid. Valuable for cooking or market. December to 
March. 

Sops of Wine. 

Red Shropsavine ? Worden's Pie Apple. Hominy. 
Bell's Early ? Washington. Dodge's Early Red. 

Bennington. 

An old European variety. Tree vigorous, upright, an early and 
productive variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red, splashed and shaded with 
deep red, and sprinkled with white and gray dots, and a thin bloom. 
Stalk slender, in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow, 
uneven. Flesh white, often stained, not very juicy, mild, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. August, September. 

SouissoN Russet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with rich red or crim- 
son in the sun, and splashes and blotches of russet in the shade, and 
sometimes russet mixed with the red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, rich, 
brisk subacid. Yery good. Core small. February, March. 



THE APPLE. 



357 



Sour Bough. 

An old variety, grown in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree thrifty, 
upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, moderately sprinkled with 
gray and light dots. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. 
September. Often knotty and unprofitable. 

Southern- Lady. 

From North Carolina. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish, much shaded with bright crimson, many 
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
jiadcy, very mild subacid, aromatic. Very good. September, October. 

Sovereign. 

A little Apple from England, described by Ronalds as : 
Fruit small, oblong oblate, light yellowish brown, with a small flush 
of red. Flesh firm, rich, and sweet. February, April. 

Spafford Russet. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, flattened at ends, yellowish, slightly 
russeted. Flesh greenish white, soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Hardly good. December, February. 

Spark's Late. 
Spark's. 

A variety somewhat grown in Southern Illinois, its origin unknown. 
Tree an upright grower, hardy, and good bearer. 

Fruit large, rounfKsh oblong conic, greenish yellow, rarely with a 
shade of crimson in the sun, brown dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, half tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Valuable 
for cooking. 

Speckled. 
Westbrook. 

Origin uncertain. Tree a rapid grower and annual bearer. 
Frait large, roundish oblong, yellowish white, red in the sun, small 
russet dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Good. October, January. 

Speckled Oley. 

From Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with 
red, large white dots. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Hardly good. 

Spectator. 

Originated by J. W. Bailey, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree spreading, 
very productive. 



358 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, ribbed, yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good. 
September. 

Spice Russet. 
Sweet Russet of some, erroneously. 

Origin ■unknown. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish flattened, light yellow russet, with 
numerous small fine dots, exposed to the sun carmine and yellow 
bronzed. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, 
juicy, almost sweet, aromatic subacid. December to March. (Elliott.) 

Spice Sweet. 
Berry Bough. 

Tree vigorous, productive, medium, oblate, smooth, pale yellow. 
Flesh rather firm, sweet, highly aromatic, apt to be knotty and unfair. 
August, September. 

Sponge. 

There are two varieties under this name, neither of which is at all 
valuable. 

One is : Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, striped with 
dull red, dotted with whitish spots. Flesh white, coarse, subacid. A 
kitchen fruit. October and November. 

The other is: Fruit medium, oblong conic, green, splashed with 
red. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Poor. November. 

Sprague. 

Fruit rather small, oblong oval, slightly conic, yellow. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Scarcely good. October. 

Springer. 
Springer's Seedling. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Frviit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, with faint stripes of 
red. Flesh firm, negative character. J anuary to May. (Elliott.) 

Spring Grove Codlin. 
An old English cooking Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, deeper in the sun. 
Flesh greemsh yellow, crisp, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. October. 

Spring Pippin. 
Springport Pippin. 

Origin, Springport, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Tree upright, thrifty, unpro- 
ductive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong, yellowish green. Flesh yellow 
ish white, crisp, sprightly subacid. December to May. (Elliott.) 



THE APPLE. 



359 



Squiee's Greexi>-g. 
An English cnlinaiy Apple. 

Fruit described bv Hogg as above medium, roundish, flattened, green, 
with dull brownish red in the sun. Plesh vellowish white, firm, brisk 
subacid. December to April. 

Staats' Sweet. 

Originated in Somerset Co., X. J. Tree a sti'ong, upright, vigorous 
grower, %vith curved erect branches, forming a beautiful head, produc- 
tive. 

rmit medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and overspread mostly with light and dark red. Stalk short. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, mild, plea- 
sant, sweet. Good to very good. December to February. 

Stack. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Finiit medium to large, roundish conical, red, striped with deep red. 
Dots minute and few. Stalk long, slender. Calyx medium, closed. 
Basin medium. Flesh light yellow, fine-giained, juicy. Good. Core 
large, open. December to January. (Ind. Trans.) 

Stackyaed. 

Originated in Montgomery Co., Fa. An old variety. 

Finiit medium, oblate, gi^eenish yellow, covered and marbled with 
yellow and red, and speckled with small spots and patches of russet. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy. Good. 2s ovember, December. 

Sta:\ieord Fippix. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as first-rate for dessert. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, yellow, tinge of orange in sun. 
Flesh yellowish, fu-m, tender, crisp, sweet, brisk, pleasant aroma. De- 
cember t-o March. 

StA2s'AED. 
Stanard's Seedling. 

An Apple extensively disseminated in Illinois and West, fi'om Col- 
onel B. Hodge, through " The Grove nui^series. The tree is ex- 
tremely hardy, enduring uninjured the most severe changes of the 
.prairies. It is a crooked, spreading, iiTegular, but rapid grower ; a 
young, abundant, and annual bearer. Yoimg wood reddish brown, 
downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, dull green, 
changing to yellow at maturity, splashed and striped with red, large 
russet specks. Stalk in a deep canity. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, rather coarse, very juicy, rather rich subacid. Very good. De- 
cember to March. Superior for cooking. 



360 



THE APPLE. 



Stanley. 
Stanley's Seedling-. 

Originated in Alabama. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 
Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, ten- 
der, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. October, ISTovember. 

Stanley's Winter Sweet. 
Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, red, streaked and specked with purple. Flesh 
juicy, sweet. December to March. (Me. Rep.) 

Stansill. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good grower and early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, sometimes a blush 
in sun, and occasionally indistinctly striped. Flesh yellow, subacid. 
Good to very good. January. 

Star. 

An old variety, grown in Dutchess Co., IST. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly 
splashed with crimson, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November. 

Stark. 

Origin unknown, grown in some parts of Ohio, and valued as a long 
keeper and profitable market fruit. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. 
Young shoots dark brownish red. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes a little elongated, 
and sometimes slightly oblique. Skin greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, and 
thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots, a portion of them areole 
dots. Stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. January 
to May. 

Starr. 

From New Jersey. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish white. Stalk slen- 
der. Flesh whitish, pleasant subacid. July to September. Cooking 
only. 

Star Reinette. 
Reinette Etoile. CalvUle Etoile. 

A Belgian Apple. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roimdish, ribbed at apex end, washed and shaded 
with red, distinct white dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Novem- 
ber. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE APPLE. 



361 



Steel's Sweet. 

Origin, Connecticut ; productive, keeps well, but not always fair. 
Fruit medium, globular, yellowish, slight blush. Flesh white, com- 
pact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor. December to March. 

Stephenson's Winter. 

Origin, Marshall Co., Miss. Tree a moderate grower and a good 
bearer. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and sometimes 
striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, 
rather firm, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Good. Jan- 
uary to April. 

Stevens' Gilliflower. 

Originated in Sweden, Me. Fruit large, roundish conical, dull 
whitish ground striped with red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant sub- 
acid. November to February. (Cole.) 

Stillman's Early. 

Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., IST. Y. Tree of moderate upright growth, 
productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conic, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, and a 
few brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. 

Stillwater Sweet. 
Grandmother. 

Originated by Caleb Mendenhall, near Dayton, O. Tree an upright 
grower, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown, very slightly 
downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, faintly ribbed, greenish 
yellow, shaded, minute black dots, sometimes in the sun it has a pale red 
cheek. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Good to very 
good. September, October. 

Stirzaker's Early Square. 

A Lancaster, England, variety, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit below medium, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow, overspread and 

mottled with a dingy brown russet. Flesh white, tender, pleasant. 

August, September. 

Stockade Sweet. 

Origin, Marietta, Ohio. Tree thrifty, very upright, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
compact, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. Valuable for 
baking and keeping. December to May. 



362 



THE APPLE. 



Stone Pippin. 
White Stone Pippin. 

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described hj Lindley as worthy of culti- 
vation. Tree vigorous, hardy, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, pale green, becoming yellow. Plesh 
very firm, almost sweet. November to May. 

Stonewall Jackson. 

A new Southern Apple, mostly valued because of its long-keeping 
quality. Tree an upright, stout grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides unequal, whitish yellow, 
shaded, and obscurely striped and splashed in the sun with light red. 
Stalk small. Flesh white, firm, not very juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
A long keeper. 

Stonor Park. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Ponalds as of medium size, 
conical, yellow, with faint stripes and shades of red. Flesh white, ten- 
der, brisk subacid. Good. November. 

Straudt. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, deep crimson, with stripes 
of paler red, and numerous light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh fine-grained, tender, white, subacid, pleasant. Good. 
November. 

Strawn. 
Strawn's Seedling. 

Paised by J ames Strawn, Yirginia. Tree a thrifty grower and good 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, reddish stripes on a pale yellow ground, cream- 
colored spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, slightly acid. Good. December to 
April. 

Streaked Pippin. 

Eed Pippin. Hempstead. Quaker of some. 

Skunk, erroneously. 

Origin, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Tree thrifty, hardy, vigorous, 
spreading, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with rich red, few light and gray dots. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity narrow, sometimes russeted. Calyx closed. Basin slightly cor- 
rugated. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, 
slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November to January. 

Striped Beaufin. 
An English Apple. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, broadly ribbed, greenish yellow, covered 



THE APPLE. 



363 



and mottled with broken stripes and dashes of deep red. Flesli yellow- 
ish white, firm, juicy, pleasant acid. October to May. (Lindley.) 

Striped Belle et Bonne. 

An old Eastern Apple. Origin "unknown. Tree vigorous, upright 
spreading, productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, somewhat 
downy. A profitable market variety. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, mostly covered, striped, 
splashed, and mottled with light and dark red, few light brown dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid, moderately 
juicy. Good. Core rather small. August, September. 

Striped Hollant) Pippin. 

An old Holland fruit. Tree a free grower, and productive ; valued 
mainly for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish, obscurely ribbed, yellow, striped with red. 
Mesh white, subacid. October, December. (Lindley.) 

Striped Mohawk. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, red striped on yellow. Flesh dry, 
poor. Late autumn. (ElKott.) 

Striped Monstrous Beint:tte. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, with irregular ribs, terminating in strong 
wrinkles around the eye, greenish yellow, mostly covered, striped, and 
blotched with red. Stalk small. Flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. 
October, November. (Bonalds.) 

Striped Porter. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with stripes and 
splashes of red, red and russet specks. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, 
russeted. Basin wrinkled. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, subacid. Octo- 
ber. (N. E. Far.) 

Striped Shropsavine. 
Curtiss Early Stripe. 

Fruit small, oblong conic, pale yellow, striped with bright red- 
Flesh crisp, pleasant. July, August. A poor grower. 



Striped Winter Pearmain. 

Striped Sweet Pippin. Large Striped Winter Pearmain. 

Snorter. Striped Pearmain. 

Winter Pearmain of some. lilissouri Keeper ? 

Missourian ? 

An old variety, which can only be traced to Kentucky. It is con- 
siderably grown now all through the West, and largely under the name of 
Striped Sweet Pippin. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. 
Young shoots clear reddish bro\vn, slight bloom on ends. 



354 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellow, striped, 
splashed, and shaded with shades of red, numerous gray dots, giving it 
somewhat appearance of bloom. Stalk medium or short, and small, in- 




striped Winter Pearmairu 



serted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx small, closed, set 
in a broad, uneven basin. Flesh yellow, juic}'", crisp, tender, very mild, 
rich, pleasant, scarcely subacid. Yery good. October to January. 

Steoat. 
Straat. 

An Apple formerly in high esteem among the descendants of the 
Dutch settlers on the North River. Not profitable. 

Fruit above the middle size, roundish, and tapering a little to the 
eye, yellowish green. Flesh yellow, very tender, brisk subacid. Good. 
September to December. 

Strobe's Birmingham. 
Strode's. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. A vigorous, upright grower, very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblong oval or conic, yellow, sprinkled 
with a few gray dots. Stalk slender, set in a deep, narrow cavity. 
Basin broad, shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellow, moderately jnicy, sub- 
acid. Good to \ery good. September. 



THE APPLE. 



365 



Strubel. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with rich red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
compact, yellowish, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core 
small. November to March. 

Stump. 

Supposed origin, Delaware. Tree spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with light red nearly over 
the whole surface. Stalk short, small. Calyx closed or partially open. 
Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Core small. September, October. 

Sturmer Pippin. 

An English fruit. Below medium, oblate, approaching conic, yel- 
low, with a bronzed or crimson cheek. Stalk of medium length, insert- 
ed in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin shallow 
and uneven. Flesh compact, rich subacid. Good. January, May. 

Stymus. 

This new and really excellent Apple originated on the farm of Jacob 
Stymus, Dobb's Ferry, N. Y. Tree moderately thrifty, upright, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark crimson. Stalk short, small. Cavity 
large, deep. Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Yery good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Styre. 
Forest Styre. 

A famous old English cider fruit, of medium size, roundish, pale 
yellow, with an orange cheek. Flesh firm, and makes a high-colored 
liquor. October, January. 

Sudbury Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, faintly splashed, 
marbled, and striped with dull red, many light and gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, rather tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet. Good. 
December, January. 

Suffolk Beauty. 

A new variety from H. H. & E, L. Brown, Deer Park, Long Island. 
Tree a free grower and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, with a few dark 
green dots, and a little russet near the stalk. Stalk slender. Calyx 



366 



THE APPLE. 



small. Flesh white, agreeable subacid. August, September. (Gar. 
Mon.) 

SuGAK AND Brandy. 
A Lancashire, England, Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, rib on one side, deep dull 
yellow, pale red in the shade, bright orange red in the sun. Flesh deep 
yellow, spongy, juicy, very sweet. August, September. (Hogg.) 

Sugar Loaf Pippin. 
Hutching's Seedling. 

A foreign sort. Tree of good growth and productive. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong or conical, smooth, clear pale yellow, 
becoming nearly white on one side when fully ripe. Flesh white, firm, 
very slightly acid, and moderately juicy. Good. Ripens the latter part 
of July, and is very showy on the tree. 

Sugar Sweet. 

From Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, a moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, mostly shaded with red, 
and a dark maroon cheek. Flesh white, fine-grained, not very tender, 
but with a rich, honeyed sweetness. Good. December to February. 

Suisse. 

Pomme Suisse. Pomme Rubanee. Pomme de Perroquet. 

An old variety, described in 1665. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish, and 
striped in the shade with yellowish green, which in sun. becomes dull 
reddish. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid. Good. 

Summer Bellflower. 

Origin, farm of J. B. Comstock, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, oval, inclining to conic, clear yellow, with 
rarely a faint orange blush on the side of the sun. Stalk an inch long, 
in a shallow cavity. Calyx closed, with small reflexed segnnents, slightly 
five-sided basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, excellent subacid. 
Good. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania 

is quite distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell- 
flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and 
closed calj^x. Flesh yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very 
juicy, with a brisk, agreeable, pleasant subacid. Good. Last of August 
and first of September. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy. 



THE APPLE. 



367 



Summer Broaden. 
Summer Colman. Summer Broadend. 

An old Norfolk, England, cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellow, tinged on 
the sunny side with dull pale brown. Flesh greenish white, subacid. 
October, iTovember. (Lindley.) 

Summer Cheese. 

Cheese Apple. Maryland Cheese. Prather Apple. Findlay, Apple. 

An old variety, of poor quality. Origin unknown. Tree a strong 
grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but moderately productive when 
old. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellow, occasionally 
with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, jnicy, subacid. 
August, September. 

Summer Golden Pippin. 

A nice little English dessert Apple, but inferior to many of our 
own. 

Fruit small, ovate, flattened at the eye, bright yellow, with a little 
orange next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, and rich. Good to very 
good. August. 

Summer Hagloe. 
Hagloe. 

An old sort. Tree vigorous, but slow in its growth while young, 
thick blunt shoots, productive. Young shoots clear light reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, striped and splashed 
with bright red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk short and 
thick, inserted in a broad, open cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small, 
round basin. Flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Good 
to very good. An excellent culinary and table variety. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Summer Harvey. 

Origin unknown. Tree thrifty, spreading, very productive, an early 
and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sometimes nettings of 
russet and red cheek in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and green 
dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. August. 

Summer Janet. 

Fruit medium, round truncated, regular. Surface smooth, pale yellow, 
mixed red, striped darker red. Dots scattered, gray. Flesh yellow, 
tender, fine-grained, subacid, aromatic. Good. September. (War- 
der.) 

Summer Limbertwig. 
A Southern fruit from Greensboro', N. C. 

Fruit medium, flat, regular, pale yellow, mixed pink, striped dark red. 



368 



THE APPLE. 



Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic. August, 
September. (Warder.) 

Summer Marigold. 

An old English Apple. Tree a good grower and great bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with two shades of 
red. Flesh breaking, juicy, pleasant subacid. August. 



Summer Pippin. 



Sour Bough. 
Walworth. 
Haverstraw Pippin. 
Paper Apple. 



Calkin's Pippin. 

Tart Bough. 

Champlain. 

Large Golden Pippin. 



Underdunk. 
Nyack Pippin. 
Geneva Pearmain. 



Origin unknown. An old fruit, much cultivated in Rockland and 
Westchester Counties, N. Y. ; a valuable market fruit. Tree vigorous, 
forming a beautiful round head, a regular and good bearer. Young 
shoots dull reddish grayish brown, slightly downy. 



Summer Pippin. 

Fruit medium to large, variable in form, generally roundish oblong, 
inclining to conic, pale waxen yellow, shaded with a delicate crimson 
blush, and sprinkled with green and grayish dots. Stalk varies in 
length and thickness, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity. Calyx closed, 
set in a deep, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, moderate- 
ly juicy, pleasant, refreshing, subacid, valuable for culinary uses, and 



THE APPLE. 



369 



profitable for market. Eipens the middle of August, and continues a 
month or more. 

There is another Summer Pippin which we have received from 
Towa. Tree very vigorous, productive. 

The fruit is medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with crimson in the sun, large light dots. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh white, pleasant subacid. August, 
September. 

Summer Pound Eoyal. 

Pound Royale. Pound Eoyal of the Putnam List. 

Summer R I. Greening. Orange. 

An old variety, the origin of which has not been traced. It is now 
pretty widely disseminated in some parts of Michigan, Ohio, and in the 
South and West. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading grower, 
hardy and productive. Young shoots very dark brown. 




Summer Pound EoyaL 



Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes roundish oblate conical, 
greenish white, and moderately sprinkled with green and light dots. 
Stalk rather short. Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. 
Segments medium, erect. Basin abrupt, rather deep. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. 
Core small. August, September. A profitable orchard and market 
variety. 

24 , 



370 



THE APPLE. 



Summer Queen. 

Sharpe's Early. Lancaster Queen. Polecat. 

This variety forms a large tree with somewhat pendent boughs, and 
is a profitable sort for orchards and marketing over a large territory. 




Summer Queen. 



The fruit is large and broad at the crown, tapering towards the eye. 
The stalk is rather long, and is planted in a pretty deep cavity, some- 
times partially closed. Calyx but little sunk, in a narrow plaited basin. 
Skin fine deep yellow in its ground, though well striped and clouded 
with red. Flesh aromatic, yellow, rich, and of good flavor. August 
and September. 

Summer Rambo. 

Eambour Franc. Rambour Gros, Frank Rambour. 

Summer Rambour. Rambour d'Ete. 

This is an old French Apple which was pretty freely distributed 
many years since, and the old trees of which everywhere prove hardy 
and profitable for early marketing. Tree vigorous, spreading, open 
round head. 

Fruit a little above medium size, flat, generally evenly formed, but 
occasionally a little irregular, pale greenish yellow, stained and streaked 
with red on the sunny side. Flesh rather soft, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Kipens early in September. 



THE APPLE. 



371 



Summer Red Calville. 

Calville Eouge d'fite. Calville d'Ete. Madeleine. 
Rother Sommercalville, 

An old French Apple of medium size, roundish conical, ribbed, yel- 
lowish white, streaked and stained with red, becoming very bright in 
the sun. Flesh white, soft, tender, tinged with red, mild subacid. 
Good. July, August. 

Summer Red Streak. 

Origin, Columbia Co., Y. Tree moderately vigorous, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with rich red. Stalk small. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
sometimes a little stained next the skin, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
Valued for cooking. September. 

Summer Reinette. 
Weisse Wack's Reinette. Weisse Sommer Reuiette. Reinette d'^Ite Blanche. 
A beautiful German Apple. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate. Skin oily. Color clear yellow, 
faintly washed with clear bright red. Calyx half open. Stalk very 
short. Cavity russeted. Flesh white, fine, jnicy, vinous, sweet, aromatic. 
September, October. (Diel.) 

Summer Rose. 

Woolman's Harvest. Lippincott's Early. 

A very pretty and very excellent Apple, highly esteemed as a des- 
sert fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 




Sninmer Rose. 



Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, smooth, rich waxen yel- 
low, streaked and blotched with a little red on the sunny side. Stalk 



372 



THE APPLE. 



rather short and slender. Calyx closed, set in an even basin. Flesh 
tender, abounding with sprightly j uice. Yery good or best. Kipens 
early in August. 

Summer Sweet. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree vigorous, very spreading, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, netted with rus- 
set. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, 
moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Excellent for baking. Core small. 
September. 

Summer Sweet Paradise. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree very vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit quite large, round and regular in its form, a little flattened 
at both ends. Skin rather thick, pale green, sometimes faintly tinged 
with yellow in the sun, and very distinctly marked with numerous 
large dark gray dots. Stalk strong, and set in an even, moderately 
deep hollow. Flesh tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. 
Good to very good. Pipe in August and September. 

Summer Thorle. 
Thorie. Thoral Pippin. Wliorle Pippin. Watson's New Nonsuch. 

A favorite Scotch Apple. Tree a free grower, rather pendent, very 
productive, bearing in clusters. 

Fruit small, oblate, rich yellow, with mottled stripes of rich red. 
Stalk short. Calyx half open. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, 
brisk subacid. August, September. (Pon.) 

Summer White Calville. 

Calville Blanche d'^:te. White CalviUe. 

Calville Blanc. Wahrer Weiser Sommercalville. 

An old variety. Tree a strong grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, with prominent ribs, pale straw 
color, with traces of delicate russet in the sun. Flesh white, tender, 
delicate, sweet, and pleasant. August, September. (Hogg.) 

Superb. 

Origin, Franklin Co., N. C. Tree tolerably vigorous, spreading, and 
a prodigious bearer. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular. Skin green, rarely 
with, a blush. Stalk of medium length, in a shallow cavity. Calyx 
large and open. Flesh yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. November to March. 

Superb Sweet. 

Paised by Jacob Deane, Mansfield, Mass. Tree vigorous, produc- 
tive. 



THE APPLE. 



373 



Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, shaded, 
splashed and mottled with red. Stalk long, inserted in a deep cav- 
ity. Calyx large, open. Basin broad. Flesh white, very tender, 
juicy, sweet, rich. Core large. Good to very good. September, Octo- 
ber. 

Surprise. 

A small, round, whitish yellow Apple, of little or no value, but 
admired by some for its singularity, the flesh being stained with red. 
November to January. 

Surrey Flat Cap. 

Hogg describes this as a very excellent dessert Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale bluish green, rough veiny 
i-usset, and deep red next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, and sugary. 
October, January. 

Susannah. 

Large, oblong oval, greenish yellow. Flesh crisp, rich, aromatic. 
November to April. (Sumner MS.) 

Susan's Spice. 

Originated in Franklin Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, compressed, glossy light crimson, deeper in the sun, 
with fawn-colored dots. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, stained 
occasionally with red, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. October. (Gar. Mon.) 

Sutton Beauty. 
Beauty. 

Origin, Sutton, Mass. Tree upright, thrifty, and very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, waxen yellow, shad- 
ed, mottled, and obscurely striped with fine crimson, and thinly sprin- 
kled with whitish dots. Stem rather short, inserted in a medium cavity, 
slightly surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a 
moderate, uneven basin. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly 
subacid. Yery good. November, February. 

SWAAR. 
Hardwick. 

This is a truly noble American fruit, produced by the Dutch set- 
tlers on the Hudson, near Esopus, and so termed from its unusual weight, 
this word, in the Low Dutch, meaning heavy. It requires a deep, rich, 
sandy loam to bring it to perfection, and, in its native soils, we have 
seen it twelve inches in circumference, and of a deep golden yellow color. 
It is one of the finest flavored apples in America, and deserves exten- 
sive cultivation in all favorable positions, though it does not succeed 
well in damp or cold soils. 

Fruit large, regularly formed, roundish or roundish oblate. Skin 
greenish yellow when first gathered, but when entirely ripe of a fine, 



374: THE APPLE. 

dead gold color, dotted with numerous distinct bro^\-n specks, and some- 
times faintly marbled with gray nisset on the side and round the stalk. 
Stalk slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a very round cav- 
ity. [Sometimes this cavity is partially closed.] Calyx small, greenish, 



set in a shallow basin, scarcely plaited. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, 
tender, with an exceedingly rich aromatic flavor and a spicy smell. 
Very good to best. Core small. The trees bear fair crops, and the 
fruit is in season from December to March. 

SWASEY. 

Supposed origin, Ohio. Tree hardy, but a poor grower. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. December, Janu- 
ary. 

Sweeney InToxpaeeil. 

An English Apple. Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, greenish, with patches of russet 
and brilliant red cheek in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid. Janu- 
ary to April. Cooking. 

Sweet and Soue. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, the ribs being green, and the intervening 
hollows light yellow ; the ribs bearing the flavor of the fruit, which is 
acid, the intervening hollows being almost flavorless, but sweetisli ; this 
portion not having its juice well elaborated. December, February. 



THE APPLE. 



375 



Sweet Baldwik 

Origin "unknown. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, jelloAvish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red, thin bloom, light dots. Flesh yellow- 
ish, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. Good. October. 

Sweet Belle Bonxe. 
Belle et Bonne. 

A very old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree a spreading, moderately 
upright grower, and an annual bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, 
somewhat grayish, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, with nettings 
and patches of russet, few large brown dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
yellow, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Good. October, December. 

Sweet Bellflo^ter. 
Sweet Butter ? Butter of some. 

Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yel- 
- low, with a few brown dots, slight blush in the sun. Stalk rather long, 
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, aromatic, sweet. 
Good. October, l:Tovember. 

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot County. 

- The origin of this Apple is unknown, but as Elliott has first described 
it as of Wyandot County, we follow him until its history is disclosed. 
The variety is a profitable market sort. Tree a good grower, some- 
what drooping in fruit. Yoiing wood reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, rough greenish yellow, 
netted and patched with russet. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet. Good. October, 
November. 

Sweet Doctor. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good. Core small. October. 

Sweet Fall Pippin. 

Grown in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled Mdth brown 
dots. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a very shallow 
basin. Flesh juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. October, i^fovember. 

Sweet Greening. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with dull bronzed red 



376 



THE APPLE. 



ill tlie sun, many irregular scattered rough clots and marblings of russet. 
Stalk medium. Cavity broad, acute, regular. Calyx in a broad, deep, 
slightly furrowed basin. Plesh white, loose-grained, mild, sweet, rather 
dry. Good. Core small. December to February. 

Sweet Janet. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, annually pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, covered with rich red or crim- 
son, mixed and striped. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, not juicy, sweet. Good. December, January. Fine for 
baking, and the tree claimed to bloom late in season and thus escape 
frosts. (O. P. S.) 

Sweet King. 

Origin, Oyster Bay, Long Island. Tree a stout, erect grower, an 
early and abundant bearer. Young wood reddish brown, slightly gray- 
ish. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splash- 
ed with red, few light gray dots. Stalk varying. Calyx large, open. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. October to 
March. 

Sweet Mary. 

Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Term. Tree a vigorous, 
upright grower, and a great bearer. Young shoots dull grayish brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, Avhitish yellow, very smooth, 
sprinkled with a few light brown dots. Stalk very short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender^ juicy, sweet. August, Septem- 
ber. 

Sweet Pear. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, very hardy and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with dull blush red in 
the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Yery good. September, October. 

Sweet Pearmain. 

An old variety, of -unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, 
and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic. Stalk short. Cavity broad, 
deep. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, ten- 
der, brisk, rich, sweet, aromatic. Yery good. January to April. 

Sweet Pippin. 
An old variety. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish, with red in the 
sun. Stalk short. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Novem- 
ber, December. 



THE APPLE. 



377 



Sweet Queen. 
Dale's Sweet Fall Queen. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a fair grower, and productive. 

Fruit large, elongated conic, ribbed at apex, whitish, shaded, striped, 
and splashed with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, sweet. 
Scarcely good. November. 

Sweet Eambo. 

Origin, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree stout, upright, vigorous, not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, and 
thickly covered with large gray dots, a little elevated above the surface. 
Stalk slender, inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx 
closed, set in an open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant sweet. Core 
small and close. Good to very good. October to December. 

Sweet Bibbed Gilliflower. 
An old Connecticut variety. 

Fruit large, roundish elongated conic, ribbed, mostly covered with 
light red, striped and splashed with dark. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, rather compact, moderately jnicy, half tender, sweet. 
Good. Core large. November, December. 

Sweet Romanite. 

Eed Winter Sweet ? Sweet Nonsuch. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, upright grower, hardy, moderate 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red, light dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. 
Segments erect, slightly recurved. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellowish 
white, compact, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to March. 

Sweet Busset. 
Summer Russet. 

Beceived from Parsons & Co., Flushing, Long Island. Origin unknown. 
A nice little Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood 
reddish olive. 

Fruit small, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, yellow, 
mostly covered with light russet, and sprinkled with brown russet dots, 
tinge of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, very tender, juicy, rich, sweet, aromatic. Very good. Sep- 
tember. 

Ajiother Sweet Busset is grown in Massachusetts, New York, and 
elsewhere. The tree an upright, spreading grower, productive. Good 
for cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly covered with nettings and 
patches of russet. Flesh Avhitish, half tender, rich, sweet. Good. 
November, March. 

Another Sweet Busset of Kentucky, is described by Warder as : 



378 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, conical, truncated, rough, dark russet. Dots minute, 
white, prominent. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, not tender, 
sweet. Scarcely good. December, February. 

Sweet Seek-no-Farther. 

Origin, Hanover, N. H. Tree a good grower, an early and abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with a red 
cheek next the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Good. A long keeper. 

Sweet Sponge. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish white. Flesh white, tender, sweet. 
July. (Warder.) 

Sweet Willie. 

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good grower, and productive. 

Fruit large, greenish, mostly covered with stripes of red. Flesh fine- 
grained, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. November, 
December. 

Sweet Winesap. 

Henrick Sweet ? Henry Sweet. Ladies Sweet, of some. 
Sweet Pearmain, of some. Red Sweet Winesap. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic. Color red, 
splashed with deep crimson. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a deep 
cavity, surrounded with russet. Calyx partially open, set in a rather 
deep, open basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very sweet, rich. Good to very 
good. November to March. 

Sweet Yandervere. 
Sweet Redstreak. Sweet Harvey. 

Origin unknown. Tree of crooked growth, a profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded and striped with 
dull red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular 
cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a broad, open basin. Flesh tender, 
juicy, mild, sweet, aromatic. Good. November, Mai'ch. 

Sweet Winter Penn^ock. 

From Ohio, supposed origin Belmont Co. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright, rather slender, a moderate bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and striped mth 
red. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Poor. December, 
January. 

Swiss Reinette. 
Reinette Suisse. 
Of foreign origin. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 
Fruit medium or above, oblate, inclining to conic, fine yellow, moder- 



THE APPLE. 



379 



ately sprinkled with gray and rather indistinct light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep, 
sKghtly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Yery good. December, February, 

Syke-House Eusset. 

A Yorkshire Apple. Tree spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly covered with light brown 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sprightly, juicy, subacid, liovem- 
ber, February. (Eon.) 

Sylvestee. 

Originated on the farm of Dr. E. ^Y. Sylvester, Lyons, IST. Y. Tree 
vigorous, forming a beautiful open, round, spreading head, a profuse 
bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, slightly grayish or downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, regular, waxen white, beauti- 
fully shaded on the sunny side with bright crimson, thinly sprinkled 
with minate Kght and brown dots. Stalk small, short. Cavity regular. 
Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. Flesh very white, tender, crisp, 
juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. September, October. Excellent for 
cooking and drying. 

Table Geeexixg. 

Origin, Cornish, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, dull green. Flesh juicy, mild, pleasant 
subacid. Good. December to March. 




Talman's Sweet. 



Taljiax's S^veet. 
Tolman's Sweeting. Tallman's Sweetmg-. Brown's Golden Sweet, 
A native of Ehode Island. In quality the fruit is scarcely second 
rate as a table sort, but it is a very popular and profitable orchard sort, 



380 



THE APPLE. 



from the hardihood of the trees, their great productiveness, and its value 
for stock feeding and various culinary uses. Tree an upright spreading 
grower, vigorous. 

Form nearly globular. When fully ripe, whitish yellow, with a soft 
blush on one side, and generally a line running from stem to calyx. 
Stalk rather long and slender, inclining to one side, and inserted in a 
rather wide, shallow, but regular cavity. Calyx set in a small basin, 
slightly depressed. Flesh quite white, rather firm, fine-grained, with 
a rich sweet flavor. November to April. 

Tardive de Joncret. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical truncated, ribbed, golden 
yellow, with bright red on the sun side. Dots and splashes of gray. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Basin deep. Flesh white, tender, sweet subacid. 
December, February. (An. Pom.) 

Tart Bough. 
Sour Bough of some. 

An old variety, originally disseminated, so far as we can learn, by 
Judge Buel, of Albany, N. Y. It much resembles Early Harvest in the 
fruit, but the trees are more rapid in growth, and it ripens much later, 
is more acid, and not considered profitable. 

There is another Tart Bough, the fruit of which is small, roundish 
conical, whitish, thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Calyx closed, with long segments. Basin shallow. Flesh white, firm- 
grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small, 
August. 

Tarvey Codlin. 
Raised from seed of the Manks Codlin. 

Fruit large, conical, dull olive green, with yellow and yellowish red, 
much spotted with broken rows of blood-red dot, next the sun. Flesh 
white, juicy. A good culinary apple. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Taunton. 

Origin unknown. Some claim it for Alabama, others Georgia. The 
tree is a vigorous but straggling grower, very productive. Young 
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit rather large, oblate conic, greenish yellow, striped and splash- 
ed with red, darkest on sun side, large liglit dots. Stalk slender. Cavity 
deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender. Basin slightly 
corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, aromatic, acid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Taunton Golden Pippin. 
Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, rich yellow, markings and freckles of 
russet in shade, clouded red, and streaked in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, 
crisp, delicate, brisk, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



381 



Tenderskin. 

Of Southern origin. Tree very vigorous, healthy, and productive 
Young wood reddish brown, downy, very short-jointed, with prominent 
buds. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped and splashed 
somewhat with red, some bloom. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. 
November to January. 

Ten Shillings. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, covered with pale 
brown russet orange streaked with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish 
white, tender, sweet acid, November. (Hogg.) 

Tenterden Park. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, mostly covered with deep 
red, striped with a still deeper shade in the sun. Flesh greenish white, 
tender, crisp, brisk, juicy, not rich. October, February. (Hogg.) 

Terral's Late. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree very productive. 

Fruit large, oblong oblique, whitish, shaded with light red, striped and 
splashed with dark red, thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk 
very short. Cavity narrow, deep, partially russeted. Calyx small, 
closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October, November. 




Tetofsky. 



Tetofsky. 

The Tetofsky is a Russian Summer Apple, which proves profitable 
for market growing. The tree is an upright spreading grower, forming 



382 



THE APPLE. 



an open head, comes early into bearing, and produces annually. "Very 
hardy. Young shoots yellowish reddish brown, leaves very large. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate conic, sometimes nearly round, smooth, 
with a yellow ground handsomely striped with red, and, like most 
apples of that country, covered with a whitish bloom, under which is a 
shining skin. The flesh is white and juicy, sprightly acid, fragrant, and 
agreeable. Good. August. Succeeds at the North. 

Teuchat's Egg. 

Chucket Egg. Summer Teuchat Egg. 

Fruit below medium, varying in shape from ovate to conical, irreg- 
ularly ribbed, pale yellow, washed and streaked with red. Flesh ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant. September. (Hogg.) 

Tewkesbury Winter Blush. 

Tewkesbury Blush. 

Coxe says this Apple was brought from Tewkesbury, Hunterdon 
Co., N. J. 

It is a handsome, fair fruit, with more flavor and juiciness than is 
usual in long-keeping apples. They may be kept till August, without 




Tewkesbury Winter Bhish. 



particular care, quite plump and sound. The tree grows rapidly and 
straight, and the fruit hangs till late in the autumn. Young shoots 
grayish reddish brown. 

The size is small, rather flat. The skin smootn, yellow, with a red 
cheek. Flesh yellow, with more juice and flavor than any other long- 
keeping variety. Mild, pleasant subacid. January to J uly. 

Them's Red Streak. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green, with red stripes. Flesh acid. 
Winter. (Hov. Mag.) 



THE APPLE. 



383 



Thomas. 

An old unknown variety, carried many years since from Maryland 
to Illinois, where it has received the name of Thomas. The tree is very 
hardy, moderately vigorous, forming a handsome-shaped top, annually 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical truncated, greenish, becoming yellow 
when fully matured. Skin thin. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. December to February. (N. Lyon : MS.) 

Tift's Sweet. 

Origin, New England. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate, green, netted with russet, sometimes with a 
dull brown cheek. Flesh yellowish, exceedingly sweet and rich. A 
regular, but not profuse bearer. Unprofitable. September, October. 

TiLLAQUA. 
Big Fruit. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish ground, 
neaily covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, moderately 
sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
whitish, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

TiNMOUTH. 
Teignmouth. Vermont Pippia. 

Origin, Tinmouth, Vt. This fine Apple is much esteemed in the 
region of its origin. The tree is a good grower, very productive, and a 
profitable sort. Young shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, whitish yellow, considerably shaded 
with carmine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a deep cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a deep open ba- 
sin. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid, with a pecu- 
liar melon-like aroma. Good to very good. November to February. 

Titus Pippin. 

Well Apple. Hang-On. Timothy. 

Timothy Titus Sort. 

Origin, near Hempstead, Long Island. Tree an upright, thrifty 
grower, productive, and profitable for market. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow, 
rarely with a blush. Stalk rather slender. Calyx open. Flesh whit- 
ish yellow, a little coarse, breaking, juicy, tender, brisk subacid. Good. 
Core large and open. December to February. 

ToccoA. 
Muskmelon. 
Originated in Habersham Co., Ga. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a light shade of crim- 



384 



THE APPLE. 



son in tlie sun, fe^r gray dots. Stalk slender. Calpc closed. Basin 
small, corrugated. Flesk yellowish, tender, -mil d subacid. Good. 
August, September. 

Toker's Ixcojipaeable. 
An English, culinary sort. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed or five-sided, yellowish green, 
with traces and streaks of red in the sun. Plesh yellowish, firm, crisp, 
tender, j uicy, brisk, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.) 

TOLBERT. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, with indistinct stripes, and light 
dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity narrow, a little russeted. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy and tender, mild subacid. 
Good. Core small. Sentember. 

Tom Potter. 

A Devon sliire, England, Apple, described by Ponalds. Tree healthy, 
but uncertain bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, shaded and striped 
with red in the sun. Flesh juicy, high-flavored. September, October. 

Toole's Ixdiax Rareripe. 

Origin unknown. Tree stout, upright, short-jointed, forming a dense 
round head, moderately productive. Young shoots smooth clear reddish. 

Fruit large, roundish slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a tinge of 
red in the sun. Stalk very short. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, 
uneven. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk subacid, valuable for cook- 
ing. Core large. September, October. 

Tower of Glammis. 
Glammis Castle. Late Carse of G-owrie. Carse of G-owrie. 

A fine culinary Apple from the Clydesdale orchards, Scotland. Tree 
an excellent bearer. 

Fruit large, roimdish conical, sides sometimes unequal, pale yellow, 
shaded ^\'ith crimson in the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large, 
open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sharp sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Tower's Glory. 

A cooking A]3ple, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish, 
with obtuse angles, yellow, covered in sun with red, and streaked with 
darker shades. Stalk very short. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, brisk, acid. October to April. 

TowxsE^^). 
Hockmg. Seag-er. 
Originated in Bucks Co., Pa., found over one hundred years ago, in 



THE APPLE. 



385 



an Indian clearing by Stephen Townsend, when he first settled in that 
then wild country. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright spreading, produc- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped and 
splashed, with red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, 
slender, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed, set in a basin of 
moderate depth. Flesh white, tender, very mild, agreeable, subacid. 
Good to very good. Ripe middle of August to middle of September. 

Townsend's Smiling Beauty. 
An excellent kitchen Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, with a brownish red 
cheek. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, fine-grained, juicy, agreeable acid. 
October to April. (Hogg.) 

Trader's Fancy. 

Originated in the nurseries of Solomon Phillips, Washington Co., 
Pa. Tree a vigorous grower, a good and regular bearer, and popular 
where known ; valued as a late keeper and market fruit at the South- 
west. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, striped and shaded 
with dull red, covered with a bloom. Stalk short, slender. Calyx 
closed. Basin broad and corrugated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, . 
with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good to very good. January to 
May. 

Transparent Codlin. 

Lindley describes this as a handsome Apple, forming a spreading 
tree, and an excellent bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, lemon yellow, tinged with 
salmon or red in the sun. Flesh tender, semi-transparent, juicy, sweet.. 
September, November. 

Transparent de Zurich. 

Fruit small or medium, beautiful waxen white, clear, translucent. 
September. (Elliott.) 

Transport. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree poor in the nursery, good in the orchard, 
very productive. 

Fruit large, globular, flattened, angular, pale yellow, blushed car- 
mine. Dots scattered, green, with white bases ; purple where exposed, 
bloom white. Flesh yellowish white, tender, melting, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 
Not very profitable. (Warder.) 

Trenton Early ? 

A variety somewhat grown in Ohio and the West, the origin or identi- 

25 



386 



THE APPLE. 



ty of which has not yet been discovered. The tree is a moderately vigor- 
ous grower, hardy, and quite productive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit above medium, irregular, ribbed. Color yellowish, with slight 
undulations over the surface, which are green. Skin smooth and oily. 
Cavity wide. Basin furrowed. Flesh not very fine-grained, very light 
and tender, with a pleasant, subacid flavor. Good. August. 

Trescott Russet. 

Originated in Sharon, Conn. Tree a strong grower, good bearer ; 
and the fruit keeps well, but inclines to shrivel. 

Fruit roundish conic oblique, yellow russet, with a dull red cheek. 
Stalk short, thick. Calyx closed. Flesh tough, mild subacid, vinous, 
almost sweet. Good. February, April. 

Trumbull Sweet. 
Fenton Sweeting. Trumbull Sweeting-. 

Originated in the orchard of Aaron Fenton, Trumbull Co., Ohio. Tree 
a healthy, spreading, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, mth a blush in the 
sun, and a few brown and indistinct green or gray dots. Stalk rather 
short and slender. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
juicy, tender, mild, sweet. Very good. Core rather large. Septem- 
ber, October. 

Trumpeter. 
Treadle-Hole. 

An Apple esteemed in the orchards of Lancaster, England. 

Fruit large, oblong, ribbed, pale green, with a tinge of yellow in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, sweet subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

Tucker. 

A cooking Apple, described by Cole as medium, flattish round, green- 
ish yellow, crisp, juicy, acid. July, August. 

Tuebner's Cider. 
Origin, Missouri. Valued only for cider. 

Fruit below medium, roundish truncated, dull yellowish red. Flesh 
yellow, acid. October. 

Tuebner's Golden. 
Originated in Missouri. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow. Flesh acid. Valued only for its 
productiveness. September. . 

Tuft's. 
Tuft's Baldwin. 

Originated in Cambridge, Mass. The tree is vigorous, forming a 
handsome head, and bearing annually. Young wood dark brown. 



THE APPLE. 



387 



Fruit large, roundisli oblate, yellowish, much shaded and sometimes 
striped with red. Stalk in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a plaited 
basin of moderate depth. Flesh crisp, rather juicy, with a flavor scarcely 
subacid, and slightly aromatic. Good. September, October. 

Tulip. 

Tulp. Tulpen. Dutch Tulip. Calville Tulipee. Tulipen Calville. 
A Dutch Apple. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, nearly overspread with 
deep, almost purplish red. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Good. November, January. 

Turkey Greening. 

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit fair and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic. Skin 
green, with a dull blush and many light dots. Flesh greenish, tender, 
juicy, subacid, not valuable. January, February. 

Turk's Cap. 
A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, golden yellow, some russet and 
a brownish tinge of red in the sun. Calyx large, open. Stalk long. 
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. November, Decem- 
ber. 

Turn off Lane. 

Winter Strawberry. 

Origin, Salem, N. J. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, a regular 
and good bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, striped and 
shaded with red. Flesh white, tender, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good. 
Prized in the neighborhood of its origin as a late keeper. 

Tuscaloosa. 
Tuscaloosa Seedling". 

A variety originated by Andrew Clements, of Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. A 
new seedling of good promise as a market sort for the South. Tree 
moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and marbled with red russet near the stalk, few gray dots. Stalk 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core 
small. October to February. 

Tuscaloosa Sweet. 

Supposed a native of Kentucky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellowish green, 
becoming deep yellow in the sun, small white sufixised specks surrounded 
with crimson red. Stalk medium. Cavity broad and russeted. Calyx 



388 



THE APPLE. 



small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, brisk, sparkling, 
sweet. Core medium, compact. Very good. October, December. 

TUTTLE. 

Origin unknown. A strong, vigorous, upright, spreading grower. 

Truit above medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded 
and splashed with dark and light red, few whitish dots. Stalk very 
short and stout. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
rather firm, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. 
December, February. 

Twenty Ounce. 

Morgan's Favorite. Coleman. 

Twenty Ounce Apple. Cayuga Eed Streak. 

Eighteen Ounce Apple. Lima, 

Aurora. Wine of Connecticut. 

A very large and showy Apple, well known in Cayuga Co., N. Y., but 
an old fruit from Connecticut. It is a good, sprightly fruit, though not 
very high flavored, but its remarkably handsome appearance and large 
size render it one of the most popular fruits in market. The tree is 
thrifty, and makes a compact, neat head, bears regular crops, and the 
fruit is always fair and handsome. Young wood rich brownish red. 

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly uneven, gi-eenish yellow, boldly 
splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, set in 
a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small. Basin moderately deep. Flesh 
coarse-grained, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good to very good. October 
to January. 

Twin. 

A variety introduced and disseminated in Michigan by a nursery- 
man, who, having lost its true name, applied the above, because of its 
bearing its fruit in pairs. It has not yet been identified, but will pro- 
bably prove some old variety. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellowish white, nearly covered with 
bright red, shaded and striped with dark red, usually a patch of russet 
next the stalk. Flesh fine-gTained, crisp, juicy, with occasional pink 
lines or threads through it, aromatic. October, November. Core small, 
close. (T. T. Lyon, MS.) 

Twitchkll's Sweet. 

Origin, Dublin, N. H. ; a vigorous grower, with slender branches, 
and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, red, shaded with purple, and partially 
sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a 
deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in an abrupt, plaited basin. 
Flesh very white, veined with red under the skin, and sometimes at 
the core, tender, very sweet and pleasant. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

Tyee Beauty. 

A new variety, originated on the farm of Jason Smith, Tyre, Seneca 



THE APPLE. 



389 



Co., N. Y. Tree a good grower, productive of fruit uniformly even in 
size, and valuable as a market sort. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken lines 
and splashes of deep crimson, shaded and marbled intermediate, mouldy 
bloom, light gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx with almost 
erect segments. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, breaking, 
slightly acid, pleasant. Good. Core small. Seeds broad, pointed. 
Season, early September. (E-ural New Yorker.) 

Tyroler Pippin. 
Reinette der Tyrol. 

A Swiss Apple. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, yellow, with dull red, broken 
stripes in the sun. Flesh white, veined with green, firm, sugary. Win- 
ter. (Yerg.) 

Uncle John. 

Origin, Eastern Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, upright grower, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, whitish, shaded with light, and 
splashed and striped with dark red or lake, thickly sprinkled with large 
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh quite white, 
tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Unique. 

A French Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, ribbed, pale yellow, lightly shaded in 
the sun with red, and thickly sprinkled with small gray and light dots. 
Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx small, closed. Segments short to 
a point. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, , 
subacid. Good. Core small. November, December. 

Union. 

Originated in the County of Way, la. Tree a good bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red stripes. 
January. (Lewis Jones' MS.) 

Updegraff. 
From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale 
yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, darkest in 
sun, few areole dots. Stalk slender. Calyx large, open, or partially 
closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Core small. Good. November. 

Utter. 

A popular Apple in Wisconsin and some other Western sections. 
Tree a regular bearer, and hardy. 



390 



THE APPLE* 



Fruit medium to large, oblate, lemon yellow ground, mottled, shaded, 
and striped with light red, small russet dots. Stalk short and slender. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin open, furrowed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant subacid. Good. November, December. 

Vale Mascal Pearmain. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with bright red in 
the sun, and many spots of russet. Flesh yellow, crisp, sugary. 
(Hogg.) 

Van Buren. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little conical, yellow, shaded with 
dark red, specks and patches of russet. Stalk short, fleshy. Cavity 
narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
tender. Good keeper. October to April. (White.) 

Vance's Harvest. 
Vance's Early. 

Origin, Edgar Co., 111. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded with orange red 
in the sun, few gray and light dots. Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August. Core 
small. 

Vandenabeele. 

Originated in Flanders. Tree vigorous, productive. 
. Fruit large, oblong conical truncated, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, 
splashed and marbled with red in the sun, many gray dots and shades. 
Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, 
half tender, agreeable subacid. December to February. (An. Pom.) 

Vandernoot. 
One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, clear yellow, splashed and clouded with 
deep rich red in the sun, greenish mould toward the apex. Stalk long. 
Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, subacid. November, December. (Alb. Pom.) 

Vanderspiegel. 
Seek -no-Further of some. 

Origin, Bennington, Vt. Tree a good grower, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conic truncated, yellowish, shaded 
and splashed with red, few light dots. Calyx partially closed. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, February. 



THE APPLE. 



391 



Yandevere. 

"WHiite Vandevere. Vandevere of Pa. Green Yandevere. 

Little Vandevere of Indiana. Stalclubs. Yandiver. 
Yanderveer. Yellow Yandervere. Striped Yandervere. 

Pennsylvania Yandevere. Lasting- Yandervere ? Fall Yandevere ? 

Red Yandevere. 

The Vandevere is an old fruit, a native of Wilmington, Del., and 
took its name from a family there by name of Vandiver, M^hich should 
be by right the name of the Apple ; but it has so long been known and 
grown under the spelling Yandevere, that we deem it best not to 
change it. There is much confusion existing respecting this Apple and 
its sub-varieties, which possibly some of those may be, grown under 
what we give as synonyms. Tree of moderate horizontal growth, not 
very productive. Young shoots smooth, dark grayish reddish brown, 
with bold, full, projecting, rounded conical buds. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in 
a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a round, moderate basin. 
Color waxen yellow, striped with red, and covered with numerous green 
dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, but tender, with a fine, rich, subacid 
flavor. Grood. October to January. Yaluable for culinary purposes. 

There is a Yandevere which we have received from Yirginia, the young 
-wood of which is slender, with very small inconspicuous buds. 

Yandervere Pippin. 

Indiana Yandevere. Watson's Yandevere. Big Yandevere. 

Mountain Yandevere. Imperial Yandevere ? 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, rapid grower, spreading, a mode- 
rate bearer. Young wood smooth, light reddish brown, medium sized, 
buds reddish. 

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, yellow, flaked all over with red, 
striped on the sunny side, and covered with rough brown dots. Stalk 
short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, often russeted. Calyx partially 
closed, set in a moderate basin. Flesh crisp, with a brisk subacid 
flavor. Good. September to February. Yaluable for cooking and 
drying. 

Yandyne. 

Origin unkno^Ti. Tree upright, vigorous grower, productive. 
Young wood smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellowish, with a tinge of red, 
and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots. Stalk rather slen- 
der, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, subacid, agreeable. Good. September, October. 

Yan Mons Reinette. 
Reinette Yan Mons. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, slightly conic, rich yellow, with a rich 
red cheek in sun, considerable russet. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellow, rich subacid. Yery good. December, March. 
Not profitable. 



392 



THE APPLE. 



Yaughn's "Winter. 

Origin, Christian Co., Kj. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 
Introduced by J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Ky. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Sides unequal, whitish, waxen yellow, shad- 
ed with crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely stiiped, and thickly 
covered with conspicuous light dots. Stalk small and short. Deep, 
uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin deep, abrupt, open, slightly cor- 
rugated, riesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Janu- 
ary to March. 

Yaughn's Pippin. 
Colonel Vaughn's. 

Fruit small, conical, waxen yellow, with bright crimson in the sun. 
Calyx small, closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, tinged with red under 
the skin on the side, crisp, juicy, sweet. September, October. (Hogg.) 

Yaugoyeau. 
Cadeau du Genei;al. 
Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, dull yellow, shaded 
and splashed with red, spotted with gray. Stalk short. Cavity deep. 
Calyx half closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to 
March. (An. Pom.) 

Yermillon EOY^lE. 

A French Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly 
covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, few gray dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity russeted. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Yery good. Core small. December, March. 

Yersaillaise Eeinette. 
Reinette Yersaillaise. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly covered with 
dull russet, a slight tinge of red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, fine, tender, moderately juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December, February. 

Yictuals and Drink. 
Big Sweet. Pompey. 

An old Apple, which originated in the neighborhood of Newark, 
N. J., about 1750. Tree of vigorous, upright spreading habit, and a 
moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, oblong, rather irregular, and varies a good deal in size. 
Skin thin, but rough, dull yellow, marbled with russet, with a faint 



THE APPLE. 



393 



r asset blusli on the sunny side. Stalk moderately long and slender, 
deeply inserted in an irregular ca^T-ty. Calyx small, set in a rather 
shallow basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, breaking, rich, sprightly, sweet. 
Very good. In perfection from October to January, iDut will keep till 
April. 

YlOLETTE. 

A sauce or cooking Apple, described by Bonalds as of medium size, 
oblong conical, dark copper or purple color, covered with a fine bluish 
bloom. Flesh white, tinged with red under the skin, juicy, brisk acid. 
December to March. 

YlRGIXIA GrEEXIXG. 

Ross Greemng-. Grreen Mountain Pippin. Yirglnia Pippin ? 

Origin unknown, supposed Southern. Tree a vigorous grower and 
very productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, gi'eenish yelloAvish, thinly covered ^^ith large 
brown dots, and a slight blush. Stalk rather long, in a large cavity. 
Calyx open. Basin broad, corrugated. Flesh yellow, compact, a rather 
pleasant subacid. Esteemed at the South as a late keeper and a good 
market apple. 

YiRGixiA Quaker. 
Origin not known. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit quite small, globular, slightly conic, greenish yellow. Dots 
scattered, minute, black. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, 
firm, breaking, subacid. Good. Midsummer. (AYarder.) 

YiRGixiA Spice. 

Origin unknown. Tree an erect, slender, moderate grower. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, whitish, thinly sprinkled with brown 
dots. Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, sprightly subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Yoss' Winter. 

Southern. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, unequal, smooth white, with leather 
cracking, and a heavy bloom. Dots minute, brown. Calyx small, 
closed. Basin abrupt, deep, wavy. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Flesh 
whitish yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) 

Wabash. 
Wabash Bellflower. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, or somewhat conical, deep yellow, cov 
ered with clear orange red, brightest on the sunny side, and streaked 
with russet in the ca\T.ty around the stalk. Stalk short, slender. Calyx 



394 



THE APPLE. 



rather large, open. Flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, subacid. Core 
large. November, December. (Hov. Mag.) 

Waddell Hall. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Young wood brownish. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, striped, and 
splashed with light red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Wadhurst Pippin. 

Origin, Wadhurst, Sussex, England. A valuable cooking Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, yellow, splashed and 
marbled with red in sun, small gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx 
closed, with long segments. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. 
November, February. 

Wagener. 

Origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., JST. Y. Tree thrifty, upright, hardy, 
and early bearer ; requires thinning to produce good-flavored fruit ; 
when grown in the shade is wanting in flavor. Young wood light 
reddish brown, slightly downy. Buds prominent. 




Wagener. 



Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with 
crimson, obscurely striped, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk nearly 
an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a large, broad, irregular cavity. 
Calyx small and closed, set in a rather abrupt somewhat corrugated basin. 
Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, excellent, brisk, somewhat vinous 
Yery good to best. A very delicate apple. Eipe, November to February 



THE APPLE. 



395 



Walker's Yellow. 
Walker's Winter. 

TMs Apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia, and introduced 
by George Walker. Tree upright, vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, fine golden yellow, with a faint blush on the 
sunny side. Stalk of moderate length, in a deep, acute cavity. Basin 
small. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, hard, rather too acid for a dessert 
fruit. Good. November to April. 

Walpole. 

Origin, Walpole, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
gi'ayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with bright 
red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Yery good. Last of August 
and first of September. 

Waltham Abbey. 

Waltham Abbey Seedling 

' Origin, Essex, England. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, with dull red in the 
sun, many minute russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity russeted. Calyx 
large, open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. October, January. 
(Lindley.) 

Wanstall. 
Green Street Apple. 
Originated in Kent, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, ribbed at apex, golden 
yellow, striped and mottled with dark red in the sun, patches and 
veins of russet, and russet dots. Calyx half open. Basin furrowed. 
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, rich. December to May. 
(Hogg.) 

Ward. 

Origin, Westville, Champagne Co., Ohio. Tree healthy and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit large, oblong, flattened at ends, yellow, streaked and spotted 
with mottled red. Flesh yellowish white, subacid. (O. P. S.) For- 
syth describes an apple under this name as of medium size, flat, green, 
with some red in sun, sharp acid, and keeps till June. 

Warfield. 

Originated in Muscatine, la. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous grower, 
an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, with a blush in 
the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk slender. Cavity 
slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Segments short. Flesh whitish, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. Yaluable for 
cooking. September, October. 



396 



THE APPLE. 



Warner's King. 

Tree a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer ; hardy, valua- 
ble for culinary use. 

Fruit very large, roundish ovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and 
patches. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, crisp, 
brisk subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Warraschke de Guben. 
A Russian variety, new. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish 
yellow, with considerable brownish red at apex end. Flesh white, fine, 
tender, mild, sweet, agreeable. Early Winter. (Yer.) 

Washington Boyal. 
Palmer Greening. 

Originated in Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with 
numerous small gray dots, and a clear red in the skin. Calyx closed, in 
a broad basin. Stalk short. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, subacid, slight- 
ly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. Keeping till J uly. 




Washington Strawberry. 



Washington Strawberry. 
Originated on the farm of Job Whipple, Union Springs, Washing- 



THE APPLE. 



397 



ton Co., N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upriglit spreading, an early a,nd 
abundant bearer. Young wood reddish. Buds prominent, rounded. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and mottled with rich red, or crimson. Stalk short. Cavity 
thinly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, reflexed. Basin 
abrupt, deep, furrowed. Plesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, tender, 
juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. September, October. 

"Washington Sweet. 

Origin, Berlin, Mass. Tree a thrifty grower and annual bearer. 
Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly oblong conic, flattened at 
ends, yellow occasionally with crimson cheek in the sun, few green dots. 
Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant 
sweet. Good. October, November. 

Water. 

Originated in Durham Township, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, 
erect, forming a round somewhat close head, blooms nearly two weeks 
later than other varieties, and produces abundantly every other year. 
Young wood very dark, blackish brown. 




Water. 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes oblong conic truncated, 
whitish yellow, shaded with rich purplish crimson in the sun, few 
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Basin small, abrupt, 
slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Yery good. October, November. 



398 



THE APPLE. 



WATEEMA^''s Sweet. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and mottled with crimson, few light gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, moderately sweet. 
Good. December to March. 

Watson's Dumplixg. 

A large English kitchen Apple, nearly round, yellowish green, faintly 
striped with dull red. Flesh juicy, pleasant, subacid. Good. Octo- 
ber to January. 

Watson's Fayoeite. 

From Maine. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, reddish blush on yellow. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. Yeiy good. (Cont. Gent.) 

Waugh's Crab. 

Claimed to have originated in Cidpepper Co., Ta. Tree thi'ifty, 
very productive, valued mainly for cider and long keeping. 

Fruit small, roundish conic truncated, shaded with light red, splash- 
ed and striped with deep red in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
in an abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, very firm, moderately j uicy, sweet 
subacid. Good. February to April. 

Wax. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, slightly shaded with 
red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, a little coarse, sweet. 
Good. December, February. 

Waxen. 

Origin, supposed to be Virginia. Tree thrifty. Young wood dark. 
Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, oily, sprinkled 
with a few dots. Stalk slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
shallow. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild s\ib- 
acid. Good. November, December. 

Wealthy. 

A new variety originated by Peter M. Gideon, near St. Paul, Minn., 
from seed gathered in Maine about 1860. So far the tree has proved 
hardy, vigorous, and healthy. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roiuidish oblate, whitish yellow gi^ound, 
shaded with deep rich crimson in the sun, obscure broken stripes and 
mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with crimson, many 
light dots. Stalk short to medium, slender. Cavity green, russet. 
Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, abrupt, ujieven. Flesh white, fine- 
grained, stained with red, tender, juicy, lively, ^inous, subacid. Very 
good. Core small. Season, December, February. 



THE APPLE. 



399 



Wealthy's Favorite. 
Winter Seedling. Bradley's Winter. 

Origin, Town of Plymouth, Mich. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale waxen yellow, shaded in sun 
with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with brown and white dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, uneven. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant. Very good. 
\ December to February. An amateur's fruit. 

Webb's Winter. 

A Southern, probably Mississippi, variety. Tree slender, with droop- 
ing branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and rather faintly splashed 
and striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. 
Core small. December, February. 

Wellford's Yellow. 

Origin, Essex Co., Virginia. A rapid grower and a great bearer. 

Fruit rather small, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with faint red 
streaks on one side. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aroma- 
tic. Keeps well until June. 

Well's Sweet. 
Sweeting-, Well's. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, broadest in the middle, and lessen- 
ing each way, pale dull green, with a dull red or brownish cheek. 
Stalk rather slender and short. Calyx short, set in quite a shallow 
basin. Flesh very white, and very tender, abounding with a rich, 
agreeable, sprightly juice. Good to very good. JSTovember to January. 

Western" Spy. 

Origin, farm of John Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Tree a slender 
spreading, moderate grower, but very productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, yellow, often much shaded with 
crimson. Stalk short and stout, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx open, 
set in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Excellent for cooking. Good. October to June. 

Westfield Seek-no-Further. 
Connecticut Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further. 

The Westfield Seek-no-Further is the Seek-no-Further of Connecti- 
cut, and is an old and highly esteemed variety of that district. It has 
a pearmain flavor. 

Fruit large, pretty regularly round conical, pale or dull red over a pale 
clouded green ground — the red sprinkled with obscure russeted yel- 



400 



THE APPLE. 



low dots. Stalk very slender, three-fourtlis of an incli long, inserted in 
an even cavity. Calyx closed, or with a few reflexed segments, and set 




Westfield Seek-noFurther. 

in an even basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, 
with a rich pearmain flavor. Yery good or best. A fiirst-rate fi'nit. 
October to Pebniary. 

\Yest Geixstead Pippix. 
East Grinstead. 

A Sussex, England, Apple, described by Eonalds as of great excel- 
lence. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, gi-eenish, with broken stripes and 
splashes of red brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh green- 
ish white, soft, tender, brisk subacid. November, Febmary. 

Westox. 

Origin, farm of Major Weston, Lincoln, Mass. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, shaded, striped, and 
sj)lashed with red. Flesh white, moderately juicy, mild pleasant flavor. 
Good. Core large. October. 

Wheeler's Extreme. 
Origin, Gloucester, England. 

Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and mottled -with red, 
and traced ^vith russet. Flesh yello-v^ish white, tender, sweet. No- 
vember, February. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



401 



Wheeler's E-usset. 

An Apple originated in Gloucester, England, and described by 
Lindley, as : 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, gray russet brown in tlie 
sun, and darker russety specks. Flesh firm, greenish white, brisk, sac- 
charine. November to March. 

Wheeler's Sweet. 
Origin, Harding Co., O. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun, 
minute brown and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, furrowed. 
Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, mode- 
rately jnicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Core rather small. October, No- 
vember. 

Whig. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, often oblique, yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, sometimes very 
dark, large light dots, often with a brown centre. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid, almost sweet. Good. Core small. December. 

White Astrachan. 

Pyrus Astracanica. Transparent de Moscovie. 

Glace de Zelande. Weisser Astrakan. 

Astracanischer Sommerapfel. 

A nearly white, semi-transparent Pussian Apple. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin very smooth, nearly white, 
with a few faint streaks of red on one side, and covered with a white 
bloom. Flesh quite white, partially transparent, tender, and of delicate 
flavor, but rather dry. Poor. First of August. 

White Beauty. 

Origin, Ashtabula Co., O. Tree a good grower, young shoots, red- 
dish, with gray specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth, dull greenish, with grayish specks. 
Flesh very white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. September, De- 
cember. (Elliott.) 

White Calville. 

White Winter Calville. Calville Blanche d'Hiver. 

Weisser Winter Calville. 

The White Calville is a celebrated old French sauce and cooking 
A.pple ; but, like most others of its class, is not Avorthy of cultivation. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellow, faint blush. Flesh 
coarse, tender, pleasant. Hardly good. November, February. 

26 



402 



THE APPLE. 



"White Doctok. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. A profitable market sort, and valuable for 
culinary uses. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk short, set in 
an acute cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh 
white, tender, brisk subacid. Good. September, October. 



White Incomparable. 
Large White Incomparable Crab. 

An Apple described by Ronalds as above medium size, clear creamy 
yellow. Stalk slender. Flesh crisp, juicy, acid. October, December. 
Valuable for culinary uses. 



Joanneting-. 

Juniting. 

Gennetting. 

Primiting, 

May of Virginia. 



White Juxeating. 

Owen's Golden Beauty. 

Jennetting. 

iTuneting. 

May Pippin. 

Caroline. 

Early May. 



Juneating. 
Ginetting. 
Early Jennetting. 
Yellow May. 
Carolina of some. 



This is an old variety, mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, and described 
by Ray in 1688, and is a very tolerable little Apple, ripening among the 
very earliest, during the last of June and the first of July. It is very 
distinct from the Early Harvest, sometimes called by this name. Tree 
a moderate grower, and forms a roundish upright spreading head. Pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, round, a little flattened. Calyx closed. Stalk rather 
long and slender. Pale green at first, light yellow, with sometimes a 
faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and of a pleasant flavor, but 
soon becomes drv. Good. 



White Nonpareil. 
Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at the ends. Skin greenish yel- 
low, almost entirely covered with reddish gray. Flesh white, half firm, 
sugary, acid. May. (Soc. V. Mon.) 

White Paradise. 

Paradise Pippin. Lady's Finger. Long May. 

May. Egg. Eve. 

A Scotch fruit of some beauty, but of little value except for culinarj- 
use. Tree a free grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, broadest at base, clear yel 
low, splashed and mottled with red, brown russety dots. Flesh yellow- 
ish, tender, crisp, pleasant acid. October. 

White Pippin. 
Canada Pippin. 



This AjDple is much cultivated at the AVest, but of unknown origin. 



THE APPLE. 



403 



It is of the ITewtowii Pippin class, distinct from Canada Reinette. Tree 
thrifty, upright, a regular and good bearer. Young shoots dark clear 
reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, form variable, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, greenish 
white, waxen, sprinkled with green dots, and becoming pale yellow at 
maturity, sometimes having a dull blush and a few brown dots. Stalk 
short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded by green russet. Calyx 



Wliite Pippin. 

small, nearly closed, set in an abrupt furrowed basin. Flesh white, 
tender, crisp, juicy, fine, rich subacid. Yery good to best. Core small. 
January to March. 

White Rambo. 

Origin, Huntington Co., Pa. Tree of medium growth. Branches 
remarkably slender. Yery productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, yellowish white. Stalk 
short, in a russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, surrounded by 
prominences. Flesh yellowish, fine, pleasant subacid. Good. Core 
small. November. 

White Poi^iarin. 
Romarin Blanche. 

An Italian Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, clear light yellow, faint red in the 
sun, large gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, fine, aromatic subacid. Core large, open. December to March. 
(An. Pom.) 



404 



THE APPLE. 



White Russet. 

An Irish dessert Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish russety green, intermixed 
with white, and having a little light red on the sunny side. Stalk 
short. Flesh firm, good. Apt to grow mealy. November. (Lindley.) 

White Spanish Reinette. 

D'Espagne. Eeinette Blanche d'Espagne. 

Fall Pippin, erroneously. Reinette d'Espagne. 

Large Fall Pippin. Camnesar. 

Cobbett's FaU Pippin. Elgin Pippin ? 

A very celebrated old Spanish variety. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, with broad ribs on its sides, ter- 
minating in an uneven crown, Avhere it is nearly as broad as at the base. 
Calyx large, open, very deeply sunk in a broad-angled, oblique, irregular 
basin. Stalk half an inch long, set in a rather small, even cavity. Skin 
smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, orange, tinged with brown- 
ish red next the sun, and sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish 
white, crisp, tender, rich subacid. Yery good. The tree has the same 
wood, foliage, and vigorous habit as our Fall Pippin, and the fruit keeps 
a month longer. This is quite distinct from Fall Pippin. 

White Spice. 
Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Flesh subacid, good. September. 
(A. Pom. S. Pep.) 

White Spitzenbeeg. 

Origin, Northampton Co., Pa. Tree an annual productive bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, interspersed with large gray 
dots, with a blush on the exposed sides. Stalk short, in a deep, open 
cavity. Calyx small, closed, narrow basin. Flesh breaking, sufficiently 
juicy, subacid, agreeable aroma. Good. December to March. 

White's Red Winter. 

Southern. 

Fruit large, oblong, shaded and striped with red. Flesh rich, juicy. 
Good keeper. (Cont. Gent.) 

White Summer Pippin. 

An early dessert Apple, described in Ronalds as of medium size, ' 
roundish, straw color, mottled and variegated with some russet and pur- 
ple spots. Flesh tender and delicious, if eaten off the tree in August. 

White Sweet. 

Witheriirs White Sweet. Honey Sweet of some. 

Origin, supposed New Jersey. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish with a blush of crim- 



THE APPLE. 



405 



son in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, not very 
tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Good. September, October. 
Valuable for stock, cider, and cooking. 

White Yirgin. 
Scotch Virgin. 
A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow to rich orange, and streaked with 
red in the sun, a few dark dots and veins of russet. Stalk short. Calyx 
large, closed. Flesh white, soft, tender, juicy, brisk acid. October to 
February. 

White's Winter. 

Origin, Guilford Co., N. C. Tree thrifty, a great and early bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, somewhat rich, 
juicy, and very good. Keeps well. (Count. Gent.) 

Whitewater Sweet. 

' From Southern Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 
Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with a few gray and 
many indistinct light dots. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, compact, 
juicy, crisp, mild sweet. Good. December to March. 

White Wine. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish, with rays, patches, and 
specks of russet. Stalk short and fleshy. Calyx open. Flesh white, 
firm, crisp, pleasantly acid. October, December. 

White Winter. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Penn. Tree mode- 
rately vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek. 
Stalk medium, in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly closed, a little sunk, in 
a very small basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, almost buttery, mild subacid. 
Good. J anuary to May. 

White Winter Pearmain. 
Campbellite. 

Origin unknown, by some thought to be an old Eastern variety, 
highly esteemed at the West. Tree spreading, hardy, and thrifty, a 
regular and good bearer. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish 
brown, slightly grayish or downy at end. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong conic, somewhat oblique. 
Stalk short, in a deep cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Segments long. Basin 
uneven. Skin pale yellow, with a slight blush or warm cheek, thickly 



406 



THE APPLE., 



sprinkled witli minnte brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, 
very pleasant subacid. Very good. January to April. 




WMte Winter Pearmain. 



Whitman. 
From South Abington, Mass. 

Fruit a little above medium, oblong, greenish yellow, with russet 
blotches. Stalk slender. Flesh sweet. December. (N. E. Farm.) 

Whitmore's Pippin. 

Fruit medium, conical, ribbed, yellowish green, dark green specks, 
and slight tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish green, breaking, 
brisk, slight aromatic. November, January. (Lindley.) 

Whitney Russet. 

Origin unknown. Supposed Canadian. Tree a vigorous grower, 
productive. Young shoots reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, yellow, mostly 
covered with thin light russet, sometimes a shade of crimson in the 
sun. Stalk long, often with bracts. Cavity large, deep. Calyx 
closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, 
mild subacid. Very good. Core small. December to April. 

Wickham's Peaemain. 
Wick Pearmain. 

This variety, says Hogg, was grown at Wickham, near Wiachester, 
Hampshire, England. It is an excellent dessert Apple. 



THE APPLE. 



407 



Fruit small, roundish conical, flattened at base, yellow, tinged 
and shaded with red, patches and specks of russet. Flesh greenish 
yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, high flavored. October to December. 

WiER Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round, 
regular head, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow or yellow, often with a shade 
of bronze in the sun, moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, 
rather rich sweet. Good. Core medium or rather small. December 
to March. 

WiLFONG. 

From North Carolina. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, depressed, greenish yellow, shaded with 
dark purplish red, indistinct splashes and stripes, light dots. Stalk 
short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. December to 
March. 

William Penn. 

From Columbia, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, striped, and mottled with bright red, many light dots. Stalk 
very short. Cavity considerably russeted. Calyx closed. Basin large, 
deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Core small. December 
to March. 

William's Favorite. 
William's Early. William's Red. 

A large and handsome dessert Apple. It originated at Poxbury, 
near Boston, Mass., bears abundantly, and ripens from the last of July to 
the first of September. An excellent market variety. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong conic, and a little one-sided. 
Stalk an inch long, slender, slightly sunk. Calyx closed, in a furrowed 
basin. Skin very smooth, of a light red ground, but nearly covered 
with a fine dark red. Flesh yellowish white, and of a very mild and 
agreeable flavor. Good. Pequires a strong, rich soil. 

William's Pippin. 

Fruit below medium, somewhat conical, pale yellow, mottled with 
pale red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, soft, pleasant subacid. Good 
to eat from the tree, and for baking and roasting. October, December. 
(Lindley.) 

William's White. 
Origin, supposed Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, sprin- 



408 



THE APPLE. 



kled with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
light yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Augijst, September. 

Willis's Eusset. 

Origin, farm of Mr. VTillis, Sudbuiy, Mass. Tree hai'dy, vigorous, 
and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate conic, msset on a yellow gi^ound, and occa- 
sionally a sunny cheek. Stalk long, slender, cuiwed, set in a lai'ge 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a lich 
pear-like flavor. Very good. December, January. 

Willis Sweet. 

Pear Lot. Pear-Tree Lot 

Origin on the farm of Edward Willis, Oyster Bay, Long Island. 
Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, productive. Young shoots lich, 
warm brown, slightly gi^ayish. 




"VTillis Sweet. 



Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish, somewhat shaded with a thin 
light red, and blotched with crimson, few brown dots. >"^Ta:k ?li.:iT and 
stout. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flc^h v.-i^irisL, 
crisp, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Very good. Core lai^ge. August, 
September. Valuable for table, market, and culinaiy purposes. 



THE APPLE. 



409 



Willow Twig. 

Willow. James Eiver. 

Of unknown origin. The tree is a poor grower in the nursery, but 
makes a good spreading, somewhat drooping, orchard tree, quite hardy, 
and very productive, and although of only good quality, its keeping 
quaKties, productiveness, and hardihood make it a profitable market 
Apple for rich prairie and bottom lands in the West. Young shoots 
slender, reddish brown, downy. Buds inconspicuous. 




Willow Twig. 



Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly conic, somewhat oblate, light 
yellow, shaded and marbled with dull red, and sprinkled with numerous 
russet dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity narrow, sometimes 
partially closed, with a lip. Calyx partially closed, in a somewhat cor- 
rugated abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish green, not very tender, pleasant 
subacid. Good. Valuable for late keeping. 

WlLLSBORO. 

Supposed origin, Willsboro, Essex, Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded, mottled, and marbled 
mostly with dull red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, tender, 
sprightly subacid. December, February. (J. W. Bailey.) 

WiLMOT. 

Wnmot's Seedling. 

A sauce or cooking Apple described by Ronalds. Tree an upright, 
strong grower, productive. 



410 



THE APPLE. 



Truit medium, conical, yellow, witli marblings of gray, and splashes 
of red. riesh white, tender, juicy, fragrant subacid. July, August. 

Wilson. 

Of Michigan. 

Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular. Surface smooth, golden 
yellow. Dots scattered, dark. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, 
subacid, rich. January, February. (Warder.) 

The same author describes another Apple under this name as from 
Western Virginia. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate or oblate, smooth, nearly covered with 
very deep red, in which the stripes are almost obscured. Dots minute, 
white. Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid. 
January. 

Wilson's Summer. 

Origin, Forsyth Co., N. C. Tree upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, thickly 
striped with clear red. Flesh rich, juicy, fine-flavored. August, Sep- 
tember. (Count. Gent.) 

Wilson's Volunteer. 

Fruit large, globular truncated or flattened, regular, yellow, mostly 
covered with mixed red, striped darker. Dots large, gray, and yellow. 
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy subacid. December, February. 
(Warder.) 

WiNCHELL Sweet. 
Origin, Hartford Co., Conn. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, with a brownish 
shade in the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and 
rich. Good. Core small. February to May. Valuable for cook- 
ing. 

Windham Russet. 

An Apple from Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly covered 
with dull rough russet, often mixed with red in the sun, gTay rough or 
raised dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, large. Calyx partially open. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. 
Core small. December to April. 

Wine. 

Hay's Winter. Winter Wine. Pennsylvania Ked Streak. 

English Ked Streak, incorrectly. 

The Wine Apple is a very handsome, and an admirable winter 
fruit, a most abundant bearer, and a hardy tree. It is a native of Del- 
aware. The tree has small leaves, grows thriftily, and makes a fine 
spreading head. Young shoots smooth grayish reddish brown. 



THE APPLE. 



411 



Pruifc rather above medium size — in rich soils large ; form regular, 
nearly round, a little flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, of a lively 
deep red over a yellow ground, or more frequently with a few indis- 
tinct stripes of yellow. Stalk short, inserted in a round, smooth cavity, 
with a little russet around it. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and crisp, 
with a rather vinous, rich, and pleasant flavor. Good to very good. 
Core small. October to March. 

WlNESAP. 

Wine Sop ? Potpie Apple. 

This is not only a good Apple for the table, but it is also one of the 
very finest cider fruits, and its fruitfulness renders it a great favorite 
with orchardists. The tree grows rather irregularly, and does not form 
a handsome head, but it bears early, and the apples have the good 
quality of hanging late upon the trees without injury, while the tree 
thrives well on sandy, light soils. The tree is very hardy, and one of 
the most profitable orchard varieties wherever grown. Young wood 
reddish brown, with smooth red buds. 



Winesap. 

Fruit of medium size, rather roundish oblong. Skin smooth, of a fine 
dark red, with a few streaks, and a little yellow ground, appearing on the 
shady side. Stalk nearly an inch long, slender, set in an irregular cav- 
ity. Calyx small, placed in a regular basin, with fine plaits. Flesh 
yellow, firm, crisp, with a rich, high flavor. Very good. November to 
May. 

Wing Sweet. 

An old variety, of unknown origin, profitable for stock feedirig and 
cooking. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, and productive. 



412 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conical, yellow, mostly 
shaded, splashed, and striped with dark red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately 
juicy, sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good. September to 
December. 

Winn's Eusset. 

Origin, Sweden, Me. Tree of slow growth, hardy and productive. 

Fruit large. Cavity deep. Basin broad and shallow. Color dark 
russet, with obsciu-e stripes of red, covered with whitish spots. Flesh 
fine-grained, subacid. Good. Keeps till May. 

WiNSLOW. 

From Virginia. 

Fruit large, globular, flattened at base, dark and light red streaked, 
light brown specks and dark flakes. Stalk short, slender. Calyx open. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Fall and early winter. 
(Elliott.) 

Winter Codlin. 

An English culinary Apple. Ti-ee vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, partially splashed, 
striped, and marbled with light red, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Basin 
slightly furrowed. Flesh white, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. 
Good. October to March. 

Winter Colman. 
Norfolk Colman. Norfolk Storing. 

A culinary Apple, described by Lindley as : 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, deep red in the sun. 
Flesh firm, crisp, sharp subacid. November to March. 

Winter Gray Eeinette. 

Reinette Grrise d'Hiver. Remette Grrise Extra. Belle Fille. 
Prager. Reinette Grise. Grauwe Franse Rennett. 

Reinette Grise Frangaise. 

Among the Beinettes there is a world of confusion, and we feel no 
confidence in correctness until such time as they may be gathered and 
grown all in the same grounds. The present description of this variety 
is taken from Hogg. Tree healthy, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened on the sides, broadest at base, 
dull yellowish green in the shade, with a patch of thin dull brownish 
red in the sun, which side is so covered with brown russet that little 
color is visible. Stalk very short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, firm, 
crisp, rich, juicy, sugary. November to May. 

We have received and fruited a Winter Gray Beinette from Bivers, 
which is small, oblate, depressed, dull yellowish gray russet, indistinct 
raised dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, firm, 
moderately j uicy, rich, brisk subacid. Good. December to May. 



THE APPLE. 



413 



The Album of Pomology also describes a Winter Gray Reinette as 
large, roundish, dull pale yellow, overlaid with dull greenish russet. 

Winter Harvey. 
Winter Pippin. Autumn Pippin. 

An old Eastern variety. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, produc- 
tive. Young shoots dark grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow, 
rarely with a shade of dull red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. 
Good. Core rather small. January to March. 

Winter Hog Island Sweet. 

Origin, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, slightly ribbed, 
pale yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with light and dark red, few 
light and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, moderately juicy, rather rich sweet. Good. Core smalL 
November to February. 

Winter Lading. 
A sauce Apple, from Sussex, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, green, with patches and dots of 
thin russet. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Octo- 
ber, December. (Hogg.) 

Winter Maiden's Blush. 
From Bucks Co., Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, yellow, covered with large, distinct, 
carmine dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
subacid. Yery good. Core large. (Gar. Mon.) 

Winter Majettin. 

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as valuable for 
culinary uses. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, yellowish green, with 
a dull brownish red in sun exposure. Flesh greenish white, firm, brisk, 
sharp subacid. December, February. 

Winter Pearmain. 

Old Pearmain. Parmain d'Hiver. 

Pearmain. Great Pearmain. 

Pepin Parmain d'Hiver. Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre. 

Peremenes. 

This is one of the oldest Apples on record. The tree a free and 
healthy grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, greenish, with lively deep red in the sun, 
russety dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic. 
November to March. 



414 



THE APPLE. 



Tliere is gro^vn in Illinois, and other "Western States, an Apple under 
the varions names of "Winter Peae.ai-IIX and Eed Peae^iaix, entii-ely 
distinct from above. The tree is rigorous, spreading, with slender branches. 
Yonng shoots moderatelr slender, grayish reddish brown, with downy 
buds. 

Fmit medium, oblate, a little inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and striped ^\-ith light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed, riesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good. 
Core small. ZSTovember, February. 

There is another Wixtee Peaeaiaix, grown in Pennsylvania, the 
fruit of which is below medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, shaded 
and obscurely splashed with brownish red, few light dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. Core small. January to Slay. 

Winter Pippin of Vermont. 

Origin unknown, much cultivated in Vermont ; a fair grower and 
productive. 

Fruit large to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic, ob- 
scurely ribbed, gnreenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson dots, 
cheek shaded with dull crimson. Stalk short, inserted in a deep com- 
pressed cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Segments long, in a rather 
deep, uneven basin. Flesh wliite, tender, and agreeable. Good. No- 
vember to March. 

We have received a Winter Pippin from Michigan, where it was 
introduced from Western Zs ew York, but have not sufficiently tested 
it to decide as to its identity v-ith the above. 

Winter Eeint:tte. 
TVeisse Antillische. Wmter Eeiaette, 

A beatitiful and excellent German dessert Apple. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, lemon yellow, with blush red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, fii^m, juicv, sucrarv, vinous. December to March. 
(Diel.) 

Winter Strawberry. 

This variety is described by Ronalds as above medium size, roundish, 
yellow, splashed, shaded, and striped partially over with rich red. Flesli 
whitish, tender, jtiicy, subacid. December, January. 

Winter Sweet Paradise. 
Paradise "Winter Sweet. Grandmother. 

From Pennsylvania. The Winter Sweet Paradise is a productive and 
excellent orchard fruit, always fair, and of fine appearance. Tree 
hardy, upright, vigorous, not an early bearer. Yoting shoots reddish 
gi^ay. 

"Fruit rather large, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Color dull 
g]'een when picked, with a brownish blush, becoming a little paler at 



415 



THE APPLE. 



maturity. Stalk short, set in a round cavity, often russeted. Calyx 
closed, small. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, 




"Winter Sweet Paradise. 



fine-grained, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and very good. Core rather small. 
November to March. 

WiNTHROP Greening. 
Lincoln Pippin. Howe Apple. 

Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow, with nettings 
and patches of russet, thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk 
rather short. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rather 
rich subacid. Good. Core small. September. 

Winthrop Pearmain. 

Origin, "Winthrop, Me. Size large, roundish ovate. Skin yellow, 
striped with red, and deep red in the sun. Stem in a large cavity. 
Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy. Flavor spicy and pleasant. Septem- 
ber to January. (Me. P. S. R.) 

WiSNER. 

Originated on the farm of Wisner, Middletown, Orange Co., N. Y. 

Fruit small, conical, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. 
Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, March. 

Woodland. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit full medium, oblate, yellowish green, sometimes striped red. 



416 



THE APPLE. 



Dots few, minute. Calpc small, closed. Stalk medium to long. Flesh 
yellow, rather tough, but juicy, subacid. Good. Mid^vinter. (Am. 
Hort. An.) 

WOODEIXG. 

Originated in Fairfield Co., O. Tree a moderate grower, slender 
branches, early bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly covered with red. 
Flesh white, juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Wood's Greexixg. 
Coate's G-reening. Onstine. Cooke's Greening. 

A native of Kew Jersey. Tree a moderate gi^ower, hardy, somewhat 
spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish gi-een, \n.th rough spots or 
patches. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, 
tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Yeiy good. Core small. January, 
February. 

Wood's Sweet. 
Hyde's Sweet. 

Origin, Sudbury, Yt., and there considered the besfc fall sweet 
Apple in cultivation. Growth nearly equal to Baldwin, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate. Color whitish yellow, waxen or 
oily, shaded and striped with fine rich red. Stalk rather short, inserted 
in a broad, deep, furrowed canity. Cah-x small, closed, set in a rather 
deep open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich saccharine. Good to 
very good. September, iSTovember. 

WOOLFOLKS. 

Supposed Kentucky origin. 

Fruit full medium, truncated, regular, yellow green, scattered gray 
dots. Flesh white, tender, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. Table, 
kitchen. December to March. (Warder.) 

WOEMSLEY PiPPIX. 
Kniglit's Codling. 

An English fruit, middle-sized, roundish, tapering a little towards 
the eye, pale green or straw color, darker next the sun. Flesh white, 
crisp, firm, with a sharp subacid juice. Good. September. 

Weight. 

Origin, Hubbardton, Yt. Tree vigorous and productive. Young 
wood ohve brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow. Stalk short, inserted 
in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather large and corrugated. 



THE APPLE. 



417 



Flesh wMte, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Good 
to very good. Middle of September to middle of October. 

Wright's Janet. 

Supposed to liave originated near St. Louis, Mo. 

Fruit medium to large, round, sometimes fiat, regular, waxen yel- 
low, mixed, striped, splashed carmine. Dots minute, prominent, 
scattering. Flesh deep yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. 
Good to very good. January to June. (Warder.) 

Wyken Pippin. 
Warwickshire Pippin. Girkin Pippin. Arley. 

An old variety, originated near Coventry, England. Tree upright, 
hardy, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull 
orange blush in sun, mottled and marbled and dotted with light russety 
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet subacid. De- 
cember, February. (Ron.) 

Yacht. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
two shades of red, large light dots. Stalk medium. Calyx partially 
closed. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core 
small. November, January. 

Yadkin. 

Southern. 

Fruit large, round, regular, red striped. Flesh white, dry, subacid. 
Only good. August. (Warder.) 

Yahoola. 

Origin, Lumpkin Co., Ga. Tree with slender, wiry limbs, a good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow green, specked and streaked with rus- 
set. Stalk long, slender. Calyx and basin medium. Flesh juicy. 
Good. September to January. (White.) 

Yankee Spy. 

Seedsville Sweet ? Dutchess County Sweet. Ox Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes a little conic, deep yellow, some- 
times a tinge of red in the sun, large brown dots. Stalk medium. 
Calyx closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, rich, 
sweet. Good. Core small. October, November. A valuable culinary 
sort. 

27 



418 



THE APPLE. 



Yates. 

Originated in Fayette Co., Ga. Tree Terr npriglit greyer, great 
bearer and good keeper. 

Fiiiit small, oblate or oblate conic, vrhitisli yello'^, overspread, 
shaded; splashed, and striped ^dch shades of red, many light dots. Stalk 
slender. C'aviiy large, slis'htly riisseted. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
vrhite, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. March to May. 

Yellow Bellflowee. 

Bellefle-ar YtlloTv, BeHe Fletur. 

Bishop's Pippin of Xova Scotia. Laoly TTashington. 
Eeinette ^lusque. "Warren PippiiL 

The Yellow Belle Flenr is a large, handsome, and excellent winter 
Apple, everywhere hio;hly esteem-d in the ITnited States. It is most 
abundantly seen in the markets of Bhiladelphia. as it thrives well in the 
sandy soils of Xew .Jersey. Coxe nrst described this fiiTiit ; the oiiginal 
tree of which grew in Burlington, 2s. J. T]'ee a moderately A'igo- 
rous grower, forming a sprea din g, roundish, rather drooping head. 
Yoimg wood yellovish bro^vn. A regular' and excellent bear-er. 




Tellovr Eelluower. 



Fmit very large. obloEg. a little irre.giilar. tapering to the eye. Skin 
smooth, pale lemou yelluvo. uiien with a blush next the sun. Stalk lon^ 



^ THE APPLE. 419 

and slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed and set in a rather narrow, 
plaited basin. Seeds in a large hollow capsule or core, Flesh tender, 
juicy, crisp, with a sprightly subacid flavor ; before fully ripe it is con- 
siderably acid. Very good. December, February. 

Yellow Foster. 

Origin unknown. Received from Ohio. Tree very ^dgorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, yellow, thinly sprinkled with brown and 
green dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November. 

Yellow Ixgestrie. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, clear bright gold color, without red. 
Flesh tender and delicate, with a plentiful juice when freshly gathered 
from the tree. Good. October. 

Yellow Juxe. 
White June. 

Of unknovfn Southern origin. Tree A^gorous, upright groover, and 
abundant bearer. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly doAvny, 
very small buds. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with green and brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity slightly rus- 
seted. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good. 
Core small. June, July, South, August at North. 

Yellow Meadow. 

A Southern fruit. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk rather slender, in a deep, 
irregular ca^i-ty. Calyx large and open, in a shallow basin. Flesh yel- 
low, compact, vinous. Good. November. 

Yellow Newtoavx Pippin. 
Albemarle Pippin. 

The Yellow Newtown Pippin is handsomer in appearance, and has a 
higher perfume than the Green or Newtown Pippin, and its flesh is 
rather firmer, and equally high flavored ; while the Green is more juicy, 
crisp, and tender. The Yellow Newtown Pippin is rather flatter, 
measuring only about two inches deep, and it is always quite oblique — • 
projecting more on one side of the stalk than the other. AYhen fully 
I'ipe it is yellow, sometimes with a rather lively red cheek, and a smooth 
skin, few or none of the spots on the Green variety, but with the same 
russet marks at the stalk. It is also more highly fragrant before and 
after it is cut than the Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with 
a very rich and high flavor. Both the Newtown Pippins grow alike, 
and they are both excellent bearers. This variety is rather hardier and 
succeeds best. February to May. 

Yellow Sweet. 



A native Apple of unkno^vn origin. 



420 



THE APPLE. 



Trait small, roimdish, light yellow, with a few gray dots. Flesh 
white, rather tender, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November. 




Tellow Newtown Pippin. 



Yopp's Favorite. 

From Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a blnsh 
in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a little msset 
about the stem. Calyx open, in a deep basin. Stalk short. Cavity deej). 
Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. 
November. 

YOEK. 

From JSIassachusetts. Valuable for culinary purposes. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, with a slight shade of 
red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, 
November. 

York Ijiperial. 
Jolinsoii's Fine "Winter. 

Origin thought to be York Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. Young wood rich brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, whitish, shaded with crimson in the 
sun, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed or partially open. Basin large, deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core com- 
pact, small. November, February. 



THE APPLE. 



421 



Yorkshire Greening. 
Coate's. Yorkshire Goose Sauce. 

An English culinary Apple. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish, with shades and stripes 
of dull red, specks and traces of russet. Flesh greenish white, firm, 
crisp, brisk subacid. Good. October, November. 

Yost. 

A native of Berks Co., Pa. Tree large and spreading. 

Fruit oblate, very much flattened, yellow, striped and shaded with 
crimson, thinly dotted with brown. Stalk short. Cavity slightly rus- 
seted. Calyx partially closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, January. 

Zane. 
Zane G-reening. 

Origin, Virginia. 

Fruit large, roundish, dull greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, 
tender, soft. Poor. February to June. (Elliott.) 

ZlEBER. 

Origin, Reading, Pa. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with a striped red cheek. 
.Flesh dry, pleasant, hardly good. 

ZoAR Greening. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish, faintly shaded with dull red in 
the sun. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. November, December. 



SIBERIAN CRABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN 

APPLES. 

The varieties of Siberian Crab Apples [Pyrus haccata) have, here- 
tofore, been mainly valued for their handsome flowers and the beautiful 
appearance of the tree when loaded with fruit. 

Within the past year or two, however, considerable attention has 
been given to their cultivation by fruit-growers in our Western and 
Northwestern States, because of the superior hardihood of the trees. 
Large numbers of seedlings have been grown, some bearing full evidence 
of the paternity of the JPyrus haccata, others possessing more or less 
of the Pyrus malus, apparent more in the flesh and improved quality 
of the fruit, than in the habit of the trees. They are all valuable for 
cider, preserves, and cooking, and some of the improved varieties, more 



422 



THE APPLE. 



truly, perhaps, Siberian Apples than Crabs, are quite pleasant and rich 
for the dessert. The great hardihood of the trees, and their jjrodiic- 
tiveness, make them highly valuable for sections where the better vari- 
eties of the Pyrus malus do not succeed. In description of these vari- 
eties the terms " medium, large, or small," must be considered as 
applied in comparison with the Siberian Crab. 

The common Siberian Crab is a beautiful little fruit, which is pro- 
duced in rich clusters on the branches, and, at a distance, resembles 
large and handsome cherries. It is highly esteemed for preserving, and 
almost every large garden contains a tree of this variety. It forms a 
vigorous, neat tree, of rather small size, and its blossoms, which are 
white, are produced in beautiful profusion in spring, and a large crop 
of fruit regularly follows. 

Akin's Winter. 

From Minnesota. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish oblate, light, pale yellow, with a 
rich clear carmine red cheek in sun. Stalk long and slender, set in an 
open acute cavity, often russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, broad, 
and somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, somewhat 
too acid for a pleasant table apple, but not too much so for cooking. 
December. 

ASTRACAN. 

Evergreen Apple Crab. 

Fruit medium, oblate, compressed, green, specked with white dots. 
Flesh greenish white, juicy. Inferior. 

ASTRACHAN. 

This is one of the very largest sized of the old varieties. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, bright rich clear red, with 
a fine light bloom. Calyx with long segments, prominent. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, juicy, sharp, brisk acid, tender. September. 

Chase's Winter Sweet. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, rich warm yellow gTOund, 
mostly overspread with dark rich red, minute dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Cavity broad, open, deep. Calyx half closed, with short, almost erect 
segments. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, very firm, mod- 
erately juicy, mild, sweet. December. 

Cherry. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, pointed, light yellow, spotted and 
shaded with red. Flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, hangs long, almost even 
to drying on the tree. September, October. 

Chicago. 

Origin near Marengo, 111. 

Fruit similar to Coral in general appearance — a little longer or more 



THE APPLE. 



423 



completely oblong. Flesh not as deep colored as Coral, but quite crisp, 
sprightly subacid, and by many would be preferred to Coral, although 
it is not as rich. December to March. 

Coral. 

This variety has the same origin as Chicago. 

Fruit small, conical flattened at ends ; rich Avarm yellow ground, 
with a vermilion cheek. Stalk long, slender, set in a narrow, acute cav- 
ity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, surrounded with corrugated 
ridges, but with little or no basin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, sprightly, 
juicy, rich, mild subacid, almost tender. An early winter sort, keeping 
until about February. 

Currant Crab. 

The fruits of this kind are of the size of currants, and are borne like 
them in clusters ; they are round, a little compressed towards^the ends. 
Color red, slightly striped with deep red. It is ornamental in its flowers 
as well as its fruits. 

Double Flowering Chinese Crab. 

Double Flowering Apple. 

This very beautiful crab-tree from China, which produces a small 
green fruit, of no value, is highly admired for its showy blossoms. 
These are large, tipped with deep red in the bud, but when open are of 
a pale rose color, semi-double, large, and produced in fine clusters. It 
is an exceedingly ornamental, small tree, growing from ten to twenty 
feet in height. 

Double White Siberian Crab. 

Fruit roundish, irregular, swollen on one side. Color red carmine 
on the sunny side, green on the shaded side, covered with a white bloom. 
Flowers large double white, very ornamental. 

FoxLEY Crab. 

Raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, England, from seed of the Cherry 
Crab. Tree hardy. Fruit produced in clusters. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, golden yellow. Stalk long. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, juicy, subacid. 

Fragrant. 

The flowers of this variety are very fragrant. 

Fruit small, oblate, green, with whitish dots. Flesh inferior. 

General Grant. 

Size large for a crab, round, oblate, warm yellow ground, with 
broken stripes of dark, becoming, on the sun-exposed side, entirely red, 
and very dark, almost black red, with a few minute light dots. Stalk 
slender. Cavity open, moderately deep. Calyx closed. Basin broad, 



424 



THE APPLE. 



not deep, but conspicuously furrowed. Flesh wliite, moderately fine- 
grained, not juicy, very mild subacid. Core large for size of fruit. 
Late Autumn. 

Golden. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow. Stalk long, slen- 
der. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, recurv- 
ed. Basin medium. Flesh white, moderately juicy, brisk acid. Sep- 
tember. 

Hampton's Siberian Crab. 

A beautiful variety, originated with Wm. C. Hampton, Hardin Co., O. 

Fruit large for a Siberian Crab, ovate conical, deep rich crimson, 
blotched and indistinctly striped with clear orange and yellowish red. 
Blossoms large. This is one of the most beautiful of all the crabs, es- 
pecially when in bloom. 

Hutchison's Winter Sweet. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light yellow ground, with a 
blush red cheek in the sun, and many minute dots. Stalk long, slender, 
in a deep open cavity. Calyx closed, with long pointed segments. Ba- 
sin broad, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, dry, sweet. No- 
vember. 

Hyslop. 

This variety has been long and pretty extensively cultivated. The 
trees are hardy, the growth strong, rather spreading. "Wood light col- 
ored, a little downy. 

Fruit large, produced in clusters, roundish ovate, dark rich red, cov- 
ered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed, 
Flesh yellowish, subacid, good for culinary uses and for cider. 

Lady Crab. 

This is a foreign variety, of great beauty, and the tree a vigorous, 
upright grower, much resembling the Lady Apple. Yery productive. 
Young wood grayish reddish dark brown, with conspicuous white or 
gray dots. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, a little oblique, rich dark red, with 
traces of russet, and many apparently rough russet dots. Stalk medium 
length for a crab, quite slender. Cavity open, broad, deep russeted. 
Calyx almost closed, with connected half-recurved segments. Basin broad, 
shallow, distinctly corrugated next the calyx. Flesh yellowish, mode- 
rately juicy, mild subacid. November, December. 

Large Bed Siberian Crab. 

This variety is about twice the size of the common Siberian Crab, 
roundish ovate, with a large and prominent calyx, and a pale red and 
yellow skin. It forms a larger tree, with rather coarser foliage than the 
common variety, and is esteemed for the same purposes. September 
and October. 



THE APPLE. 



425 



Lakge Yellow Siberian Ceab. 

Fruit similar in size to the foregoing, roundish oval, flattened at base 
and crown, light clear yellow often inclining to amber, with a warm 
cheek. 

Maiden's Blush. 

Fruit small, flat, somewhat ribbed, pale clear yellow, with clear 
bright carmine red in sun. Calyx large, half closed. Basin broad, 
slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, rather dry, almost sweet. 
Late Autumn. 

Marengo. 

The discoverer of this variety, as well as its identity with the Sibe- 
rian Crabs, Pyvus haccata^ as a tree, is attributed to James F. Lester, 
Marengo, 111. It is said to be a seedling found in the rows of an old 
seedling nursery of apple-stocks. The original tree is thought to be 
about eighteen years old. Young shoots vigorous, reddish brown, with 
the gray specks, bloom and scaly cuticle peculiar to the Siberian. 

The fruit is large for its class ; in form roundish, flattened at blossom 
end, bright warm red on yellow ground, smooth, with a few scattered 
gray or light russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, a little 
harsh until fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid. Stalk 
long, slender, set in a narrow cavitv. Calyx closed. Basin broad, open, 
corrugated. Early Winter to late in Spring. 

Meader's Winter. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate; warm, light yellow ground, 
shaded with clear rich red, many large gray dots. Basin deep, broad, 
slightly ribbed or furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, crisp, 
tender, rich, sharp subacid. Season, Winter. A valuable cooking sort, 
and rich for cider. 

Montreal Beauty. 

This is one of the most beautiful of all Crabs, in appearance. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright yellow, mostly covered and 
shaded with rich red. Flesh yellowish, rich, firm, acid. September, Oc- 
tober. 

Oblong-Fruited Siberian Crab. 

Fruit elongated conic, light yellow, almost white, washed, marbled, 
and striped with crimson and carmine, and covered with a thin bloom. 

Orange. 

Fruit medium, round, slightly flattened at ends ; light, warm yellow, 
or light orange-colored. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx 
closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, mild subacid, pleasant, 
a little dry. 



426 



THE APPLE. 



POWEKS' LaKGE. 

Originated witli Hiram Powers, Catskill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, 
hardy, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, waxen white, shaded and striped with 
carmine, crimson, and yellow, and covered with a lilac bloom. Plesh 
sharp, yet mild acid. Fine for cooking. Early October. 

Pukple Siberian Crab. 

Fruit oblate. Color beautiful reddish purple on the sunny side, 
covered with a bloom, the shaded side less brilliant, and the whole sur- 
face speckled with some gray dots. Flesh, like all the crabs, coarse and 
harsh. 

Red Siberian Crab. 

Fruit about three-fou.rths of an inch in diameter, very regularly 
formed, and rather flat. Skin smooth, of a lively scarlet over a clear 
yellow ground, and, when the bloom is rubbed off, is highly polished. 
Stalk nearly two inches long, and very slender. Calyx small, slightly 
sunk. Fit for preserving in September and October. 

PouEN Transparent Crab. 

Fruit small, oblate, bright carmine red on light yellow. Stalk slen- 
der, very long, set in a deep wide cavity. Flesh yellowish white, acid. 
September. 

Showy Crab. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, yellow, dotted with red in sun. Stalk 
very long. Flesh dry. Not valuable. 

SOULARD. 

A sort of little, value except in appearance. It is said to have 
originated near St. Louis, Mo. 

Fruit medium, oblate, clear smooth greenish yellow, with many 
minute, suffused, dark green dots. Stalk short for a crab, slender, narrow 
cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
white, bitter, astringent, unfit for anything except cider. 

Striped Siberian Crab. 

Fruit medium size, roundish. Color rose yellowish, red striped all 
over, carmine on the sunny side, more yellow towards the stalk, covered 
with a fine white bloom. 

Transcendent. 

This is one of the best of early autumn varieties. 
Fruit medium to large for its class, roundish oblong, flattened at its 
ends, slightly but regularly ribbed, golden yellow, with a rich crimson, 



THE APPLE. 



427 



red clieek in the sun, covered with a delicate white bloom ; when fully 
ripe the red nearly covers the whole surface. Stalk long and slender, 
set in an open, deep cavity. Calyx closed, with long refiexed segments, 
riesh creamy yellow, crisp, subacid, a little astringent until fully mel- 
low, when it is pleasant and agreeable. Early Autumn. 

Warfel Crab. 

Originated with John Warfel, Lancaster, Pa. Tree vigorous. 
Fruit medium size, oblate, yellow, beautifully striped with red and 
crimson. 

White Winter. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light pale yellow, with a faint 
blush and a few scattering, irregular-sized, dark carmine dots in sun. 
Stem short. Cavity very broad, open, yet deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx closed, with short segments. Basin shallow, with slight broad 
furrows. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, moderately juicy, sharp acid. 
December and January. 

Yellow Siberian Crab. 
Amber Crab. 

This scarcely differs from the common Siberian Crab except in its 
fruit, which is rather larger, and of a fine amber or golden yellow. Both 
this and the red are beautiful ornaments to the fruit garden in summer 
and autumn, and are equally esteemed for preserves and jellies. Sep- 
tember. 



SELECT list OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE USE, 
MARKETING, COOKING, AND KEEPING. 

In this list it is not assumed that all against which the word market 
is written are equally profitable, but that their size and appearance will 
generally command for them a ready sale. Again, some varieties are 
classed as market sorts mainly because of their long keeping, and there- 
fore coming into use when there are but few sorts with which to com- 
pete. Soil and climate make so great a change in the growth, quality, 
and period of maturity of varieties, that it is impossible to make a list 
adapted to general cultivation ; and so, kinds which, because of their 
good quality (like the American Golden Busset), which we mark as 
only for table use, in some localities are found also jDrofitable for mar- 
ket. The planter, in selecting from this list, should be guided some- 
what in adopting kinds by a record of the place of origin of the variety, 
which may be found on the page where the Apple is described in the 
book. 

We have appended the words " South " and " North " to some vari- 
eties, to designate them as of most value in oar Southern or Northern 
States. 



428 



THE APPLE. 



American Golden Pippin. Table and market. 
American Golden Kusset. Table. 
American Summer Pearmain. Table. 
Baldwin. Table and market. 
Baltimore. Table and market. 
Belmont. Table. 

Ben Davis. Market, South and Southwest. 

Benoni. Table and market. 

Bentley Sweet. Market and keeping. 

Bethlehemite. Table and market. 

Bonum. Table and market. 

Broadwell. Table and market. 

Buckingham. Table and market. 

Campfield. Cider, market, and keeper 

Canada Peinette. Table and market. 

Carolina Ped June. Tabie and market. 

Cogswell. Table and market. 

Domine. Table and market. 

Dutchess of Oldenburgh. Cooking and market. 

Dyer. Table. 

Early Harvest. Table and market. 
Early Joe. Table. 

Early Strawberry. Table and market. 

English Pusset. Market and keeper. 

Esopus Spitzenburgh. Table and market. 

Evening Party. Table and market. 

Eallowater. Market and cooking. 

Eall Pippin. Table and market. 

Fall Wine. Table. 

Eameuse. Table and market. 

Garden Poyal. Table. 

Gilpin. Market and keeper. 

Golden Sweet. Market and cooking. 

Gravenstein. Market and cooking. 

Green Cheese. Table and market. South. 

Grimes' Golden Pippin. Table and market. 

Hall. Table and market, South. 

Haskell Sweet. Table. 

Higby Sweet. Table. 

High Top Sweet. Market, West. 

Horse. Market and cooking. South. 

Hubbardston Nonsuch. Table and market. 

Hunt's Pusset. Table. 

Jersey Sweet. Table and market. 

Jonathan. Table and market. 

Keswick Codlin. Market and cooking. 

King of Tompkins Co. Table and market. 

Klaproth. Table and market. 

Lady Apple. Table and market. 

Lady's Sweet. Table and market. 

Large Yellow Bough. Table and marker. 

Late Strawberry. Table and market. 

Lowell. Market and cooking. 



THE APPLE. 



429 



McLellan. Table. 

Maiden's Blush. Market and cooking. 
Mangum. Table, South. 

Maverack Sweet. Market and cooking, South. 
Melon. Table. 

Monmouth Pippin. Table and market. 
Mother. Table. 

Newtown Pippin. Table and market. 

Newtown Spitzenburgh. Table and market. 

Nickajack. Market and keeper, South. 

Northern Spy. Table and market. 

Ohio Nonpareil. Table and market. 

Peach Pond Sweet. Table, market, and cooking. 

Peck's Pleasant. Table and market. 

Pomme Grise. Table and market. North. 

Porter. Table and market. 

Primate. Table. 

Pryor's Bed. Table and market. South and West. 
Pambo. Table and market. 

Pawles Janet. Table, market, and keeper. Southwest. 

Ped Astrachan. Market and cooking. 

Ped Canada. Table and market. 

Khode Island Greeninor. Market and cooking. 

Ribston Pippin. Table and market, North. 

Poxbury Pusset. Market and keeper. North and West. 

Shockley. Market and keeper. South. 

Smith's Cider. Market. 

Smokehouse. Market and cooking. 

Striped Winter Pearmain. Table and market, South and Southwest. 
Summer Pippin. Market and cooking. 
Summer Queen. Market. 
Summer Pose. Table. 
Swaar. Table. 

Tetofsky. Market and cooking. 

Tewksbury Winter Blush. Table, market, and keeping. 
Tolman's Sweet. Market and cooking. 
Wagener. Table. 

Washington Strawberry. Table and market. 

Westfield Seek-no-Further. Table and market. 

White Pippin. Table and market. 

Willis Sweet. Cooking, table, and market. 

Willow Twig. Market and keeper. West and South. 

Winesap. Table, market, and keeper. 

Winter Sweet Paradise. Table. 

Yellow Bellflower. Table and market. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. Table and market. 



430 



THE ALMOND. 



CHAPTER X. 

THE ALMOND. 

Amygdalus communis, Dec, Rosacem^ of botanists. 
Amandier, of the French ; Mandelbaum, German ; Mandorlo^ Italian ; 
Almendro, Spanish. 

The Almond-tree, which is a native of the north of Africa and the 
mountains of Asia, has long been cultivated, and is mentioned in Scrip- 
ture as one of the charms of the fertile land of Canaan. It so strongly 
resembles the peach-tree that it is difficult to distinguish it by the leaves 
and wood only ; indeed, several botanists are of opinion, from experi- 
ments made in raising the almond from seed, that this tree and the 
peacli are originally the same species, and that the rich and luscious 
peach is the eftect of accidental variation, produced by culture on the 
almond. The chief distinction between the two in our gardens lies in 
the fruit, v/hich, in the almond, consists of little , more than a stone 
covered with a thick, dry, woolly skin, while the peach has in addition 
a rich and luscious flesh. The blossoms of the almond resemble those of 
the peach, but are larger ; they are produced in great profusion, early in 
the season, before the leaves, and are very ornamental. 

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is highly esteemed as an 
article of food, and is largely used as an ingredient in confectionery, 
cookery, and perfumery. It is raised in great quantities in the south of 
Europe, especially in Portugal, and is an important article of commerce. 
The bitter almond is used in cookery and confectionery, and in medi- 
cine ; it furnishes the prussic acid of the shops, one of the most powerful 
of poisons. Prom both species an oil is also obtained. 

In France the almond is preferred as a stock on which to bnd and 
graft the peach, which in a very dry climate or chalky soil, it is found, 
renders the latter more healthy and fruitful than its own bottom. The 
sweet hard-shelled variety [Douce a coque dure) is preferred for stocks 
by French nurserymen. 

Cultivation. The almond thrives best in a warm dry soil, and its 
general cultivation in this country is precisely like that of the peach. 
The sweet almond is the only variety considered of value here, and it is 
usually propagated by budding it on Plum stock, or on the bitter 
almond seedlings. It is rather more hardy at the North when budded 
on the former, and as the buds of the sweet almond are rather slender 
and small, the plum stocks to be budded should be thrifty seedlings, not 
more than a fourth of an inch in diameter at the place where the bud is 
inserted. 

The Common Almond, the Hard-Shell Sweet Almond, and the Bitter 
Almond, are hardy in the latitude of New York, and will bear tolera- 
ble crops without care. The Soft-shell Sweet Almond, or Ladies' 
Almond, will not thrive well in the open garden, as a standard, north 
of Philadelphia ; but they succeed well trained to a wall or on espalier 
rails in a warm situation, the branches being slightly protected in 
winter. 

There is no apparent reason why the culture of the almond should 
not be pursued to a profitable extent in the warm and faA^orable climate 



THE ALMOND. 



431 



of some of the Soutliern States. Especially in tlie valley of the Ohio 
and Tennessee it would be likely to succeed admirably. 

Bitter Almond. 

The Bitter Almond has large pale blossoms, differing little from the 
common almond except in the kernel, which is bitter. There are two 
varieties, one with a hard, and the other with a brittle shell. The fruit, 
which is produced abundantly, ripens in September. The leaves are 
longer and of a darker green than those of most of the sweet-fruited 
varieties. 

Common Almond. 

A. c. dulcis. Amande commune. 
Amandier a Petit Fruit. Common Sweet. 
commun. 

This is the common Sweet Almond of France and the South of 
Europe, and is one of the most hardy and productive sorts here. Nuts 
hard, smooth, about an inch and a quarter long, compressed and pointed, 
of an agreeable flavor, but inferior to the following. Flowers expand 
before the leaves. Kipens last of September. 

Peach Almond. 

Pecher. Peach Almond. 

Amandier-Pecher. 

A rather indifferent variety, nearly sweet, but often slightly bitter. 
It is a true cross between the peach and the almond, and in its leaves, 
flowers, and stone strongly resembles the peach ; the fruit is also pulpy 
and of tolerable flavor, like an indifferent peach. The nut scarcely ever 
ripens well as far north as this. 

PisTACHiA Sweet Almond. 

Amande Pistache. Amandier Pistache. 

A variety of Almond with a very small pointed fruit, about the size 
and shape of that of a Pistachia, enclosing a kernel of a delicate sweet 
flavor. The shell not quite so soft as the Soft-Shell Almond. This is 
scarcely known yet in this country, but is worth further trial at the 
South. 

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond. 

Doux a coque tendre. Amandier des Dames, 
Sultan a coque tendre. Ou Amande Princesse. 
Amandier a coque tendre. Ladies' Thin Shell. 
des Dames. 

The Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond is the finest of all the Almonds. 
It is the very variety common in the shops of the confectioners, with a 
shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers, and the kernel 
of which is so highly esteemed at the dessert. It ripens early in the 
season, and is also highly esteemed in a young or fresh state, being served 
on the table for this purpose about the middle of July in Paris. The 



432 



THE ALMOND. 



blossoms of tins variety expand at the same time with the leaves, and 
are more deeply tinged with red than the foregoing. Several varieties 
are made of this in France, but they are (as quoted above) all essentially 
the same. 

Fruit two inches long, oval, compressed. The nut is more than an 
inch long, oval, pointed, one-sided, with a light-colored, porous, very 
tender sbell. The kernel sweet and rich. 

On the plum stock, in a favorable aspect, this Almond succeeds, with 
a little care, in the Mi<Jdle States. 

Sultana Sweet Almond. 

Amande Sultane. . Amandier Sultane. 

Sultan. 

A tender-shelled Almond of excellent quality, with smaller fruit and 
narrower kernel than the Soft-Shell Almond, but of equally excellent 
flavor, and which is preferred by many. It is thought by Poiteau to 
be scarcely different from the Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond. 

The TiONG Hard-Shell Almond. 

Amandier a gros fruit. Amandier a gros fruit dur. 

A variety with handsome, large, pale rose-colored flowers, opening 
before the leaves, and large and long fruit, a third longer than other va- 
rieties. The stone is about as large as the soft-shell variety, but the 
kernel is larger and plumper. This is a good hardy sort, and it is very 
ornamental when in blossom. Ripens about the last of September. 

Ornamental Varieties. The Dwarf Double Flowering Almond 
{^Amygdahis j^umila. Lin. Prunus sinensis of some) is a beautiful, 
well-known low shrub, extremely ornamental in spring, being covered 
with a profusion of small pink blossoms, very double. There is also 
a Double White, similar in habit of growth. 

The Large Double Flowering Almond {^A. d grand Jleur, JST. Duh.) 
(A. communis pleno') is a beautiful French variety, with large nearly 
white flowers, two inches in diameter. It also bears a good small hard- 
shell Almond. 



KEY TO FEEJ^CH MMES. 



APPLES. 

Court Pendu Plat — Coor Palm du Plah. 

Drap d'Or — Drah dor. 

Fenouillet G-ris. — Fen-nool-yai Gree. 

Male Carle.— Mai Carl. 

Pomme de Xeige. — Pum de Xaije. 

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. — Ren-ett-Blansh d'Espagne. 
Peine tte Triomphante. — Een-ett Tre-ome-fant. 

APPJCOTS. 

Albergier.— Al-bare-je-ai. 

Briancon. — Bre-ahn-sohn, 

Belle de Choisy. — Bel de SliTroi-sey. 

Belle ]\Iagnifique. — Bel Man-gne-feek. 

Bigarreau. — Be-gar-ro. 

Bigarreau Eouge. — Be-gar-ro Pooje. 

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. — Be-gar-ro Coo-lur de Shair. 

Bigarreau G-ros Coeuret. — Be-gar-ro Gro Keur-ai. 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. — Be-gar-ro Tar-deef de HildesheinL 

G-ros Bigarreau Rouge. — Gro Be-gar-ro Rooje. 

G-riotte d'Espagne. — G-re-ote Des-pan. 

GRAPES. 

Chasselas Musqus. — Shah-slah Meuskay. 

Chasselas de Fontainebleau. — Shah-slah de Fone-tane-blo. 

Ciotat. — Se-o-tah. 

Lenoir, — Lun-war. 

NECTAEINES. 

Brugnon Violet Musque. — Brune-von Ye-o-lay Meus-kay. 
Brugnon Musque. — Brune-yon ^Meus-kay, 
D'Angleterre. — Dahn-glet-are. 
Due du Tellier. — Deuk du Tel-yay. 

PEACHES. 

Abricotee. — Ab-re-co-tay. 
Belle de Titry. — Bell de Ye-tree. 
G-rosse Mignonne. — G-roce Mene-yon. 
Madeleine de Courson. — Mad-lane de Coor-son. 
Pavie de Pompone. — Pah-vee de Pom-pone. 
Pourpree Hative. — Poor-pray Hat-eve. 

Sanguinole a Chair adherente. — Sahn-gwe-nole ah Shair Ad-hay-rent, 

64 



434 



KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. 



PBAES. 

Amire Joannet. — Am-e-ray Jo-aiin-nay. 

Ananas. — An-an-ah. 

Ananas d'Ete. — An-au-ali Da-tay. 

Angleterre. — Alin-glet-are. 

Beurre. — Bur-ray. 

Belle cle Bruxelles. — ^Bel-de Broos-ell. 

Belle et Bonne. — Bel-a-Bun. 

Belle-Lucrati ve. — Bel-lu-crali-teve. 

Beurre de Capiumont. — Bur- ray de Cap-u-mohn. 

Beurre d'Amalis. — Bur-ray Dali-mah-lee. 

Beurre Grris d'Hiver jSTouveau. — Bur-ray Gree Dee-vair !N"oo-vo. 

Beurre Diel. — Bur-ray De-ell. 

Beurre Bronzee. — Bur-ray Brone-zay. 

Bezi d'Heri. — Ba-zee Daree. 

Bezi Taet. — Bazee Yah-ai. 

Beurre Crapaud. — Bur-ray Crah-po. 

Bezi de Montig-ny. — Bay-zee de Mon-teen-gnee. 

Bon Chretien Foudante. — Bone Cray-te-an Fone-donte. 

Boucquia. — Boo-kiah. 

Calebasse G-rosse. — Cal-bass G-roce. 

Capucin. — Cap-u-san. 

Cbaumontel tres Qros. — Sho-mone-tell tray Gro. 

Compte de Lamay. — Conte de Lah-me. 

Colmar Epine. — Cole-mar A-peen. 

Crassane. — Cras-sahn. 

Cuisse Madame. — Kuees Mali-dam. 

D' Amour. — Dara-oor. 

De Louvain. — Dul-oo-van. 

Delices d'Hardenpont. — Day-lece Dar-dahn-pone. 
Doyenne d'Ete. — Dwoy-on-nay Day-tay. 
Doyenne Panache. — Dwoy-on-nay Pan-ah-Shay. 
Dumortier. — Du-mor-te-ay. 

Duchesse d'Angouleme. — Du-shess Dong- goo-lame. 
Duchesse d' Orleans. — Du-shess Dor-lay-on. 
Enfant Prodige. — On-font Pro-deeje. 
fipine d'Ete. — A-peen day-tay. 
Figue de Naples. — Feeg de Nah-pl. 
Fondante d'Automne. — Fone-donte do-tonn. 
Forme de Delices. — Form de Day-lece. 
Forelle. — Fo-rel. 

Fondante du Bois. — Fone-dont du Bwoi. 
Fortunee. — For-tu-na}^. 

Franc Keal d'Hiver. — Fronk Eay-ahl Dee-vair. 
Glout Morceaa. — Gloo Mor-so. 
Hericart. — Hay-re-car. 
Jalousie — J"al-oo-zee. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Yendee. — Jal-oo-zee de Fone-ten-ai Yon-day. 
Leon le CI ere. — Lay-on le Clair. 
Limon. — Lee-mohn. . 
Louise Bonne. — Loo-eze Bun. 

Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes. — Mad-lane, or Cee-trone day Cam. 
Marie Louise. — Mah-re Loo-eze. 
Michaux. — Me-sho. 

Passans de Portugal. — Pali-sahn de Por-tu-gal. 
Pailleau. — Pahl-yo, 

Paradise d'Automne. — Par-ah-deze do-tonn. 
Passe Colmar.— Pass Col-mar. 
Quilletette. — Keel-tet. " 



KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. 



435 



Eeine Caroline. — Rane Car-o-lene. 
Reine des Poires. — Kane day Pwore. 
Rousselet Hatif. — Roos-lay Hat-eef. 
Sanspeau. — Sahn-po. 
Sieulle, — See-ull. 

Sucree de Hoyerswarda. — Seu-cray de Hoyersworda, 

Surpasse Virgalieu. — Seur-pass Yere-gal-yu. 

St. Germain. — San Jare-man. 

Sylvange. — Seel-vonje. 

Vallee Franclie. — Yol-lay Fronsh. 

Verte Longue. — Yairt Longh. 

Verte Longue Panachee. — Yairt Longh Pan-ali-sliay. 
Yirgonleuse. — Yere-goo-leuz. 
Wilhelmine. — Wil-el-meen. 

PLUMS. 

Abricotee Rouge. — Ab-re-co-tay Rooje. 

Diapree Rouge. — De-ab-pray Rooje. 

Drapd'Or, — Drab- dor. 

J aune Hative. — Jaun Hat-eve. 

Mirabelle. — Me-rab-belb 

Precoce de Tours. — Pray-cose de Toor, 

Prune Suisse. — Prune Su-ece. 

Royale Hative. — Rwoy-al Hat-eve. 



INDEX TO ALMONDS AND APPLES. 



[The standard names are in Roman letters. The synonjTnotis names in Italic] 



ALMOm)S. 

PAGE 

A. c. Bvlcis 431 

Amande Commune 431 

Amande PistacTie 431 

Am/inde Princesse 431 

Amande SuUane 432 

Amandier d Coque Tendre 431 

Amandier d Gros Fruit 432 

Amandier d Gros Fruit Dur 432 

Amandier d Petit Fruit 431 

Amandier Gommun 431 

Amandier des Dames 431 

Amandier- Pi cher 431 

Amandier Pistache 431 

Amandier Sultane 432 

. Bitter Almond 431 

Common Almond 431 

Common Sweet 431 

Boux d Coque Tendre 431 

Dwarf Double Flowering Almond.. .432 

Ladies' TJiin SheU 431 

Large Double Flowering Almond. . 432 
Long Hard-Shell Almond 432 

Peacli Almond 431 

Peach Almond 431 

Pecher 431 

Pistachia Sweet Almond 431 

Soft-SheU Sweet Almond 431 

Sultan 432 

Sultan d Coque Tendre 431 

Sultana Sweet Almond 432 



APPLES. 

Abbott 72 

Abbott's Five- Sided Spice 72 

Abbott's Sweet 72 

Ahe Lincoln 323 

Aberdeen 286 

Abram 73 

Accidental. 286 



Acklam's Russet 73 

Aclemy Russet 73 

Adams 73 

Adams Pearmain 78 

^sopus Sintzenberg 164 

^sopus Spitzenhurg 164 

Agate D'Enckbuysen 73 

Agatbe 73 

Agnes's 74 

Ailes 74 
Akin's Winter." .* .* .* . ." .* . . . . . '. ". *. ". . . .. 422 

Alabama Pearmain 265 

Alant 74 

Albemarle Pippin 419 

Alexander 74 

Alfriston 74 

Alleghany 286 

Allemand 74 

Allen's Choice 75 

Allen's Pippin 75 

All-Hallows 75 

All- Summer 75 

Allum 75 

Alsace 75 

Althorp Pippin 267 

Amber Crab 427 

Amelia 75 

American Beauty 75 

American Golden Pippin 76 

American G-olden Russet 76 

American Mammoth 191 

American Newtown Pippin 201 

American Nonpareil 77 

American Peach 304 

American Pippin 77 

American Plate 77 

American Pied Juneating 157 

American Summer Pearmain 78 

Ananas 78 

Ananas de Liege 79 

Angle 79 

Anglo-American 79 

Annaberger 341 

Api 244 

Ajyi Petit 244 

Aporta 74 

Arabian Apple 304 

Arbroath Pippin 296 



438 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Archidnc Antoine ^ . . . 79 

Arley 417 

Aromatic Carolina 79 

Aromatic Russet 79 

Arundel Pearmain 222 

Ashland 79 

Ashmead's Kernel 80 

Ashmore 80 

Asterus 80 

Astracan 422 

Astracanischer Somnierapfel 401 

Astrachan 422 

Astrachan Rouge 323 

August Apple 155, 181 

August Sweet 250 

Augustine 80 

Augustus Pearmain 80 

Aunt Anna 80 

Aiint Anna's Seedling 80 

Aunt Dorcas 199 

Aunt Hannali 81 

Aunt Susan's Favorite 81 

Aunt's Apple 81 

Aurora 388 

Auro7'e 195 

Austin Sweet 81 

Autumn Golden Pippin 81 

Autumn Pearmain 81 

Autumn Pippin 413 

Autumn Romanite 81 

Autumn Rose 82 

Autumn Seek-No-Fartlier 82 

Autumn Strawberry 250 

Autumn Sweet Bough 82 

Autumnal Swaar 82 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar 82 

AveriU 83 

Avery Sweet 163 

Baccolinus 83 

BacMs Kernel. 96 

Bachelor 109 

Bachelor's Blush 83 

Bachelor's Glory. . . 83 

Backhouse's Lord Nelson 83, 284 

Baddow Pippin 83 

Baer 215 

Baghy Russet 159 

Bailey's Golden 83 

Bailey's Spice 84 

Bailey's Sweet 84 

Baker 84 

Baker's Sweet 84 

Baldwin 85 

Baldicin 226 

Baldwin Sweet 86 

Balgone Pippin 194 

Ball Apple 299 

Balm 84 

Baltimore 86 

BaltimoTe 74, 167, 191 

Baltimore Greening 86 

Baltimore Pippin 86, 93, 191 



PAGE 

Baltimai^e Red 93, 98 

Baltimore Red Streak 93, 98 

Baltzby 87 

Bar 87 

Barbour 87 

Barcelona Pearmain 87 

Barchard's Seedling 87 

Bar din 175 

Bark Apple 88 

Barlow 135 

Bamham's Sweet 87 

BamhUt 87 

Barre 88 

Barrett 88 

Barretts Spitzenhurgh 285 

Bars 88 

Bartlett 88 

Bartlett Ill 

Barton 88 

Barton's Incomparable 88 

Batchehr 329 

Bauman's Reinette 88 

Baxter's Pearmain 89 

Bay Apple 148 

Bayfordhury Golden Pippin 194 

Beachemwell Seedling 89. 

Beadell -. 89 

Bean Swirt 89 

Bear Sweet ^9 

Beard Burden 152 

Beau 89 

Beau Rouge 219 

Beauty 373 

Beauty of America 75 

Beauty of Kent 89 

Beauty Red 132 

Beauty of the West 89 

Bedford Sweet 323 

Bedfordshire Foundling 90 

Beefsteak 90 

Beeler's Russet 90 

Belden 90 

Belden Sweet 90 

Bell Dubois 332 

BeWs Early 356 

BeWs Scarlet Pearmain 347 

Bell Bonde 90 

Belle d' Angers 91 

Belle Bonne 91 

Belle et Bonne 91 

Belle et Bonne 375 

Belle Fille 204, 412 

BeUe-Fleur 324, 418 

Belle- Fleur Rouge 824 

Belle Grideline 91 

BeUe Grisdeline 91 

Belle Josephine 191 

Belledge 91 

Belledge Pippin 91 

Bellflower Pippin 91 

Belmont 92 

Bellefleur de France 183 

BeUefleur Yellow 418 



APPLES. 



PAGB 

BeUy Bounder 90 

Belpre Keeper 92 

JSeljire Eusset 342 

B el voir Pippin 93 

Belzer 93 

Be/i Apple 165 

Ben Davis 93 

Ben Harris 210 

Bennet 94 

Bennington 356 

Benoni 94 

Bentley's Sweet 94 

Benw ell's Pearmain 95 

Bere Court Pippin 95 

Bergner 95 

Berliner Glossap>fel 341 

Berry 286 

Berry Bough 358 

Bess Pool 95 

Best Bache 96 

Best Pool 95 

Bethlemite 96 

Betsey 96 

Betsy's Fancy 96 

Better than Good 97 

Bevan's Favorite 97 

' Big Fruit 383 

Big mu 286, 316 

Big Bed 310 

Big Bomanite 302 

Big Sweet 392 

Big Vandevere 391 

Big-g's jSTonsucli 97 

Billy Barker 97 

Billy Bond 90 

Billy's Pippin 97 

Bischoff's Reinette 98 

Bishop's Bourne 98 

Bishop's Pippin of Nona Scotia 418 

Birmingham 97 

Birmingham Pippin 97 

Black American 99 

Black Annette 99 

Black Apple 99 

Black Aprple 144 

Black Coal 98 

Black Detroit 144 

Black Gilliflower 99 

Blackjack 98 

Black Lady Apple 245 

Black Oxford 98 

Black Warrior 98 

Blackburn 109 

Blackstone Valley Sweet 98 

Blair 275 

Blake 99 

Blakely 99 

Blakely 265 

Bland's Jubilee 99 

Blandilalie 212 

Blaiiherger 101 

Bleckensderfer 99 

Bledsoe Pippin 99 



PAGE 



Blenheim 100 

Blenheim Orange 100 

Blenheim Pippia 100 

Blinkbonny 100 

Blinkbonny Seedling 100 

Blockley 100 

Bkckley Pippin 100 

Blondin 100 

Blooming Orange 100 

Blue Mountain 101 

Blue Mountain Sweet 101 

Blue Pearmain 101 

Blue Siceet 313 

Bluff Sweet 101 

Blush June 118 

Boalsburg 101 

Boas 101 

Bodickh eimer 341 

Bohannan 101 

Bonne de Mai 148 

Bonne Bouge 219 

Bonne Virginie 103 

Bonum 102 

Bordeauer Gold Reinette 197 

Borden's Early 102 

Borovitsky 102 

Borsdorf Ognon 103 

Borsdorffer 108 

Bossom 103 

Boston Russet 342 

Botigne 103 

Bottle Greening 103 

Bough 250 

Bourassa 104 

Bowker 104 

Bowling's Sweet 104 

Bowyer's Russet 104 

Boxford 104 

Brabant BeUe-fleur 105 

Brabant Belltlower 105 

Braddick's Nonpareil 104 

Bradford's Best 238 

Bradley's Autumn 104 

Bradley's Winter 399 

Brandy Apple 193 

Brandy wine 104 

Brandywine 276 

Braunschweig er Milch 275 

Bread-and- Cheese Apple 319 

Breedon Pippin 105 

Brennaman 105 

Brentford Grab 229 

Brewer 105 

Brewer's Pippin 105 

Brickley Seedling 105 

Bridge water Pippin 106 

Brigg's Auburn , 105 

Brill's Seedling 106 

Brimer 106 

Brinckeley White Sweet 106 

Bringewood Pippin. , 100 

Bristol 106 

Bristol Pearmain 106 



440 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Brittle Sweet 107 

Broad-End 107 

Broad-Eye Pippin 107 

Broad River 839 

Broading 107 

Broad well 107 

Broadwell Sweet 107 

Bromelia Ananas 78 

Bronson Sweet 108 

Brooke's Pippin 201 

Brookes 108 

Broughton 109 

Brown 108 

BroiDU CocJde 129 

Brown Renting 108 

Brov-n's Golden Sweet 379 

Brown's Summer Beauty 108 

Broum's Winter 108 

Brownite 108 

Brownlee's Russet 108 

Broicnlee's Seedling Busset 108 

Brubacker 1G7 

Brummage Pippin 97 

Buchanan 101 

Buchanan's Pippin 109 

Buchanan'' s Seedling 109 

Buck Meadow 110 

Buckham 215 

Buckingham 109 

Buckley 124 

Bucks County Pippin 109 

Buel's Favorite 110 

Buel's Sweet 110 

Buff Ill 

Buffington's Early 110 

Bull's Golden Reinette Ill 

Bullett Ill 

BiiMock's Pippin 76, 166 

Bullripe 152 

Bunconibe 329 

Bunkum 329 

Burlington 285 

Burlington Greening 332 

Burr Knott 193 

Burr's Seedling Ill 

Burr's Winter Sweet Ill 

Burrell's Red. Ill 

Burroughs Greening 112 

Bursdorff 103 

Bursdm^-ffer 103 

Burst Open 112 

Bush 112 

Bush's Beauty 112 

Bushwhacker 112 

Butter 112 

Butter 375 

Butter Pippin 195 

Butters 85 

Byam's Sweet 113 

Byer's 109 

Byer's Red 109 

By son Wood 113 

Byson Wood Russet 1 1 3 



PAGE 

Caas ; 184 

Cabashea 113 

Cabbage Head 113 

CahWs GiUiflow&r 86 

Cache 113 

Cadeau du General 392 

CaiUotBosat 328 

Cain 235 

Cake Apple 113 

CaldiDdl 344 

Caleb Sweet 118 

Calef's Sweet 114 

Calf Pasture 123 

Calkin's Pippin 368 

Calville Ananas de Liege 79 

Calville Blanc 372 

Calville Blanche a Cote's 114 

Calville Blanche d'Me 372 

Calville Blanche WHiver. 401 

Calville d'Angleterre 133 

Calville WAutomne. . .'. 324 

Calville d^ Me 871 

Calville d'Hiver de Mensfield 272 

Calville des Prairies ' . 812 

CalviUe Etoile 165, 860 

Calville Malingre 114 

Calville Rouge 824, 328 

Calville Rmige d'Anjou 828 

Calville Rouge d'Automne 182, 324 

Calville Rouge de Micoud 114 

Calville Rcmge d^Ete 371 

Ccdville Rouge d'Hiver 828 

Ccdville Rouge Normande 828 

Calville Royale d'Hiver. 828 

Calville Saint Sauveur 345 

Calville Tulipee 387 

Calville vraie des Allemands 828 

Camack's Sweet 114 

Camack's Winter Sweet 114 

Cambridge Pippnn 90 

Cambusnethan Pippin 115 

Camnesar 404 

Campbell 114 

CampheUite 405 

Campfield 115 

Can 115 

Canada Pippin 402 

Canada Reinette 115 

Canada Reinette Gris 204 

Canada Reinette Grise 116 

Canada Sweet 218 

Canadian Reinette 115 

Cane 235 

Cane Creek Sweet 116 

Cann 115 

Cannon Pearmain 116 

Canterbury Reinette 116 

Capendu 134 

Capital 117 

Capron's Pleasant 117 

Caraway Russet 

Garbage H''' 

Cardinal Red 11'7 



APPLES. 



441 



PAGE 

Carey's Seedling 117 

Carlisle Codlin 117 

Carmel Sweet 117 

Carnahan's Favorite 117 

Carnation 118 

Carolina 402 

CaTolina Baldimn 118 

Carolina Oreening 201 

Carolina June 119 

Carolina Red June 118 

Carolina Red Streak 93 

Carolina Bed Stripe 328 

Carolina Spice 286 

Carolina Striped June 119 

Carolina Sweet 119 

Carolina Watson 119 

Caroline 118 

Caroline 286, 402 

Caroline Auguste 118 

Carpenter 119 

Carpentin Reinette 120 

CarrelVs Seedling. 306 

Carse of Goicrie 384 

Carter 120 

Carter of Ala 265 

Carter's Blue 120 

- Cartei'^s Winter 265 

CartJwuse 191 

Carver 120 

Cary's Summer 120 

Case 120 

Cash Sweet 120 

Cassel Ueinette 87 

Castle Major 121 

Cat's Head 285 

Catface 121 

Cathead 169, 324 

Cathead Greening 121 

Cathead Sweet 121 

Catline 121 

Cato 121 

Catooga 121 

Catshead 121 

Catshead Beaufn , 288 

Cattell Apple 291 

Cattoogaja 121 

Cayuga Bed Streak 388 

Cay wood 121 

Cedar Falls 122 

Celestia 122 

Cellini 122 

Challenge 122 

Chalmer''8 Large 151 

Chaltram Bippin 286 

Champaigne Reinette 122 

Cham'plain . 368 

Chandler 122 

Chaney 123 

Chapman's Orange 123 

Charles Apple 263 

Charles Pearmain 344 

Charley's Winter 123 

Chase's Seedling 123 



Chase's Winter Sweet 422 

Chatham Bippin 286 

Chattahoochie 123 

Cheat 147 

Cheatan Bippin 286 

Cheataw 286 

Cheese 123 

Cheese 265 

Cheese Apple. 367 

Cheesehoro 123 

Cheeseborough Russet 123 

Cheltenham 123 

Chenango Strawberry 124 

Cheney 124 

Cherry 422 

Chestatee 125 

Chester 125 

Chester Pearmain 125 

Chester Bed Streak 125 

Chester Spitzenberg. 125 

Chestoa 125 

Chicago..... 422 

Chicago 229 

Chief Cood 125 

Christ's Deutsche Ooldreinette 126 

Christ's Gold Reinette 126 

Christiana 125 

Christie's Pippin 1 26 

Chronical 126 

ChucketEgg , 382 

Church's Late Sweet 126 

Churchill Greening 126 

Citron des Cannes 126 

Citronen Reinette 126 

Clapper Flat 127 

Clara Pippin 127 

Claremont Bippin 158 

Clark'' s Seedling 255 

Clarke 127 

Clarke's Delaware 127 

Clarke Pearmain 127 

Clarkson 127 

Claygate Pearmain 128 

Clayton... 128 

Clepington. 128 

Cley Pippin 128 

Clifton Nonsuch 174 

Cling Tight 147 

CUssoMs Seedling 254 

Clothes- yard Apple 199 

Cluster 128 

Cluster Golden Pippin 128 

Cluster Pearmain 128 

Cluster Bippin 128 

Clyde Beauty 128 

Coate's... 421 

Coate's Greening 416 

Cobbetfs Fall Bijipin 404 

Cobham 129 

Cobourg Pippin 129 

Coccagee 129 

Cockle Pippin 129 

Cocklin's Favorite 129 



442 



APPLES. 



CoGko Gee. 129 

Cockpit 129 

Coe's Golden Drop 129 

Cois Spice 152 

C(Bur de Pigeon 304 

Cogswell 130 

Cogswell Pearmain 130 

Cole 130 

Coleman 388 

Coles Quince 319 

Colonel Vaughn's 392 

Colored Ha/rbord's Pippin 209 

Columbian 131 

Columbian Russet 127 

Colvert 131 

Colville BoATe 88 

Compote 298 

CmnstocJvS Garden 186 

Conant's Eed 131 

ConeowMe des Chartreux 345 

Coiidit Sioeet 131 

Congress 131 

Connecticut Cake 113 

Connecticut Seek-no- Further 399 

Connecticut Summer Sweet 131 

Connett's Sweet 131 

Contin Reinette 131 

Conway 132 

Cook's Red Winter 132 

Cooke? s Greening 41() 

Cooledge's Favorite 132 

Cooper 132 

Cooper's Early White 132 

Cooper's Market 132 

Coopefs Redling 132 

Cooper's Russeting 132 

Copmanthorpe Crab. 151 

Corbin 121 

Coral 423 

Coral Blush ; 134 

Cordwall 344 

Coriaindre Rose 134 

Coiiie's Sv/eet 133 

Cornell's Fancy 133 

CornelVs Fatorite 133 

CorneWs Savewell 346 

Cornfield 133 

Cornish Aromatic 133 

Cornish Cilliflower. . 133 

Cornish July Flower 133 

Cornish Spice 133 

Corse's Favorite 133 

ComiDallisser 133 

Cos 134 

Costard 134 

Cotsville Spitzenberg 134 

Cotton Apple 126 

Coulthard 134 

Court de Wick 135 

Court of Wick 135 

Coiurt of Wick Pippin 135 

Court-pendu 134 

Court Rendu de Tournay 134 



Court-pendu Doi'e 195 

Court-pendu Extra 134 

Court-pendu Gris 175 

Court-pendu Musque 134 

Court Rendu Plat 134 

Court-pendu plat rougedtre 134 

Court-pendu Rond Gros 134 

Court Rendu Rosat 135 

Court Rendu Rose 135 

Court-pendu Rose 134 

Court-pendu Rouge Musque 134 

Cowarne Red 135 

Cowarne's Queening 135 

Cox's Orange Rippin 135 

Cox's Romona 135 

Cracking 135 

Cram 136 

Cranberry 136 

Cranberry Rippin 136 

Cranberry Russet 136 

Crane\s Pippin 296 

Crawford 136 

Crawford's Keeper 136 

Cray Rippin 136 

Crayton 137 

Cream 137 

Credo's Quittenreinette 137 

Credo'' s Gutten Reinette 137 

Creed's Marigold 137 

Creek 137 

Creeper 137 

Crego Red Streak 137 

Crimson Pippin 144 

Crimson Queening 137 

Crispin 138 

Crittenden 138 

Crofton Rippin 138 

Crook's Seedling 138 

Crooked Limb P ippin 151 

Cropsey's Favorite 138 

Crotcher 138 

Crow Egg 138 

Crow Nest. 138 

Cullasaga 139 

Cullawhee 139 

Culp 139 

Cumberland Black 146 

Cumberland Seedling 139 

Cumberland Spice 139 

Currant Crab 423 

Curry's Red Winter 139 

Curtis EaHy Stripe 363 

Curtis Greening 140 

Curtis Sweet .. . 140 

Cushman^s Black 328 

Custard 140 

Cut Rippin 140 

Cuttugaja 121 

Daddy 322 

Dahlongea 140 

Dahlton 140 

Dahlton Pippin 140 



APPLES. 



443 



PAGE 

Dainty Apple 218 

Dale's Sweet Fall Queen 377 

Dame J eannette 140 

Dan Pearmain 141 

Dana 141 

Dana Greening- 141 

Dana's Striped Sweet 141 

Daniel 141 

Daniel's Apple 141 

Danvers Winter Sweet 141 

Dapper 141 

Darling Pippin 142 

Darlington 142 

Darlington Russet. 142 

Dartmouth Sweet 142 

D'Asterus 80 

Davis 142 

Davis 296 

Dams White Bdlfloicer. 206 

Davis's Sweet 142 

Dawson's Cluster 142 

Da J 142 

Dayton 142 

De Boutigne 103 

De Bretagne 115 

D'Espagne 404 

D\Eve 148 

De Saint Julien 345 

De Witt 146 

Defiance 143 

Delaware 1 43 

Delaware 319 

Delight ' 143 

Democrat 143, 144 

Der Carpentin 120 

Derrick's Graft 334 

DerriJdnan 334 

Derry Nonsuch 144 

Deter ding's Early 323 

Detroit 144, 296 

Detroit Black 144 

Detroit Red 144 

Devonshire Buckland 144 

Devonshire G-olden Ball 144 

Devonshire Quarrenden 145 

Devonshire Queen 145 

Devonshire Red Streak 145 

Devonshire Wilding 145 

Dickskill 145 

Dickson's Emperor. 145 

Diel Kernohst 145 

Diel's Reinette 145 

Dietzer Rothe Mandel Reinette .... 145 

Dillingham 146 

Dinsmore. 144 

Direk's Graft 334 

Disharoon 146 

Double Flowering Apple 423 

Double Flowering Chinese Crab. . . 423 

Double White Siberian Crab. 423 

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin 146 

Dohbel Bellefleur 183 

Doctor 146 



PAGK 

Doctor Fulcher 146 

Doctor Harvey 211 

Doctor Helsham's Pippin 146 

Dr. Watson 82 

Dodge's Crimson 146 

Dodge's Early Bed 356 

Domine 147 

Donnelan's Seedling 148 

Double Bellefleur 183 

Doitx d' Angers 148 

Doux d' Argent 148 

Dow's Winter Pippin 148 

Dowell's Pippin 148 

Downing' s Paragon 148 

Doicnton Golden Pippin 148 

Downton Pippin 148 

Doiony 218 

Drapd'Or 148 

Drap d'Or 175 

Dredge's Beauty of Wilts 211 

Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford. .. 149 

Dredge's Fame 149 

Dredge's Golden Pippin 149 

Dredge's Wliite Lily 144 

Du Haider 150 

Due d'Arsel 288 

Duchess of Oldenburgh 149 

Duchesse de Brabant 149 

Duckett 150 

Duffield Pippin 150 

DmfApfel 304 

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin 150 

Duke of Devonshire 150 

Dulce Doman 151 

Duling 130 

Dmneloic's Grab 151 

Dumelow's Seedling 151 

Dumpling 151 

Duncan 151 

Dundee 195 

Dusten 151 

Dutch Codlin 151 

Dutch Mignonne 151 

Dutch Pearmain 194 

Dutch Tulip 387 

Dutchess County Sweet 417 

Duzenbury 152 

Dyer or Pomme Roy ale 152 

Earl of Yarmouth's Pea/rmain 297 

Early Chandler 153 

Early Grofton 229 

Early French Beinette 153 

Early Golden Sweet 196 

Early Harvest 153 

Early Joe 154 

Eariy Joe 259 

Early Jennetting 402 

Early Julien 155 

Early Long Stem 155 

Early Marrow 155 

Early May 402 

Early Nonpareil 155 



444 APPLES. 



PAGK 

Early Pennock 155 

Early Queening . 156 

Early Red Juneatiiig 156 

Early Bed Margaret 156 

Early Red Streak 156 

Early Red Streak 211 

Early Red Sweet 156 

Early Ripe 156 

Early Spice 156 

Early Spice 155 

Early Strawberry 157 

Early Summer Pearmain 78 

Early Sweet 157 

Early Sweet Bough 250 

Early Tart 157 

Early Tart Harvest 158 

Early Tart Harvest 313 

Early Wax 158 

Early Yellow Reinette 158 

East Grrinstead 158 

East Orinstead 400 

Easter Pippin 158 

Eaton 158 

Edel Konig 158 

Edgar's 159 

Edgerly's Siceet 84 

Edler Winter Borsdorffer 103 

Edmonton'' s Aromatic Pippin 239 

Edioard Shantee 286 

Edward's 159 

Egg 402 

Egg Top 159 

Eggermont 159 

Eggermorifs CalviUe 159 

Egyptian Belle 159 

Egyptian Busset 159 

Eigldeen Ounce Apple 388 

Eldon Pippin 159 

Elford Pippin 160 

Elgin Pippin 404 

Elicke's Winter Sweet 160 

Elizabet 195 

EUijay 160 

Ellis 160 

EUswoi-th 160 

Elton Pippin . 148 

Embroidered Pippin .148, 175 

Emperor 160 

Emperor Alexander 74 

Ene's Winter Sweet 160 

Enfield Pearmain 161 

English Beauty 161 

English Beauty of Pa 147 

English Codlin 293 

EngHsh Crab , . . . . 161 

English Gilliflower 161 

English Golden 196 

English Oolden Russet 196 

Enghsh G-ranat Reinette 162 

English Nmipareil 288 

English Pippin 195 

English Rambo 147 

English Red Streak 147, 410 



English Red Stripe 
English Reinette. . 
Enghsh Russet . . . 
English Sweet .... 
English Sweet .... 
English Vandevere. 



Epse's Sweet 

Epsy 

Eptings Premium 

Eptings Red Winter 

Equinetely 

Erd Beexe 

Erie Sweet 

Ernsts Pippin 

Esopus Spitzenburgh . . . . 
1 Esquire Miller's Best Sort 

Essex Pippin 

Esten 

Etoile 

Eustis 

Eve 

Eve Apple of the Irish . . . 

Eve of Scotland 

Evening Party 

Evergreen Apple Crab . . . 

Ewalt 

Excel . 

Exquisite 

Eyer's Greening 



,159, 



PASE 

328 
162 
162 
163 
218 
355 
169 
141 
163 
163 
163 
109 
324 
163 
292 
164 
314 
164 
165 
165 
165 
402 
156 
265 
165 
422 
166 
166 
166 
166 



Fail-Me-Never 166 

Fair Maid.... 167 

Fair Maid of Taunton 167 

Fair's iS'onpareil 167 

Fairbanks 166 

Fairfield Summer Queen 167 

Falder 167 

EaU Bough 82 

Fall Butter 167 

Eall Cheese 265 

EaU de Walldes 167 

Fall Greening 167 

Fall Harvey 168 

Fall Jenneting 168 

Fall Limbertwig 168 

Fall Orange 168 

Fall Pearmain 168 

Fall Pippin 169 

Eall Pijjpin 404 

EaU Queen 109 

EaU Romanite 319 

Fall Seek-Js^o-Further 170 

Fall Spitzenburgh 169 

FaU Swaar of West 82 

FaU Vandevere 391 

FaU Wine 170 

Fall Winesap 171 

Fallawater 167 

FaUawalder 167 

Fakmlder 167 

Fama Gusta 171 

Fameuse ., 171 



APPLES. 



445 



PAGE 

Family 172 

Fancher 172 

Fanny 173 

Farleigh Pippin 173 

Farley Pippin 173 

Farley's Red 173 

Faros 205 

Farrar''s Summer 337 

Fat Apple 176 

Father ..... 174 

FatTwr Apple 306 

Faust 174 

Faust 8 Winter 174 

Favorite 174 

Fay's Russet 174 

Feams Pippin 174 

Federal Pearmain 174 

Felch 85 

Fell's Winter Sweet 174 

Fenley 175 

FennouiUet Jaune 148 

Fenouillet G-ris 175 

Fenouillet Jaune 175 

FenouiUet Rouge 175 

Fenton Sweeting 386 

Ferdinand 175 

' Ferris 175, 176 

Ferris Pippin , ., 174 

Fett.. 176 

Field 176 

Findlay Apple 367 

Findley 175 

Fink 176 

Fink's Seedling 176 

Finley 175 

First and Last 176 

Fish's Seedling 176 

Fishkill Beauty 176 

Fiske 177 

Five Crowned Pippin 255 

Flake's Fall 177 

Flanders Pippin 177 

Flanders Reinette 178 

Flat Apple 127 

Flat Pippin 178 

Flat Pippin 306 

Flat Sweet 178 

Fleet's Nonpareil 178 

Fleiner 178 

Flint Russet 317 

Flora 178 

Florence Pippin 174 

Flory 179 

Fhifs BeUftower 179 

Flower of Kent 179 

Flushing Seek- No- Further 202 

Flushing Spitzenburgh 179 

Focht 179 

Foote's Nonpareil 179 

F orange 179 

Ford Apple 179 

Forelle 101 

Forest... 180 



PAGK 

Forest Styre 180 

Forest Styre 365 

Forever Pippin 123 

Forge 180 

Forman's Crew 180 

Formosa Pippin 333 

Fornwalder 167 

Forsyth {not of Coxe) 158 

ForsytJie's Seedling 286 

Fort Miami 180 

Foster Sweet 180 

Fouldon Pearmain 181 

Foundling. 181 

Fourth of July 181 

Foust 174 

Fowler 354 

Fox- Whelp 182 

Foxley Crab 423 

Fragrant 423 

Fraise 182 

Framboise 182 

Framhoos 182 

Franchot 182 

Frank 124 

Frank Ramhour 370 

Frankfort Queen 109 

Franklin's Golden Pippin 182 

Fraivz Bennette 184 

Franzbsische Edelreinette 184 

Freeman 188 

Freeze and Thaw 183 

Fremont Pippin 183 

French 183 

French Bellflower 183 

French Crab 183 

French Crab 158, 273 

French Nonpareil 183 

French Pippin 184 

French Pippin 184, 285 

French Pippin of Indiana 151 

French Reinette 184 

French Russet 184 

French's Sweet 184 

Friar 184 

Frisland Reinette 184 

Frith Pippin 265 

Frith Pitcher 265 

Fronclin 185 

Front Door 185 

Fry's Pippin 135 

Fuller 354 

Fullerton Sweet 185 

Fulton 185 

Fulton Strawberry 185 

Fulwood 185 

Funkhouser 93 

Gabriel 186 

Gaesdonker Gold Reinette 186 

Ganges 186 

Garden 186 

Ga/i'den Apple 90 

Garden Royal 186 



446 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Garden Stripe 187 

Garden Sweet 187 

Oardenefs Apple 281 

Gardner Sweet 188 

Gardner Sweeting 188 

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain 188 

GarnorC^ Apple 134 

Garret Pippin 103 

Garrettson's Early 188 

Garter 188 

Gate 92 

Gault's Bellflower 188 

Gaumont 188 

Gay\s Bomanite 302 

General Grant 423 

General Haskell 188 

Generale 298 

Genesee Chief 188 

Geneva Peannain 368 

Geneva Pippin 189 

Gennetting 402 

Gentle's Rarge Red , 189 

George 189 

Georgia June 118 

Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetapfel. . 190 

Gewiss Good 190 

Gewiss Guth 190 

Giant 190 

Giles 190 

GilletVs Seedling 340 

GHpin 191 

Ginetting 402 

Gipson's Kentucky 191 

Gi'psoTi's Kentucky Seedling 191 

Girkin Pippin 417 

Glace Piouge 87 

Glace de Lelande. 401 

Gladney's Red 191 

Glammis Castle 384 

Glanz Reinette 191 

GlazeniDood GlmiaMundi . 191 

Gleason Sweet. 191 

Glendale 191 

Gloria Mundi 191 

Glory of England 192 

Glory of the West 192 

Glory of Ywk 333 

Gloucester Pearmain 127 

Gloucester White. 192 

Goble Russet. 192 

Gogar Pippin 192 

Golay 192 

Gold Reinette von Bordeaux 197 

Golden 192, 424 

Golden Apple 76 

Golden Ball 192 

Golden Burr 193 

Golden Drop 135 

Golden Goss 193 

Golden Harvey 193 

Golden Knob 193 

Golden Lustre 193 

Golden Monday 193 



PAGE 

Golden Noble 193 

Golden Nonpareil 194 

Golden Pearmain 194 

Golden Pearmain 127 

Golden Pippin 194, 195 

Golden Pippin. . . .76, 92, 169, 258, 296 

Golden Red 195 

Golden Reinette 195 

Golden Reinette of Vanderlaans . . 195 

Golden Russet 196 

Golden Busset 76, 303 

Golden Russet of Massachusetts. . . 196 

Golden Seedling 196 

Golden Spice 152 

Golden Streak 196 

Golden Sweet 196 

Golden Sweet 290 

Golden Vi7iing 224 

Golden Wilding 197 

Golden Worcester 197 

Golding 76 

Goodyear 198 

Goodyear'' s Seedling 198 

Gooseberry 198 

Gooseberry Pippin 198 

Gould's Sweet 198 

Governor 198 

Governor Charter 198 

Governor Charter's Seedling 198 

Gowden 286 

Gracey 198 

Grafton Sweet 349 

Graham's Bed Warrior 286 

Grand SacJiem 144 

Grandfather 129 

Grandmother. 361, 414 

Grandmother'' s Ap2ile. 199 

Grange 198 

Grange's Pearmain 199 

Grange's Pippin 199 

Granite Beauty 199 

Graniwinkle 199 

Granny Buff Ill 

Granny Earle 199 

Grape Vine 114 

Grau Osnabrucker Beinette 296 

Graue Portugiesische Beinette 310 

Grauwe Franse Bennett 412 

Grave Slije 199 

Gravenstein 199 

Gray Apple 308 

Gray Pippin 170 

Gray Bomanite 191, 310 

Greasy Back » 306 

Greasy Pippin 258, 296 

Great Pearmain 413 

Great Unknown 200 

Green Ahram Ill 

G7'een Bellflower 296 

Green Cheese 201 

Green Cossings 344 

Green Crank 201 

Green Domine 201 



APPLES. 



447 



PAGE 

Green Fulwood 185 

Green Mountain Pippin 201 

Green Mountain Pippin 167, 393 

Green Newtown Pippin 201 

Green Nonpareil 803 

Green Reinette 202 

Green Seek-no-Further 202 

Green Skin 201 

Green Street Apple 395 

Green Sweet 203 

Green Sweet 302 

Green Sweet of Indiana 203 

Green Tiffin 203 

Green Vandevere 391 

Green Winter Pippin 201 

Green Woodcock 203 

Green's Choice 201 

Greening 201 

Greenup's Pippin 203 

Greenus's Pippin 203 

Greg son Apple 121 

Greist's Fine Winter 203 

Grey Canada Reinette 204 

Grey French Reinette 204 

Grey Leadington 204 

Grey Leadington Pippin 204 

' Grey Reinette 204 

Greyhouse 204 

Griffith 204 

Grimes Golden 205 

Grimes' Golden Pippin 205 

Grindstone 77 

Gnse 308 

Groene Franse Benette 202 

Greene Renct 202 

Grooveland Sweet 206 

Gros Api Rouge 244 

Gros G(Eur de Pigemi 304 

Gros Faros 205 

Grosh 205 

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre 115 

Grosser Gasselar Reinette 151 

Grosser Edler Prinzessinc(/pfel. 314 

Groton 181 

Grouzier 206 

Grumas Pippin 97 

Grummage Pippin 97 

Grune Reinette 202, 288 

Griinling von Rhode Island 332 

Graver's Early 206 

Guernsey Pippin 206 

Gullett 206 

Gully 206 

Gully 265 

Guttry 226 

Haas 223, 259 

Haberi?ham's Pearmain 206 

Hagloe 367 

Hagloe Crab 206 

Hague Pippin 207 

Hain 207 

Ealey 142 



PAGF 

Hall 207 

Hall Door • 207 

HalVsRed 207 

HaWs Seedling 207 

Hall's Sweet 208 

Hallum 75 

Hambleton Deux Ans 208 

Hamilton 208, 305 

Hammond 208 

Hampshire Greening 350 

Hampshire Yelloio 240 

Hampton Bellflower 208 

Hampton's Fall Sweet 208 

Hampton's Honey Sweet 208 

Hampton's Late Sweet 209 

Hampton's Russet 209 

Hampton's Siberian Crab 424 

Hancock 209 

Hang- On 383 

Hannah 209 

Hanover Seedling 89 

Hanwell Souring 209 

Harbord's Pippin 209 

HardinghairU s Russet 305 

Hardskin 220 

Hardwick 373 

Hare 209 

Hargreave's Green Sweet 210 

Harkness New Favorite 326 

Hmnony 155 

Harnish 210 

Harrigan 275 

Harris 210 

Harrison 210 

Harry Sweet 210 

Hartfm^d 220 

Hartford Sweet 210 

Harvest Red Streak 211 

Harvey 211 

Harvey's Pippin 211 

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance 21 1 

Haskell Sweet 211 

Haute Bonte 212 

Haverstraw Pippin 368 

Hawherry Pippin 219 

Hawley 212 

Hawthornden 212 

Hay Boys 213 

Hay^s Winter 410 

Haymaker 140 

Heaster 215 

Hector 213 

Heicke's Winter Sweet 255 

Heidelocher 224 

Hdlige Julians Apfel 345 

Heister 215 

Helen's Favorite 213 

Hemphill 213 

Hempstead 362 

Henriek Sweet 378 

Henry Apple 213 

Henry Sweet 378 

Henshaw 109 



448 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Henwood 213 

Hepler 213 

HerhstTich Apfel 298 

Herefordshire Golden Pi^jpin 194 

Herefordshire Pearmain 214 

Herefordshire Qiieening 137 

Herefordshire Red Streak 328 

Herman 214 

Hermann 214 

Hess 214 

Hetterich 214 

Hewe's Virg-inia Crab 214 

Hewitt's Sweet 215 

Hick's 215 

Hick'' s Fancy 155 

Hiester 215 

Hig-by Sweet 215 

Highlander 216 

Hightop 216 

Hightop Sweet 216 

Hill's Favorite 217 

Hiirs Sweet 217 

Hilton 217 

Hinckman 284 

Hinnersley 217 

Hoary Morning- 218 

Hobb's Sweet 218 

Hockett's Sweet 218 

Hocking 384 

Hodge's Limber Twig 218 

Hog Island Sweet 218 

Hog an 147 

Hogpen 168 

Holbert's Victoria 218 

Holcomb 218 

Holden 168 

Holden Pi2ypin 168 

Hollady 219 

Holland Pippin 219 

Holland Sweet 219 

Hollandbury 219 

HAUnghury 219 

Hollow Core 219 

Holloin Core 321 

Hollow- Cored Pippin 296 

Hollow Crown. . . 220 

Hollow Crown Pearmain , 255 

Hollow Cro^vn Pippin 220 

HolloiD-Eyed Pipypin 220 

Holly 220 

Holmes 220 

Holmes's Sweet 220 

Holsten Sweet 220 

Hominy 356 

Hommacher Apfel 140 

Honemakev Pippin 140 

Honey Greening 221 

Honey Greening 203 

Honey Sweet 221 

Honey Sweet 221, 404 

Hood 221 

Hood's Seedling 221 

Hooker 221 



I'AGE 

Hoopes 204 

Hoover 221 

Hopkins 222 

Hopper 222 

Hopsey 204 

Hormead Pearmain 223 

Hormead Pippin 222 

Horn 223 

Hm^rexls Pearma in 181 

Horse 175 

Horse Apple 223 

Hm-se Block 265 

Horsham Russet 223 

Hoi' sley Pippin 219 

Hoskreiger 224 

House 170 

Housum's Red 224 

Howard 286 

Hoimrd Russet 123 

Howard's Edgemont 224 

Howard's Srceet 84 

Hoichurry Pippin 219 

Howe Apple 415 

Hoice's Russet 342 

Hoicer 170 

Hubbard 224 

Huhhard 286 

Hubbard's Pearmain 224 

Hubbard's Russet Pearmain 224 

Hubbard's Sugar 224 

Hubbardston 224 

Hubbardston Nonsuch 224 

Hubbardton Pippin 225 

Hudson Red Streak 235 

Hughes 225 

Hughes' Golden Pippin 225 

Hughes'' Virginia Crab 214 

Hull Blossom 226 

Hull Sweet 226 

Hunge 226 

Hunger 226 

Hunt 226 

Hunt's Connecticut 226 

Hunt's Deux Ans 226 

Hunt's Duke of Gloucester 227 

Hun fs Fine Green Pippin 201 

Hunt's Green Newtowri, Pippin 201 

Hunfs Nonpareil 227, 288 

Hunt's Russet 227 

Hunthouse 226 

Hurlbut 227 

Hurlbut Stripe 227 

Hurlbut Sweet 163 

Hutcheson 228 

HutcMng's Seedling 366 

Hutchison's Winter Sweet 424 

Hutton Square 228 

Hyde's Sweet 416 

Hyslop 424 

Imperial 228 

Imperial Vandevere 391 

Good 190 



APPLES. 



449 



PAGE 

Indian Prince 228 

Indian Qiieen 155 

Indiana Beauty 228 

Indiana Favorite 228 

Indiana Jannetting 321 

Indiana Vandevere 391 

Ingram 229 

Inmcm 296 

Irish Codlin 265 

Irish Peach Apple 22-9 

Insh Pitcher 265 

Irish Reinette 229 

Irish Russet 346 

Iron Apple 105 

Ironstone Pippin 158 

Island Beauty 229 

Me of Wight Orange 229, 294 

Isle of Wight Pippin 229 

Isleworth Crab 229 

Italian Rose 229 

Jabe 230 

Jabez Sweet 230 

Jack Apple 296 

Jackson 230 

Jackson Apple 124, 131 

Jackson Bed 286 

Jackson's Bed 329 

Jacques Lebel 230 

James River 409 

James Biver 253 

Jane 230 

Januarea 115 

Jarminite 230 

Jefeeris 2£0 

Jeiferson County 231 

Jeniton 321 

Jenkins 231 

Jennett 321 

Jennetting 402 

Jenning's Sweet 231 

Jenny Seedling 207 

Jersey Black. 99 

Jersey Greening 296, 332 

Jersey Pippin 231 

Jersey Sweeting 231 

Jerusalem 304 

Jewett's Best 232 

Jewett's Fine Red 232 

Joanneting 402 

JoannetterCs Beinette 140 

Joe Berry 285 

Joel 232 

John Carter 233 

John May 224 

Jno. Snepps' 356 

John's Sweet 233 

Johnson 233 j 

Johnson 328 

Johnson Russet 233 

Johnson's Fine Winter 420 

Johnston's Favmite 265 

Jolly Beggar 234 

65 



PAGE 

Jonathan 232 

Jones' Pippin 168 

Journalaskia 235 

Jubilee Pippin 234 

Judge Andrews 234 

Juicy Bite 234 

Julian 234 

JuUen 234 

Jvling 234 

July Apple '. 313 

July Pippin 153 

Juncdiska 235 

Junaluskee 235 

June Sweeting 326 

Juneating 402 

Juneting 402 

Juniting 402 



Kaighn's Spitzenburgh . 

Kane 

Keddleston Pippin 

Keeping Red Streak.. . . 

Keeping Russet. 

Keim 

Keiser 

Kelley' White 

Kelsey 

Kelsey. 



Kelsey Sweet 

Kelter 

Kempster's Pippin 

Keney's Sweet 

Kennebec Russet 

Kennedy's Red Winter 

Kenney 

Kenrick 

Kenrick's Autumn 

Kenrick's Bed Autumn 

Kent 

Kentish Broading 

Kentish Broading 

Kentish Fill-Basket 

Kentish Pippin 

Kentucky 

Kentucky Cream 

Kentucky King 

Kentucky Pippin 

Kentucky Queen 

Kentucky Red Streak 

Kentucky Sweet . . 

Kerry Pippin 

Keswick Codlin 

Ketchum's Favorite 

Kikita 

Kilham Hill 

Kinellan 

King 103, 109, Hi 

King Apple 

King George the Third 

King Philip 

King of the Pippins 

King Tom 

King of Tompkins County 



235 
, 235 
235 
235 
236 
236 
236 
92 
236 
220 
236 
■ 101 
100 
210 
236 
236 
237 
237 
237 
237 
237 
237 
107 
237 
237 
238 
238 
238 
93 
109 
238 
238 
239 
239 
239 
240 
240 
240 
246 
241 
108 
232 
240 
241 
241 



450 



APPLES. 



Kingsbury Russet 123 

Kingsley 241 

Kingston Black 241 

Kinney 241 

Kirk's Lord Nelson 242 

Kirkbridge White 241 

Kirke's O olden Reinette 195 

Kirke's Lemon Pippin 252 

Kirke's Scarlet Admirable 219 

Kirtland 241 

Kirtland^s Seedling 241 

Kittageskee 242 

Klaproth 242 

Kleine Casseler Reinette 87 

Kleine Oraue Reinette 120 

Knickerbocker 248 

KniglWs Codling 416 

KnigMs Golden Pippin 148 

KnigMs Red June 118 

Kniglitwick Pippin 135 

Knobbed Russet 243 

Knobby Russet 243 

Knowles' Early 243 

Knox Russet 243 

Konig's Reinette 243 

Koening^s Pippdin 194 

KoM 243 

Kool-appel 321 

Kountz 285 

Kram 130 

Krauser 243 

Krauter Reinette 244 

Krouser 243 

Krowser 243 

La Ganelle 190 

La Mere des Pommes 321 

Labute 244 

Lacker 244 

Laeifs Nonpareil. 155 

Ladies' Blush 18G, 215 

L^adies' Favorite 109 

Ladies' Siceet 246, 378 

Lady Apple 244 

Lady Blush 245 

Ladij Cheek Siceet 215 

Lady Crab 424 

Lady Finger 245 

Lady Finger 235 

Lady Fitzpa trick 120 

Lady de Grey's 237 

Lady Haley's Nonsuch 246 

Lady Washington 132, 257, 418 

Lady of the Wemyss 246 

Lady's Delight 246 

Lady's Fancy 246 

Lady's Finger 402 

Lady's Seedling 246 

Lady's Sweet 246 

Lady's Sweeting 246 

Lady's White 247 

Lafayette 247 

Lake 248 I 



PAGF 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248 

La7icasMre Crab 276 

Lancaster Crab 276 

Lancaster Greening 248 

Lancaster Pippin 248 

Lancaster Queen 370 

Lancaster Sweet 248 

Landon 248 

Lane's Red Streak 249 

Lane's Sweet 249 

Lansingburgh 249 

Laquier 244 

Large Black 144 

Large Early Red 323 

Large Fall Pippin 404 

Large Golden Pippin 195, 368 

Large Rambo 319 

Large Red Siberian Crab 424 

Large Romanite 802 

Large Stnped Winter Pearmain. .. 363 
Large White Lncomparable Crab... 402 

Large White Juneating 153 

Large Yellow Bough 250 

Large Yellow Siberian Crab 425 

Large Yelloic Summer 259 

Larue's Big Grreen 250 

Lasting Vandervere 891 

Late Bough 82 

Late Carse of Gowrie 384 

Late Chandler 122 

Late Golden Siceet 84 

Late Strawberry 250 

Late Sweet 251 

Late Wine 251 

Latham 251 

Lauren's Grreening 251 

Lawver 251 

Le Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer. .. 103 

Leadington's Grauer Pippin 204 

Leanham 286 

Leather Apple 808 

J^eather Coat Russet 293, 848 

Leaver 251 

Ledge Sweet 252 

J.eech's Red Winter 223 

Leicester Sweet 252 

Leithemer Streifling 252 

Lelan d Pippin • 252 

Leland Spice 252 

Lemon 338 

Lemon Pippin 252 

Lesher 252 

Lewis 253 

Lewis's Incomparable 253 

Lexington Queen 109 

Liberty 253 

Ubhart 283 

Ligoz 253 

Lily Buckland 144 

Lima 388 

Limber Twig 253 

Lincoln Pippin, 415 



APPLES. 



451 



Lincolnshire Holland Pippin 253 

Liudenwald 254 

Lindley's Nonpareil 254 

Lippincott Sweet 254 

LippincotVs Early 371 

Litchfield Pippin 254 

Little Beauty 254 

Little Pearmain 76 

Little Bmmnite 191 

Little Vandevere 391 

Loan's Pearmain 254 

Locy 254 

Lodgemore Nonpareil 254 

London Oolden Pippin 194 

London Pippin 255 

London Sweet 255 

London Winter Siceet 255 

Londonderry ... 144 

Long Lsland 168 

Long- Island Pearmain 255 

Long Island Pippin 255 

Long- Island Russet 255 

Long John 255 

Long John 235 

Long May 402 

Ljong Penrrnain 235 

L-ongs Eed Winter 256 

Long Start 256 

Long Stem 256 

Jjong Stem Sweet 84 

Longville's Kernel 256 

Lop- Sided Pearmain 270 

Lord Bar gliley 257 

Lord Burleigh 257 

Lord Owi/dfs Newtoimi Pippin. ... 74 

LordSuffield 257 

Lorick Cluster 257 

Loring Sweet 257 

Loudon Pippin 257 

Louise Renard 257 

Loure Queen 258 

LomderCs Pippin , 288 

Lovett's Sweet 258 

Lowell 258 

Lowre Queen 258 

Luce's Early Joe 259 

Lucombe's Pine- Apple 259 

Lucombe's Seedling 259 

Ludwig 259 

Lutticher Ananas Calville 79 

Lyman's Large Summer 259 

Lyynan's Pumpkin Sweet 317 

Lyon's Sweet 259 

Lyscom 259 

McAdmc's June 181 

McAfee's Nonsuch 260 

McAfee's Red 260 

McCoy's Pippin 260 

McDaniel 260 

McDowell's Sweet ' 260 

McHenry 260 

Mclntire's Sweeting 266 



PA.GB 

McKim's Vandervere 261 

McKinley 261 

McLellan 261 

3£cLoiuVs Family 172 

MacKay Sweet 260 

MacMe\s Clyde Beauty 128 

Maclean's Favorite 261 

Macomber 262 

Madeleine 371 

Mage's Johnny 203 

Magni-fique 228 

Magnolia 262 

Magnum Bonurn 102 

Magoun Apple 114 

Maiden's Apple 263 

Maiden's Blush 262, 425 

Maiden's Bosom 283 

Maiden's Favorite 263 

Major 263 

Mala Carle 263 

Maltranche 228 

Mamma 263 

Mamma Beam 92 

Mammoth 195 

Mammoth June 264 

Manaen 264 

Mangum 265 

Mank's Codlin 265 

Mannington's Pearmain 265 

Manomet 265 

Manomet Siweet 265 

Mansfield Russet 265 

Marble Sweet 266 

March's Bed Seedling 266 

March's Red Winter 266 

Marengo 425 

Margaret 156 

Marqaretha Apfel 156 

Margil 266 

Maria Bush 266 

Marietta Busset 342 

Marigold Pippin 294 

Marks 267 

Marmalade Pippin 267 

Marrow Pippin 296 

Marshall 267 

Marshall's Sweet 267 

Marston's Red Winter 267 

Martin 268 

Martin 261 

Martin Nonpareil 268 

Mary 268 . 

Maryland Beauty 268 

Maryland Cheese 367 

Masten 268 

Masten's Seedling 268 

Master's 268 

blaster's Seedling 268 

Matapfel 341 

Matchless 73, 285 

Matlock's Summer 269 

Matson 269 

Mattamusket 269 



452 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Matthew Stripe 259 

Mauck 269 

Maverack's Sweet 269 

Maxey 270 

Maxfield 265 

May 270 

May 270, 402 

May Apple 270 

May of Myers 270 

May Pippin 402 

May Seek-no-Farther 270 

May Seek-no-Further 270 

May of Virginia 402 

Meach 270 

Meachem Sioeet 2F2 

Meader's Winter 425 

Meadow Sweet 270 

Mear's Seedling 271 

Mear's Sweet 271 

MeggincJi Favorite 195 

Meifs 329 

Meister 271 

Mela Car'la 263 

Mela di Carlo 263 

Mela di Rosmarino rossa 327 

Melon 271 

Melrose 272 

Melt in the Mouth 272 

Melt in the Mouth 302 

Melting Pippin 296 

Melvin Sweet 272 

Menagere 272 

Menouisten Eeinette 272 

Mensf elder Gulderling 272 

Mens f elder Winter Calville 272 

Mensfield Calville 272 

Mercer 273 

Mere de Menage 273 

Merit 109 

Merrill's 273 

M&rriWs Ajyple 273 

MerritVs Pearmain 342 

Merritt's Sweet 273 

Merwin 273 

Methodist 273 

Metoiree 273 

Mexico 273 

Michael Henry Pippin 274 

Michigan Beauty 351 

MicMqan Golden 258 

Middle 274 

Middlebourg- Eeinette 274 

Mifflin King 275 

Mignonne d'Hiver 275 

Milam 275 

Milch 275 

Milch Apf el 275 

Millcreek Vandevere 355 

Miller 275 

Miller 215 

Miller^ s Apple 312 

Miller's Seedling 160 

Milton Golden Pippin 194 



PAGT? 

Minchall Crab 276 

Minchani's Crab 276 

Minier's Dumpling 276 

Minister 276 

Minkler 276 

MinsJml Grab 276 

Mishler's Sweet 276 

3Iississi2J2n 191 

Missouri Janet 321 

M issouri Keeper 363 

Missouri Pippin 286 

Missouri Red 286 

Missourian 363 

Mitchelson 277 

Mitchelson's Seedling 277 

Mittel 274 

Mrs. Weaver's Sweet 255 

Mohhs 286 

Molasses 277 

Molasses Sweet : 313 

Molly Whopper 167 

Monarch 277 

Monarch Sweet 277 

Monk's Favorite 277 

Monkland Pippin 277 

Monkton 277 

Monmouth Pippin 278 

Man stow's Peppin g 193 

Monstrous Bellflower 278 

Monstrous Pippin 191 

Montalivet 278 

Montreal Beauty 425 

Moore 279 

Moore's Extra 279 

Moore's Greening 279 

Moore's SeedUng 279 

Moore's Sweet 279 

Moorhen Pippin 279 

Moose A]yple 282 

Moreland 279 

Morgan White 279 

Moi-gan's Favmite 388 

Morris's Court of Wick 2S0 

Morris's Russet 280 

Morris's Sack and Sugar 345 

Morrison Sweet 280 

Morrison's Red 280 

Morton 280 

Moi^ton's Seedling 280 

Moses Wood 280 

Moss's Incomparable 280 

Mote's Sweet 281 

Mother 281 

Mother Davis 282 

Motte-ux's Seedling 89 

Mountain BeUe 282 

Mountain Pippin 167 

Mountain Sweet 282 

Mountain Vandevere 391 

Mountaineer 282 

Mouse Apple 282 

Munche's Pippin 26'? 

Munson Sweet 282 



APPLES. 



453 



Murphy 282 

Muscat Reinette 282 

Museau de Levre 304 

Mmgrove's Cooper 89 

Mask Spice 170 

Miiskmelon 383 

Muster 288 

Myer^s Nonpareil 291 

MygatVs Bergamot 152 

ISTaig-le's Winter 283 

Nanny 283 

Nantahalee 283 

NePlm Ultra 109 

Neasley Belljlower 284 

Nectar 283 

Ned 283 

Needle 284 

meclles 178 

Neisley Beimower 284 

NeMey's Winter Penick 302 

mikeri Apfel 133 

Nelson 284 

Nelson's Codliu 284 

Nequassa. 284 

Mequassa Sioeet 284 

Neverfail 200 

Nemrfail. 166, 321 

Neversink 284 

New Brunsicick 1 49 

New Jersey Bed Streak 155 

New Late Reinette 285 

New London Pippin 255 

New Nonpareil 155 

New Rock Pippin 285 

New Scarlet Nonpareil 347 

New Small Lemon Pijjpin 285 

New York Gloria Mundi 191 

New York Greening 76 

New York Pippin 93 

New York Spice 252 

Newark King- 284 

Newark Pippin 285 

Newark Sweetii/g 115 

Neiobold^s Admiral Bimcan 344 

NewloVVs Bake of York 344 

Newbury 285 

Newtoim Greening 76 

Newtown Pipinn- 201 

Newtown Spitzenburgh 285 

Nichols Sweet 286 

Nickajack 286 

NiemarCs Botfte Beinette 287 

Nieman's Red Reinette 287 

Nix Green 288 

Noblesse de Gland 288 

Nodhead 232 

NonpareH 288 

Nonpareil d^Angleterre 288 

Nonpareil Russet ■ 288 

Nonsuch 288 

Nonsuch 288 

Norfolk 288 



PAGR 

Norfolk Beaufin 288 

Norfolk Beefing 288 

Norfolk Golman 412 

Norfolk Paradise 288 

Norfolk Pipp)in 73 

Norfolk Stone Pippin 289 

Norfolk Storing- 289 

Norfolk Storing 41 2 

Noi'th American Best 313 

North Carolina Greening Ill 

Northern Golden Sweet 290 

Northern Greening 135 

Northern Hardskin 220 

Northern Spy 289 

Northern Sweet 290 

Northfield Beauty 290 

Northwick Pippin 100 

Norton's Melon 271 

Notting-ham Pippin 290 

Nursery 290 

Nutmeg Cockle 129 

Nutmeg Pippin 129 

Nyack Pippin , 368 

Oakes 290 

Oat Harvest 243 

Oblong--Fruited Siberian Crab 425 

Oconee Greening 291 

Ofine 291 

Ogdensburg 291 

Ogleby 291 

Ohio Beauty 89 

Ohio Favorite 296 

Ohio Nonpareil 291 

Ohio Pippin 292 

Ohio Red Streak 292 

Ohio Wine 170 

Ohlinger 293 

Old English Codlin 293 

Old Field 293 

Old Golden Pippin 194 

OldHoLise 293 

Old Hundred 293 

Old Maid's , 243 

Old Nonpareil. 288 

Old Nonsuch 324 

OldPearmain 214,413 

Old Royal Russet 293 

Old Town Crab 293 

Old To^vn Pippin 298 

Old Town Pippin 224 

Oldakefs New 74 

Oline 294 

Olive 294 

Omar Pasha 294 

Onstine 416 

Osceola 296 

Osgood's Famrite 259 

Oskaloosa 296 

Oslm 296 

Osnabrucker Reinette 296 

Osterley 297 

Osterley Pippin 297 



454 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Ostog-ate 297 

Ostogate ] 48 

Orang-e 294, 425 

Orange 168, 258, 369 

Orang-e Pippin 294 

Orange Piip^in 229 

Orange Sweet 295 

Orange 8weet 282 

Orange Sweeting 196 

Ord 295 

Ord's Aj)j)le 295 

Original Nonpareil 288 

Orleans Reinette 295 

Orndorf 295 

Orne's Early 295 

Ortley 296 

Ortley Pippin. 296 

Overman's Sweet 297 

Oviatt 297 

Owen^s Golden Beauty 402 

Ox 297 

Ox Apple 191 

Ox-Eye 109, 285 

Ox Sweet 297 

OxSiDeet 417 

Oxfoi^d PeacJi 347 

Oxnead Pearmain 297 

Padley's Pippin 298 

Padley^s Boyal George Pippin 298 

Palmer Greening 396 

Panden Sweet 298 

Panther 346 

Pa/per Apple 368 

Paradise Pippin 402 

Paradise Winter Sweet 414 

Paric Apple 298 

Park Spice 298 

Parmentier Reinette 298 

Parmin 214 

Parmin Boyal 214 

Parrot Reinette 298 

Parry's Pearmain 298 

Passe Pomme. 304 

Passe Pomme d'Automne 298 

Passe Pomme de Canada 343 

Passe Pomme Cotellee 298 

Passe Pomme Ronge 299 

Passe Pomme Bouge d'Automne. . . . 298 

Patch's Russet 299 

Paternoster Ap)fel 151 

Paterson's Sweet 299 

Paterson's Sweet 84 

Patton 265 

Pawpaw 299 

Pawsan 299 

Peach 299 

Peach-Pond Sweet 300 

Pear 300 

Pea/r-Apple 300, 319 

Pear Lot 408 

Pear-Tree Lot 408 

Pearmain 413 



PAGE 

Pearmain dHiver 413 

Pearsall's Sweet 300 

Pearson's Early 300 

Pearson's Plate 301 

Peck's Pleasant 301 

Pecker 85 

Pelham Sweet 302 

Pelican 302 

Pennington's Seedling 302 

Pennock 302 

PennoclSs Bed Winter 302 

Pennsylvania Cider 354 

Pennsylvania Bed Streak 410 

Pennsylvania Sweet 302 

Pennsylvania Simeting 302 

Pennsylvania Vandevere 391 

Pennsylvania Wine Sap 302 

Peoples' Choice 302 

Pepin Limon de GaUes 252 

Pepin dOr 194 

Pepin d' Or Allemand 74 

Peptin Parmain dAngleterre 413 

Pepin Parmain dHiver , . . . 413 

Pepin Russe 303 

Peremenes 413 

Perry Russet 303 

Persimmon 220 

Petersburgh Pippin 201 

Petit Api Bouge 244 

Petit Jean 303 

Pet worth Nonpareil 303 

Pfarrer Walter 167 

Pfeifer 304 

Philadelphia Pippin 169 

Philadelphia Sweet 82 

PJiilip Pick 232 

Philip's Beinette 135 

Phillippi 303 

Phillips' Sweet 303 

Phoenix 304 

Pickard's Reserve 304 

Pickman 304 

Pickman Pippin 304 

Pie Apple 219 

Pifer 304 

Pigeon 304 

Pigeon Bouge 304 

Pigeonet Blanc , 304 

Pigeonette 304 

Pigeonette Blanc dM'i 304 

Pigeonette Gros de Bouen 304 

Pigeonette de Rouen 305 

Piketon Russet 305 

Piles Russet 305 

Piaiken 270 

Pillkin 270 

Pirn's Beauty of the West 167 

Pine- Apple 259 

Pine- Apple Pippin 259 

Pine -Apple Russet 305 

Pine Creek Sweet 305 

Pine Strawberry 305 

Pink Sweeting 305 



APPLES. 



455 



Pinned' 8 Favorite 

Pinner 

Pinner Seedling , 

Pioneer , 

Pippin 

Pitmaston 

Pitmaston Grolden Pippin 

Pitmaston Nonpareil 

Pitmaston Pine-Apple 

Pittsburgh Pippin 

Pittstown Pivpin 

Pitzer Hill /. 

Piatt's Sweet 

Pleasant Valley Pippin 

Plum 

Plymouth Greening 

Poland 

Polecat 

Polhemus 

Polinia Pearmain 

Polish 

PoUy Bright 

Pomeroy 

Pomme d'Api Rouge 

Pomme d' Argent 

Pomme d'^Aunee 

Pomme de Berlin 

Pomme du Caen 

Pomme de Caracthre 

Pomme de Charles 

Pomme de Codillac 

Pomme de Cuir 

Pomme Double Agathe 

Pomme Finale 

Pomme Granate 

Pomme G-rise 

Pomme de Jaime 

Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha 

Pomme de Laak 

Pomme de Malin gre 

Pomme de Neige 

Pomme d^ Orange 

Pomme d'Or 

Pomme d'' Outre Passe 

Pomme de Perroquet 

Pomme Regelaris 

Pomme Romarin Rouge 

Pomme Rose 

Pomme Roye 

Pomme Rubanee 

Pomme de Saint Julien 

Pomme Saint Sauxeur 

Pomme Suisse 

Pomme Violette 

Pomme Water 

Pomme Water Sweet 

Pommeroy 

Pompey 

Ponto Pippin 

Poorhouse 

Pope 

Poise's Apple 
Poppy 



,148, 



PAGE 
. 152 

806 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
194 
316 
306 
307 
307 
270 
324 
370 
279 

87 
307 
307 
307 
244 
346 

74 
134 
115 
175 
263 
341 
308 

73 
263 
162 
308 
346 
346 
151 
114 
171 
229 
194 
298 



133 
327 
244 
302 
366 
345 
345 
366 
324 
308 
308 
246 
392 
308 
309 
309 
309 
221 



Popular Bluff. 354 

Porter 195, 309 

Porter Spitzenburgh 310 

Portsmouth Sweet 252 

Portugal 115 

Portugal G-ray Reinette 310 

Posey's Red 310 

Posey'' s Red Winter Siceet 310 

Posteley 310 

Posteley's Seedling 310 

Potpie Apple 411 

Potter's Large 310 

Potter's Large Apple.. . 310 

Pottefs Large Seedling 237, 310 

Potter Sioeet 252 

Pottinger 310 

Pouqhkeepsie Russet 162 

Pound 167, 286 

Pound Cake 311 

Pound Pippin 169 

Pound Royal 311 

Pound Royal 169, 195, 369 

Pound Roy ale 369 

Pound Sweet 311 

Pound Siceet 279, 317 

Pound's July 311 

Poveshon 311 

Powell's Russet 311 

Powers 312 

Powers 313, 329 

Powers' Large 426 

Pownal Spitzenburgh 312 

Prager 204, 412 

Praire Rambour Reinette 115 

Prairie Calville 312 

Prather Apple 367 

Pratt's Sweet 312 

President 312 

President De Fay's Dumonceau . . . 313 

Press ." 313 

Press Ewing 313 

Pride of September 350 

Priest's Sweet 313 

Priestley'' s American 313 

Priestly 313 

Priestly Ill 

Primate 313 

Primiting 403 

Prince of Orange 314 

Prince's Harvest 153 

Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet. 323 

Princely , 314 

Princess Noble Zoete 134 

Princesse Noble 314 

Princesse Noble 195 

Princesse Noble des Chartreaux. . . 315 

Prinz 315 

Prior's Red 316 

Progress 315 

Proliferous Reinette 315 

Prolific Beauty 315 

Prolific Beauty 302 

Prolific Sweet 315 



456 



APPLES. 



Prop 

Prussian 

Prussian Pippin 

Pryor's Red 

Pucker End 

Pumpkin Russet 

Pumpkin Sweet 

Pumpkin Sweet 

Purple Siberian Crab. 

Pushmataha 

Putnam Harvey 

Putnam Keeper 

Putna/in Pusset 

Putnam Sweet 

Putnam'' s Savewell. . . . 

Putneyite 

Pyle''s Pusset 

Pyrus AstracaniGa 



Quaker 

Quaker 

Quaker Pippin 

Queen 

Queen Anne 

Queen Apple 

Queen Charlotte 

Queen of the Pippins. 

Queen of Sauce 

Queen of the Valley. . 

Queens 

Quince 



.258, 



Mabbifs Head. 
Rabine 



Ragan 

Pagan'' s Ped 

Ram's Horns 

Rambo , 

Pambouillet 

Rambour d'Me , 

Rambour Franc . 

Rambour Gros , 

Pambour Gros 

Rambour Papeleu 

Rambour Rose , 

Pambour Pouge 

Pambourg Papeleu 

PaonsdeWs Ped Pumpkin Sweet. 

PamsdeWs Sweet, 

PamsdelVs Siceeting 

PandalVs Ped Winter 

Pandel Ppst 

Randel's Best 

Pariton Sweet 

Rasche 

Rattle-Box 

Paul's Gennettin g 

Paule's Jannetting 

Ravelston Pippin 

PawWs Genet . 

Rawle's Janet 

PawUsJannet 

Pawling' s Fine Red Streak 



PAGE 

316 
131 
134 
316 
316 
817 
317 
317 
426 
317 
317 
318 
342 
318 
346 
318 
305 
401 

318 
362 
318 
109 
281 
288 
318 
318 
318 
319 
103 
319 

125 
319 
319 
319 
321 
319 
319 
370 
370 
320 
370 
320 
321 
321 
320 
163 
163 
163 
163 
321 
321 
274 
321 
321 
321 
321 
321 
321 
321 
321 
322 



.90, 



Rawling's Red Streak 

Ray A2)ple 

Read's Paker 

Rebecca 

Red Apple 

Red Askmore 

Red Astrachan 

Red Autumn Calville 

Red Paid win 

Red Belle-Fleur 

Ped Calville 

Red Canada 

Red Cathead 

Red Cedar 

Red Cheek 

Red Cheek .' 

Ped Cheek Pippin 

Red Codlin 

Red Crofton 

Red Doctor 

Ped Fall Pippin 

Red Favorite 

Red Gilliflower 

Red Gillifiower 

Red Gloria Mundi 

Red and G-reen Sweet 

Red Hazel 

Red Horse 

Red Horse 

Red Ingestrie 

Red Jewell 

Red June 

Red June Sweet 

Red Juneating 156, 

Ped Kentish Pippin 

Red Lady Finger 

Ped Limber Twig 

Red Mormon 

Red Must 

Red Neverfail 

Red Ox 

Red Pearmain 235 , 

Ped Pennock 

Red Phoenix 

Ped Pippin 93, 235, 286, 

Red Polish 

Ped Pound Sweet 

Red Pumpkin Sweet 

Ped Quarrenden 

Red Queening 

Red Ranee 

Red Republican 

Red Romarin, 

Red Riisset 

Red Russet : . . . 

Red Seek-no-Farther 

Red Seek-no-Farther 

Red Seek-no- Further 

Red Sliropsavine 

Red Siberian Crab 

Ped Spitzenburg 

Ped Spitzenburgh 

Red Streak 



PAGK 

322 
282 
288 
322 
323 

80 
323 
324 

85 
324 
328 
324 
324 
325 
325 
168 
278 
180 
847 
146 
829 
326 
326 
133 
109 
323 
286 
326 
109 
326 
826 
118 
826 
157 
237 
329 
253 
327 
327 
321 
802 
414 
302 
235 
862 
307 
323 
163 
145 
137 
327 
327 
827 
827 
194 
828 
326 
236 
356 
426 
235 
834 
328 



APPLES. 



457 



PAGE 

Red Streaked Rawling 322 

Red Stripe 328 

Red Sweet 328 

Bed Sweet Pijypin 279 

Red Sweet Winesap 378 

Red Vandevere 329, 355, 391 

Red Warrior 328 

Red Warrior 286 

Red Winter Calville 328 

Red Winter Pearmain 329 

Red Winter Pearmain 235 

Red Winter Sweet 329 

Red Winter Smeet 377 

Redick 326 

Redling 132 

Reed 329 

Reine des Reiiiettes 318 

Rdnette WAix 195 

Reinette d' Angleterre. 162, 194 

Reinette d'Anjou 330 

Reinette Bdtarde 103 

Reinette Bauman 88 

Reinette de Bay eux 330 

Reinette Blanche 184 

Reinette Blanche^ dite Prime 184 

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne 404 

- Reinette de Breda 330 

Reinette Calville 330 

Reinette de Canada Grise 343 

Reinette de Canada Platte 343 

Reinette du Canada Blanche 115 

Reinette du Canada d Cortes 115 

Rdnette de Cantoi^bery 116 

Rdnette des Cannes 87 

Reinette de Caux 331 

Reinette de Champagne 122 

Reinette de Citron 126 

Reinette de Clareval 331 

Reinette Coulon 330 

Reinette Daniel 330 

Rdnette Diel 145 

Reinette Dore 331 

Reinette Dor: e 151, 243 

Reinette Duchesse de Brabant 149 

Reinette d'Espagne 404 

Reinette Ete Blanche 371 

Reinette Etoile 360 

Rdnette Etoile 165 

Rdnette de Flandre 178 

Reinette Franche 184 

Rdnette Franche Grauwe 204 

Reinette de Frisland. 184 

Reinette Giden 195 

Reinette Golden 195 

Reinette G-rain d' Or 331 

Rdnette Grise 204, 412 

Reinette Grise Brownlee's -. . . . 108 

Reinette Grise Extra 204, 412 

Rdnette Grise Franc aise 204, 412 

Rdnette gnse haute honte 212 

Rdnette Grise d' River 204, 412 

Reinette Grise de Portugal 310 

Rdnette Grosse du Canada 115 



PAGE 



Reinette d''Hollande 219 

Reinette de Hongrie 331 

Reinette Jaune Hatif. 158 

Reinette Jaune Sardive 331 

Reinette des Menonites 272 

Reinette de Middlehourg 274 

Reinette de Mis nie 103 

Reinette Musque 418 

Rdnette Musquee 282 

Reinette Nonpareil , 288 

Rdnette de Normandy 184 

Rdnette d'' Orleans 134, 295 

Reinette d'Osnahruck 296 

Reinette Pippin 332 

Reinette Plate 103 

Reinette Quarrendon 332 

Reinette de la RocheUe 337 

Reinette du Roi 243 

Rdnette Rouge 87 

Reinette Rouge de Nieman 287 

Reinette Pousse.. 87, 331 

Reinette Rousse de Bostyon 342 

Reinette St. Lambert 332 

Reinette Suisse 378 

Reinette Tardive Nouvelle 285 

Reinette de Thorn 331 

Reinette Triomphante 332 

Reinette der Tyrol 389 

Reinette doree de Van der Laans. . . 195 

Reinette VanMons 391 

Reinette Versaillaise 392 

Reinette Verte 202 

Reinette Vervaene 332 

Reinette du Vigan 331 

Renetten 312 

Republican Pippin 332 

Revelstone Pippin 321 

Rhenish May 270 

Rhode Island Greening 332 

Rhode Island Seek-no- Further 175 

Rhode's Orange 333 

Ribbed Pifrpin 76 

Ribston Pippin 333 

Ribston Pippin 83 

Richard's Graft 334 

Richardson 334 

Richfield Nonsuch 324 

Richmond 335 

Ridge Pippin 335 

Riest 335 

Rigley 336 

Rigley 132 

Ritter 336 

Rival Golden Pippin 135 

River 336 

Roa Yon 246 

Roadstown Pippin 336 

Roane's White Crab 215, 336 

Roberson's White 336 

Robert Bruce 336 

Roberts 337 

Roberts Seedling 337 

RobertsorCs Pearmain 329 



458 



APPLES. 



Robej 337 

JRohey's Seedling 337 

Robin 337 

Robinson's Pippin 337 

Robinson's Superb 337 

Robinson's Sweet 337 

Rochelle Reinette 337 

Rock 338 

Rock Pippin 338 

Rock Remain 321 

Rock Rinmion 321 

Rock Sweet 338 

RockhiWs Russett 333 

RockMlVs Summer Queen 328 

Rockingham Red 75 

Rockport Sweet 338 

Roi Tres-mMe 158 

Rolen's Keeper 338 

Rolla 338 

Rolland 91 

Rollin 338 

Rmian Knight 191, 302 

Roman Stem 339 

Romanite 339 

Romanite 319 

Romanite of the West 191 

Romann Blanche 403 

Rome Beauty 340 

Rosa 340 

Rose 340 

Rose Calville 340 

Rose de la Benauge 341 

Rose de Hollande 341 

Rose Tendre 341 

Rose-colored Lady Ajyple 245 

Roseau 340 

Roseau d'Automne 340 

Roseau d'Automne 82 

Rosemary 341 

Rosemary Russet 341 

Ross Greening 393 

Ross Nonpareil 341 

Rosseau 324 

Rostoeker 341 

Rosy Red 341 

Rothe Hernapfel 341 

Rothe Sommerpasspomm 299 

Rothe Stettinei' 341 

Rotlier Ananas 78 

Rother Astrakan 323 

Rother August Apfel 299 

Rother Herhstrichapfel 298 

Rother SommercaUille 371 

Rother Tauhenapfel 304 

Rouen Transparent Crab 42G 

Rough and Ready 313 

Round Catshead 121 

Round Top 159 

Round Winter Nonesucii 341 

Rowe 342 

Rowe's Seedling 342 

Rowland 338 

Roxbury Russet 342 



PAGE 

Royal Grise Reinette 343 

Royal Pearmain 342 

Royal Pearmain 214, 311 

Royal Pippin 86, 120, 143 

Royal Reinette 343 

Royal Russet 343 

Royal Shepherd 343 

Royal Somerset 343 

Royal Somerset 255 

Roy ale 248 

Royale d''Angleterre 214 

Rubicon 299 

Ruckman^s Pearmain 194 

Ruckman's Red 286 

Rules Summer Sweet 343 

Rum Apple 843 

Runnells 343 

Rushock Pearmain 344 

Russam 285 

Russet Golden 196 

Russet Goldeih Pippin 194 

Russet Nonpareil 306 

Russet Pearmain 344 

Russet Table Pearmain 844 

Russian 134 

Russian Emp&ror 74 

Russian Transparent 344 

Russine 332 

Rusty Coat Milam 275 

Rusty Care 291 

Rymer , 344 

Sable Sweet 344 

Sack Apple 145 

Sack and Sugar 345 

Sailly Autumn 345 

*S'^. Joliri's Nonpareil 306 

Saint Julian 345 

Saint Julien 345 

St. Lawrence 345 

St. Mary's Pippin 148 

Saint Sauveur 345 

Salem 345 

Salem Sweet 345 

SaUe 845 

Salopian Pippin 345 

Sam Raiclings 218 

Sam Wingard 265 

Sam Young 346 

Sam's Crab 256 

Sanguineus 171 

Sanguinole 828 

Santouchee 846 

Sapson 346 

Sapsonvine 846 

Sartha's Yellow 846 

Sassafras Sweet 211 

Savage's Cheese 846 

SavcAvell 846 

Sawyer 847 

Sawyer Sweet 847 

Sayhr 288 

Scarlet Crofton 347 



APPLES. 459 



'AGE 

347 
347 
347 
235 
130 
137 
347 
348 
348 
348 
348 
348 
348 
348 
306 
348 
348 
348 
349 
405 
313 
349 



PAGK 

Shockley 352 

Showy Crab 426 

Siberian August 181 

Sigler'sRed 347 

Simmon 220 

Sim2JSon''s Piqypin 295 

Simpson's Seedling 295 

Simpson Sweet 353 

Sinclair's Telhw 153 

Sine-qua-non 353 

Sink 353 

Six William Gibbons 353 

Skunk 353 

Skunk 362 

Sleeper 353 

Sleeping- Beauty 353 

Sleight's Lady Apple 353 

Slingerland Pippin 354 

Shan''s Seedling 317 

Synall Black 99 

Sma II Bomanite 191 

Small's Admirable 354 



Scarlet Leadington 

Scarlet Nonpareil 

Scarlet Pearmain 

Scarlet Pearmain 

Scarlet Perfume 

Scarlet Queening 

Scarlet Sweet 

Scarlet Tiffing 

Schaffer's Early 

ScJiaffer's Early Bed 

ScJia.ffer''s Garden , 

Schoolmocker 

Schoonmaker 

Schreveton Golden Pippin 

Schwitzer Apple 

Sciota Beauty 

Scollop Gilliflower 

Scolloped GiUijlower 

Scotch Bridget 

Scotch Virgin 



Scott 84, 

Scott's Best 

Scrivener's Red 349 

Scudamore's Crab 328 

Seaconk Sweet 849 

Seager 384 

Seago 265 

Seaman's Sweet 349 

Seaver Sweet 349 

Seedless 349 

Seedsville Sweet 417 

Seek-No-Furth&r 202, 319, 390, 399 

Seever 350 

Seeve fs Bed Streak 350 

Seigneur cV Orsay 345 

Selby Bellflower 350 

Selma 350 

Selma 238 

Selwood's Reinttte 350 

Seneca Spice 319 

September 350 

Sergeant's Sweet 350 

Settin Pippin 151 

Shaker G-eeening 350 

Shaker Pipypin 350 

Shaker's Yellow 155 

Shakespeare 351 

Shannon 292 

Shai-pe's Early 370 

Sharpe's Greening 351 

Sharpens Spice 170 

Sheepnose 351 

Sheep Nose 76, 159, 235 

Sheep Shire 179 

Shell 351 

Shepherd's Fame 351 

Shepherds Pippin 74 

Sheppard's Sweet 351 

Slierwoods Favorite 124 

ShiaAvassee Beauty 351 

Shipley Green 352 

Shippen's Russet 352 

Shirley 181 



Smalley 354 

Smith's 354 

Smith's Beauty of Newark 149 

Smith's Cider 354 

Smith f eld Spice 152 

Smokehouse 355 

Smyrna 124 

Snediker 355 

Snepps' 356 

Snorter , 363 

Snow 171 

SnoiD Chimney 171 

Sol. Carter 109 

Somerset 356 

Somerset Harvest 188 

Sommerset Lasting 356 

Sops of Wine 356 

Soskrieger 122 

Souisson Russet 356 

Soulard 426 

Sour Bough 357 

Sour Bough 368, 380 

Sour Harvest 313 

Southern Fall Pippin 329 

Southern Golden Pippin 201 

Southern Greening 201 

Southern Lady 357 

Southern Bomanite 339 

Sovereign 357 

Spafford Russet 357 

Spark's 357 

Spark's Late 357 

Speckled 357 

Speckled Golden Beinette 87 

Speckled Oley. 357 

Speckled Pearmain 87 

Speckled Sweet 117 

Spectator 357 

Spencer Sweeting 210 

Spice 354 

Spice Apple 293 



460 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Spice Russet 358 

Spice Sweet 358 

Spiced Ox Eye 285 

Spitzenhurgh 285 

Sponge 358 

Spotted Pippin 110 

Sprague 358 

Spring 83 

Spring Grove Codlin 358 

Spring Pippin 358 

Springer 358 

Spring efs Seedling 358 

Spjringport Pippin 358 

Squire's Greening 359 

Staats' Sweet 359 

Stack 359 

Stackyard 359 

Stnqg^s Nonpareil 155 

StaMubs 391 

Stamford Pippin 359 

Stanard 359 

Stanard's Seedling 359 

Stanley 360 

Stanley's Seedling 360 

Stanley's Winter Sweet 360 

StansHl 360 

Star 360 

Star Lady Apple 245 

Star Reinette 360 

Stark 360 

Starr 360 

Steele's Bed Winter 85, 324 

Steele's Sweet 361 

SteMy 215 

Stephenson's Winter 361 

Sterling Beauty 75 

Stetting Bouge 341 

Stevens' Gill'iflower 361 

Steicarfs Nonpareil 181 

Stillman's Early 361 

Stillwater Sweet 361 

Stire 180 

Stirzaker's Early Square 361 

Stockade Sweet 361 

Stmie 77 

Stone Pippin 362 

Stone Pirmin 97, 192, 289 

Stonewall Jackson 362 

StonorPark 362 

Straat 364 

Straudt 362 

Straicberry 124, 324, 334 

Strawn 362 

StraiDn's Seedling 362 

Streaked Pippin 362 

Strifiing d'Hicer 80 

Stnped Ashmore 80 

Striped Beaufin 362 

Striped BeUe et Bonne 363 

Striped BeUe-Fleur 324 

Striped Fameuse 172 

Striped GiUiflowGr 348 

Stnped Harvest 211 



PAGB 



Striped Holland Pippin 363 

Striped Holland Pippin 253 

Striped June 156 

Striped Juneating 150 

Striped Mohawk 363 

Striped Monstrous Reinette 363 

Striped Pearmain 363 

Striped Porter 363 

Striped Bambo 193 

Striped B. I. Greening 147 

Striped Shropsavine 363 

Striped Siberian Crab 426 

Striped Siceet Bippin 363 

Striped Vandervere 391 

Striped Winter Pearmain 363 

Stroat 364 

Strode's 364 

Strode's Birmingham 364 

Strubel 365 

Stump 365 

Sturmer Pippin 365 

Stymus 365 

Styre 365 

Sty re 180 

Sudbuiy Sweet 365 

Sudloic's Fall Bippin 182 

Suffolk Beauty 365 

Sugar and Brandy 366 

Sugar Loaf Pippin • 366 

Sugar Sweet 366 

Suisse 366 

Summer Bellflower 366 

Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania. 366 

Summer Broaden 367 

Summer Broadend 367 

Summer Cheese 367 

Summer Colman 367 

Summer Golden Pippin, 367 

Summer Hagloe 367 

Summer Harvey 367 

Summer Horse 223 

Summer Janet 367 

Summer Jenneting 168 

Summer Limbertwig 367 

Summer Marigold 368 

Summer Nonpareil 155 

Summer Pippin 368 

Summer Bippin 219 

Summer Pound Royal 369 

Summer Queen 370 

Summer Queening 137 

Summer Rambo 370 

Summer Biimbour 370 

Summer Red Calville'. 371 

Summer Red Streak 371 

Summer Reinette. 371 

Summer B. I. Greening 369 

Summer Rose 371 

Summer Busset 377 

Summer Sweet 373 

Summer SweH 216 

Summer Sweet Paradise 373 

Summer Tcucliat Egg 883 



APPLES. 



461 



PAGE 

Summer Thorle 372 

Summer White CalvUle 372 

Summerour 286 

Summum Bonum 125 

Superb 372 

Superb Sweet 372 

Surprise 373 

Surrey Flat Cap 373 

Susan's Spice 373 

Susannah 373 

Sutton Beauty 373 

Swaar 373 

Swasey 374 

Sweeney Nonpareil 374 

Sweet Baldwin 375 

Sweet Belle Bonne 375 

Sweet Bellflower 375 

Bweet BeVflower 82 

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot Co . . 375 

&ioeet Bough 250 

Sweet Butter 375 

Sweet Gann 115 

Sweet Doctor 375 

Sweet Fall Pippin 375 

Sioeet Golden Pippin 82 

Sweet Greening 375 

Sioeet Hdrvest 250 

Sweet Harmy 378 

Sweet Home 151 

Sweet Janet 376 

Sweet Jersey 209 

Sweet June 216 

Sweet King- 376 

Sweet Maiden's Blush 115, 204 

Sweet Mary 376 

Sweet Nonsuch 377 

Sweet Pear 376 

Sweet Pearmain 376 

Sweet Pearmain 378 

Sweet Pippin 376 

Sweet Pippin 218, 279 

Sweet Queen 377 

Sweet Rambo 377 

Sweet Redstreak 378 

Sweet Pabbed Cilliflower 379 

Sweet Romanite 377 

Sweet Russet 377 

Sweet Busset 123, 317, 358 

Sweet Seek-no-Farther 378 

Sweet Seek-no- Further 192 

Sweet and Sour. 374 

Sweet Sponge 378 

Sweet Swaar 82 

Sweet Vandervere 378 

Sweet Willie 378 

Sioeet Wine 170 

Sweet Winesap 378 

Sweet Winter Pennock 378 

Sweeting, WelVs 399 

Swiss Apple 306 

Swiss Pippin 306 

Swiss Reinette 378 

Syke-House Russet 379 



PAGE 

Sylvan Russet 342 

Sylvester 379 

Table Greening 379 

Tallow Appjle 258 

Tallman's Sweeting 379 

Talman's Sweet 379 

Tardive de Joncret 380 

Tart Bough 380 

Tart Bough 153, 368 

Tarvey Codlin 380 

Tauhenfarbige Apfel 304 

Taunton 380 

Taunton 307 

Taunton Golden Pippin 380 

Teignmmith 383 

Ten ShiUings 381 

Tenderskin 381 

Tenor IlilU 91 

Tenterden Park 381 

Terral's Late 381 

Terry's Bed Streak 319 

Tetofsky 381 

Tetofsky 181 

Teuchat's Egg 382 

Tewkesbury Blush 382 

Tewkesbury Winter Blush 382 

Them's Red Streak 382 

Thickset 128 

Thomas 383 

T?iomas 275 

Thoral Pippin 372 

Thwie 372 

Tift's Sweet 383 

Tillaqua 383 

Timothy 383 

Timothy Titus Sort 383 

Tmmouth 383 

Tinson's Bed 329 

Titus Pippin 383 

Toccoa 383 

Tod's Golden Pip)pin 296 

Toker's Incomparable 384 

Tolbert 384 

TolmarCs Sweeting 379 

Tom Potter 384 

Tom Woodward Pippin 296 

Tmimy Bed 241 

Tompidns 152 

Toole's Indian Rareripe 384 

Tower of Glammis 384 

Tower's Glory 384 

Townsend 384 

Townsend's Smiling Beauty 385 

Trader's Fancy 385 

Transcendent 426 

Transparent Codlin 385 

TranspaTent de Moscovie 401 

Transparent Pippin 135 

Transparent de Zurich 385 

Transport 385 

Traders' 333 

Treadle Hole 386 



462 



APPLES. 



PAGE 



Trenham 28G 

Trenton Early 385 

Trenton Early 293 

Trescott Russet 386 

TH'p2:>e's Horse 228 

Trout Apple 101 

True SjiiUenhurgh 164 

Trumbull Sweet 386 

Trumbull Sweeting 386 

Trumpeter 386 

Trumpingtoii 143, 319 

Tucker 886 

Tuebner's Cider 386 

Tuebner's Golden 886 

Tuft's 386 

Tuft's Baldwin 886 

Tulip 387 

TuUpen Galville 387 

Tulp 387 

Tulpeliockcn 167 

Tulpen 387 

Turk's Cap 387 

Turkey Greening- 887 

Turn-off Lane 387 

2'urner''s Cheese 201 

Tuscaloosa 387 

Tuscaloosa Seedling 387 

Tuscaloosa Sweet 887 

Tuttle 388 

Twenty Ounce 388 

Twenty Ounce Apple 888 

20- Ounce Pippin 118 

Twin 888 

Twin Cluster Pippin 128 

Twitchell's Sweet 388 

Tyler 220 

Tyler Apple 131 

Tyre Beauty 388 

Tyroler Glam-reinette 191 

Tyroler Pippin 389 

Uncle John 389 

Uncle Richard: s Graft 334 

Uncle Sani's Best 170 

Underdunk 868 

Union 389 

Unique 389 

Updegraff 889 

Utter 889 

Vale Mascal Pearmain 390 

VanBuren 390 

Van Dyne 296 

Van Mons Reinette 391 

Vance's Early 390 

Vance's Harvest 390 

Vandenabeele 390 

Vandernoot 390 

Vanderspiegel 390 

Vanderveer 891 

Vandervere Pippin 391 

Vandevere 391 

Vandevcre 285 



PAGF, 

Vandevere of Pa 391 

Vandiver 891 

Vandyne 391 

Varick 143 

Vaugoyeau 392 

Vaugbn's Pippin 392 

Vaughn's Winter 892 

Vaun's Pippin 237 

Vermilion d^Ete 328 

Vermnion Royee 392 

Vermont Pippin 883 

Vermont Pumpkin Siccet 817 

Versaillaise Reinette 892 

Victoria 74 

Victo7'ia Pippin 93 

Victona Red 93 

Victorious Reinette 332 

Victuals and Drink 392 

Violette 398 

Virginia Greening 893 

Virginia Pippin 393 

Virginia Quaker 393 

Virginia Spice 893 

Virginia Sweet 266 

Voss' Winter 398 

VraiDrapd^Or 148 

Wabash 393 

Wahash BeUfloioer 893 

WaddellHall 394 

Wadhurst Pippin 394 

Wagener 394 

Wakr Reinette 115 

Walirer Weiser Sommer-calville .... 872 

Warn 286 

Walkefs Winter 395 

Walker's Yellow 395 

Wall. 286 

Walnut Stem 838 

Walpole 395 

Waltham Abbey 395 

Waltham Ahhey Seedling 395 

Waltz Apple 801 

Walworth 368 

Wander 286 

Wanstall 895 

Ward 395 

WarfelCrab 427 

Warfield 895 

Warner Russet 843 

Warner's King 896 

Warraschke de Guben 396 

Warren Pennock 155 

Warren Pippin 296, 418 

Warter's Golden Pippin 194 

Warwickshire Pippin 417 

Washington 250, 356 

Washington Pearmain 144 

Washington Royal : 896 

Washington Strawberry 396 

Washington Sweet 397 

Watch Apple 115 

Water 397 



APPLES. 



463 



PAGE 



Waterman's Sweet 398 

Watermelo7i 209, 271 

Watermelon , 271 

Watrous Dumpling 151 

Watson's Dumpling 398 

Watson's Favorite 398 

Wat^OTi's New Nonsuch 372 

Watson's Vandevere 391 

Wattaugah 221 

Waug-h's Orab 398 

Wax.... 398 

Wax Apple 158 

Waxen 92, 398 

Wealthy 398 

Wealthy's Favorite 399 

Webb's Winter 399 

Week's Pippin 135 

Weisse Antillische 414 

Weisse Italianische Uosmannapfel. . 229 

Weisse Reinette 184 

Weisse Sommer Reinette 371 

Weisse Wack's Reinette 371 

Weisser Astra Jean 401 

Weisser Winter CalviUe 401 

Welcome 98 

Well Apple 383 

' WeU's Sweet 399 

WeUford's YeUow 399 

Wellington 151 

WelU 147 

Welsh Pippin 267 

West Grinstead Pippin 400 

West's Spitzenberg 140 

Westhrook 357 

Westchester Seek no Further 175 

Western BaMidn 299 

Western Beauty 89, 291 

Western Spy 399 

Westfield Seek-no-Fiurther 399 

Westmorehnd Longstart 256 

Weston 400 

"\ATieeler's Extreme 400 

WTieeler's Russet 401 

Wheeler's Sweet 401 

Wheehck Sweet 323 

WTiig 401 

White Apple 92 

White Astrachan 401 

White Beauty 401 

White Bellfleur 296 

White BeUfloicer 296 

mite CalviUe 401 

White CalvlUe 372 

White Cockle : 129 

White Detroit 296 

^Tiite Doctor 402 

White Fuhcood. 185 

White Graft of Wis 168 

White Hau-thornden 212 

White Incomparable 402 

White June 419 

"ViTiite Juneating 402 

White Lily 144 



PAGE 

White MSfrose 272 

White Nonpareil 402 

White Oslin 296 

White Paradise 402 

White Pippin 402 

White Pippin 289, 296 

mite Rambo 403 

White Romarin 408 

mite Russet 404 

White Seek-no-Further 202, 296 

White Spanish Reinette 404 

White Spice 404 

White Spice 152 

T\Tiite Spitzenberg 404 

White Stone Pipypin 289, 362 

White Sugar 82 

"VVTiite Summer Pippin 404 

^Tiite Sweet 404 

White Vandevere 391 

mite Virgin 405 

mite Wine 405 

White Winter 405, 427 

White Winter CaldUe 401 

White Winter Pearmain 405 

White's London Pippin 257 

mite's Red Whiter 404 

TMiite's Winter 405 

T\Tiitewater Sweet 405 

Whitman 406 

Whitmore's Pippin 406 

Whitney Russet 406 

Whorle Pippin 372 

Wick Pearmain 406 

Wickham's Pearmain 406 

Wier Sweet 407 

Wigicam 324 

Wildcat 346 

Wilden Apfel 312 

Wilfong 407 

William Penn 407 

William Tell 306 

WilMam's Early 407 

William's Favorite 407 

William's Pippin 407 

mUiam's Red 407 

William's White 407 

Willis Sweet 408 

Willis's Russet 408 

WiUow 409 

Willow Leaf Pip)pin 296 

Willow Twig 409 

Willsboro 409 

WHmot 409 

WilmoVs Seedling 409 

WHson 410 

Wilmrt's June 118 

Wilson's Summer 410 

Wilson's Volunteer 410 

WmcheU Sweet 410 

Windham Russet 410 

Wine 410 

Wine 159, 285, 334 

Wine of Connecticut 388 



464 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Wine Sop 411 

Winesap 411 

Wing Sweet 411 

Winn's Russet 413 

Winslow 412 

Winter Belle and Bonne 91 

Winter Belle boon 91 

Winter Blush 167 

Winter Bough 115 

Winter Broading 107 

Winter Cheese 201 

Winter Citronenapfel 243 

Winter Codlin 412 

Winter Colman , 412 

Winter Golden Simet 84 

Winter Gray Eeinette 412 

Winter Greening 201 

Winter Harvey 413 

Winter Hog- Island Sweet 413 

Winter Horse 286 

Winter Jannetting 321 

Winter Lading- 413 

Winter Maiden's Blush 413 

Winter Majettin 413 

Winter May 270 

Winter Pearmain 413 

Winter Pearmain 81, 275, 363 

Winter Pippin 413 

Winter Pippin of Geneva 189 

Winter Pippin of Vermont 414 

Winter Pound Royal. 311 

Winter Queen 109 

Winter Red Streak 115, 238 

Winter Eeinette 414 

Winter Reinette 414 

Winter Rose 286 

Winter Russet 243 

Winter Seedling 399 

Winter Seek-no-Further 170 

Winter Sleeping Beauty 353 

Winter Strawberry 414 

Winter Straivherry 387 

Winter Sweet Bough 115 

Winter Sweet Paradise 414 

Winter Wine 410 

Winthrop Greening. 415 

Winthrop Pearmain. 415 

Wisner 415 

WitheriWs White Sweet 404 

Wolfs Den 83 

Wollaton Pippin 134 

Wonder 208 

W^ood's Greening 416 

Wood's Huntingdon 135 

Wood's Sweet 416 

Woodland 415 

Woodpecker 85 



PAGE 

Woodring 416 

Woodstock 152 

Woodstock Pippin 100 

Woodward's Pippin 296 

Woolfolks 416 

Woolmart's Harvest 371 

Woolman's Long 296 

Worden's Pie Apple 356 

World's Wander 286 

Wormsley Pippin 416 

Wright 416 

Wright's Janet 417 

Wygers 195 

Wyken Pippin 417 

Wyker Pippin 195 

Wythe 306 

Yacht 417 

Yadkin 417 

Yahoola 417 

Yankee Spy 417 

Yates 418 

Tcllow 135 

YeUow Bellflower 418 

Yellow Crank 201 

Yellow Foster 419 

Yellow German Reinette 195 

Yellow Harvest 153 

Yellow Hoss 223 

Yellow Ingestrie 419 

Yellow Jajiett 321 

Yellow June , 419 

YeUowMay 402 

Yellow Meadow 419 

Yellow Newtown Pippin 419 

YelloiD Pearmain 127 

Yellow Pippin 285, 296 

Yellow Siberian Crab 427 

Yellow Sweet 419 

Yellow Vandervere 391 

Yoder 106 

Yopp's Favorite 420 

York 420 

York Imperial 420 

York Pippin 169, 195 

York Russet 123, 317 

Yorkshire Goose Sauce 421 

Yorkshire Greening 421 

Yost 421 

Young's Long Keeping 158 

Zane 421 

Zane Greening 421 

Zieher 421 

Zoar Greening 421 

Zour Bough 313 

ZweibelApfel 103 



For specimens of Fruit, and information relating to 
many of the varieties in tliis Appendix, I am indebted 
to many of the leading Pomologists in many parts 
of the country, who will please accept my cordial 
thanks. 

Charles Down^g. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by 
JOHN WILEY & SON, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



THE APPLE. 



Autumn Pomme Gris. 

Originated in the orchard of William Reynolds, Markham, Ontario. 
Tree a strong upright grower, very productive. Fruit small, oblate, 
inclining to conic ; skin yellow, nearly covered with thin nettings of 
russet, sometimes a shade of rich red in the sun ; stalk long, slender, 
inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx closed ; basin broad, shallow, dis- 




Baltzley. 



tinctly and peculiarly corrugated ; flesh fine, yellowish, tender, moder- 
ately juicy, rich, sprightly subacid and aromatic; very good; core 
small. October and November. 



2 



THE APPLE. 



Baltzley. 
Baltzley's Sweet. 

Originated on tlie farm of Jolm Baltzley, Manellan To%nisiiip, Pa. 
Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, an early bearer, very productive 
every other year, and a small crop alternate ones ; an old apple, but a 
favorite where known ; young shoots Kght reddish brown, many 
russet dots. 

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin 
pale yellow, often with a shade of light pale red in the sun, and a few 
gi^ayish dots ; stalk mther short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx 
closed; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, 
tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet; good to very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Belle du Havre. 

Belle Douce" du Havre. 

A promising French variety. Ti-ee hardy, ^igorous, upright, an 
early and abundant beai^er annually ; a good table fruit, and excellent 
for culinary uses ; young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy at the 
end. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, conical ; angular or slightly 




Belle du HaYie* 



ribbed ; skin pale greenish yellow, shaded and rather obscurely striped 
and splashed with light and dark rich red over most of the surface, and 
many light brown dots; stalk medium, slender; cavity large, deep; 



THE APPLE. 



3 



calyx closed ; basin rather large, corrugated ; flesli quite white, fine, 
tender, moderately juicy, with a brisk, peculiar, quince-like flavor; good 
to very good ; core small. Hipe last of August to last of September. 

Bell's Seedling. 

Originated with the late Z. Bell, near Adairville, Kentucky. Tree 
a vigorous grower, making a large, handsome round head ; comes into 
bearing tolerably early, and rarely fails to produce a crop of fair fruit, 
and is popular where known. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, inclining to roundish oblong, 
slightly angular; skin entirely covered with light red, striped and 
splashed with dark red and a few light dots; stalk short, slender; 
cavity deep, acute, russeted ; calyx closed or partially open ; basin 
rather deep, medium size; flesh whitish, half flne, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid; good to very good; core medium. September, 
October. 

Blenheim Pippin. 

Blenheim Orange. Blooming- Orange. Blenheim, 

Woodstock Pippin. Northwick Pippin. Kempter's Pippin. 

Dutch Mignonne, erroneously. 

An error having been made in the second revised edition of this 
work with this variety, Dutch Mignonne and Blooming Orange, — the 
last being a syn., — we give a corrected description. 

An old variety which originated in Oxfordshire, England. Tree very 
strong, vigorous, spreading, somewhat drooping when in full bearing, 
and makes a large handsome tree in the orchard. It is late comino: 
into bearing, but when fully established is a good regular bearer. This 
apple is a favorite in England, and succeeds in most localities here in 
the Middle and Northern States, especially the latter. Young wood 
stout, reddish brown. 

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate, regular, skin dull 
orange, half covered or more with rich dull red, often mixed with russet, 
dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, some of which are 
areole ; stalk rather short, slender, curved ; cavity large, deep, rus- 
seted, the russet sometimes extending in rays out on the fruit ; calyx 
large, open ; basin broad, large, rather deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh 
white, a little coarse — at first firm — but becoming crisp, tender, juicy, 
rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small, very good. Novem- 
ber, February. 

Boyd. 

Origin supposed to be on the McPherson farm, Monroe County, 
Kentucky, and introduced by Alfred and Thomas Boyd. Tree a strong, 
spreading, rather straggling grower, and productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic; skin yellow, shaded with light 
and dark red, deep rich red in the sun, sometimes obscure splaslies and 
stripes and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk very 
short ; cavity large, broad, deep, often slightly russeted ; calyx closed 



4 



THE APPLE. 



or half open ; basin rather large and smooth ; flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse, rather firm, moderately juicy, rather rich subacid, slightly aro- 
matic ; good to very good ; core small. January to April. 

Bunker Hill. 

Originated in the orchard of the late Dr. Paige, of Dryden, 'New 
York. Tree a healthy, rapid grower, an early and abundant bearer, 
and valued where known. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, regular ; skin pale whitish yellow, 
shaded, mottled, striped and splashed T\dth two shades of red, rather thinly 
over two-thirds the surface, and moderately sprinkled with light dots, a 



Bunker Hill. 

few being areole ; stalk short, slender ; cavity medium or large, a little 
greenish ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite 
white, sometimes a little stained next the skin, fijie, tender, juicy, 
subacid, vinous, slight quince-like flavor ; very good ; core rather small. 
October. 

Buzby's Eaely. 

Origin uncertain, supposed to be Moorestown, New Jersey. Tree a 
moderate grower, rather spreading, very productive alternate years. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, thinly 
shaded, striped and splashed with light red over half the surface ; stalk 
short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin quite deep, slightly 
corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid ; 
good to very good ; core small. Last of August and September. 



THE APPLE. 



5 



Cadwallader's Golden. 

Originated on the farm of James Simmons, near Greenbush, Warren 
County, Illinois, and introduced by E. F. Cadwallader, Paola, Kansas, 
who states that the tree is hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, spreading, 
an early and prolific bearer, and valuable for market and culinary uses. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, some- 
times with a slight blush, moderately sprin kl ed with dark grayish dots ; 




Cadwallader's Golden. 



stalk rather short, slender ; cavity quite large, deep, sometimes slight 
russet ; calyx closed or half open ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh yellowish white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; 
good to very good ; core small. October, February. 

Calkins' Pippin. 

Originated with the late Elias Calkins, of West Cornwallis, Nova 
Scotia. Tree vigorous ; forms a large round head, with drooping 
branches ; an early and heavy bearer alternate years ; is valuable for 
market and culinary uses. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes oblong, slightly angular ; 
skin whitish, thinly shaded and mottled on the sunny side, sometimes a 
few nettings of russet and a few grayish dots ; stalk of medium length, 
slender ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather narrow, deep, 
much corrugated ; flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, brisk sub- 
acid ; good ; core large. November, February. 

Chester County. 

Origin uncertain ; found on the farm of Dr. J. C. Brosins, Cochran- 
ville, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading, inclining to droop ; very 



6 



THE APPLE. 



productive nearly every year ; a late keeper, and considered valuable in 
its locality. 

Emit medium to large, roundish oblate, very slightly conic ; skin 
yellow, shaded, splashed and striped with light and dark red in the sun 
and faintly on the shaded side, moderately sprinkled with large and 
small light dots, a few being areole ; stalk short ; cavity medium, some- 
times slightly russeted ; calyx small, closed ; basin deep, large, slightly 
corrugated; flesh yellowish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid; 
good to very good; core small. January, March. 

Clayton. 

Originated with Richard Worrell, near Clayton, Indiana, and is 
valued as a late keeper. Tree vigorouSj upright, a regular and abun- 
dant bearer, but only moderate crop alternate years. 

Truit rather large, roundish oblate, regular ; skin smooth, yellow, 
nearly covered with light and dark rich red, and moderately sprinkled 
with light dots ; stalk short ; cavity rather large, thinly russeted ; calyx 
small, nearly closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow- 
ish, rather coarse, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good; core 
small. January, May. 

Cline's Codlin. 

Origin unknown ; introduced by Daniel Cline, of Fairview Town- 
ship, York County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, an early 
bearer, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular ; skin pale whitish yellow, 
almost waxen, sometimes a light shade of red in the sun ; stalk short, 
small ; cavity large ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh whitish yellow, fine, crisp, juicy, lively subacid ; good to very 
good ; core medium. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Connecticut Red Cheek. 
Connecticut Red Streak. Connecticut Red Side. 

An old variety, which originated in Hartford County, Conn. Tree 
vigorous, upright spreading ; very productive alternate years. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate; skin pale, with a bright red 
cheek, sometimes a few obscure splashes and stripes, and a few scatter- 
ing brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; 
basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, crisp, ten- 
der, juicy, mild subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. October, 
November. 

Cons. 

An old variety of uncertain origin, grown in Lancaster and York 
counties, Pa., where it is esteemed as a dessert apple. Tree moderately 
vigorous, rather upright, very productive. 

Fruit quite small, roundish, slightly conic; skin w-hitish, mottled 
and striped with rather dull red, a.nd sprinkled with a few light dots : 
stalk long, slender ; cavity medium ; calyx half closed ; basin medium, 



THE APPLE. 



7 



corrugated ; flesh wMte, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; good to 
very good ; core medium. Ripe last of July and August. 

Grain's Spice. 

Originated with Dr. James H. Grain, Undulation, Illinois. Tree 
vigorous, forming a round head ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin en- 
tirely covered with deep rich red, and a few light dots ; stalk very short, 
small ; cavity small or medium ; calyx small, closed ; basin some- 
what narrow, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh quite white, a little stained 
next the skin, fine, tender, quite acid at first, but when fully ripe a pe- 
culiar subacid, quince-like flavor; good; core rather small. October, 
January. 

Davage. 

Origin unknown; introduced by Judge James Davage, of Cale- 
donia, Illinois. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round head, an 
early and annual bearer, said to be a fine apple, retaining its juice and 
flavor remarkably well. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin whitish, nearly covered 
with light and dark red, many large yellowish and some brown, ir- 
regular, and star-shaped dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity medium, often slightly russeted ; calyx open ; basin quite broad, 
not deep, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, fine, rather firm, juicy, mild 
subacid, inclining to sweet ; good to very good ; core small. February, 
May. 

Dr. Fulcher. 

Received from J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Kentucky, who informs 
me that it was a chance seedling found on the farm of the late Dr. Ful- 
cher, of that town, and is very popular there, Tree thrifty, upright, in- 
clining to spread in the orchard ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer ; 
young shoots light reddish brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the ends, 
sometimes slightly oblique ; skin whitish yellow, shaded, mottled, 
striped, and splashed over two-thirds its surface with light and dark red, 
a thin grayish bloom, and a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
rather large, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx open or half closed ; 
basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh white, half fine, sometimes a lit- 
tle stained next the skin, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; very good; 
core small. November, January. 

Donahue. 

Originated with P. Donahue, near Gumberland, Md. Tree moder- 
ately vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, very slightly conic, regular ; skin 
deep rich red or purplish in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, sometimes a little greenish ; 



8 



THE APPLE. 



calyx small, closed ; basin large, slightly uneven ; flesh white, fine, ten 
der, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small. 
October, January. 

DUFFIELD. 

Originated with James Duffield, Jr., Van Buren, Iowa. Tree 
moderately vigorous, spreading ; an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, skin yellow, shaded, splashed 
and striped with light and dark red over the whole surface, and moder- 
ately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 




Doctor Fulcher. 



large, deep, slightly russeted ; calyx closed, basin medium, corrugated ; 
flesh yellowish, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, rather 
rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, February. 

DULING. 
Duling's Sweet. 

Originated with Edmund Duling, Linton Township, Coshocton Co., 
Ohio. Tree healthy, vigorous, rather spreading; begins to bear quite 
early ; a regular bearer, some seasons very heavy crops ; young shoots, 
grayish brown, smooth. 

Fruit roundish, inclining to conic, regular ; skin yellow, shaded, 
striped and splashed with deep rich red nearly over the whole surface — 
the splashes sometimes in broad bands, — pale red in the shade ; stalk 
of medium length, slender, curved ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; calyx 
closed ; basin medium, regular ; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant, 
mild subacid, almost sweet ; very good ; core small. Middle of August 
to middle of September. 



THE APPLE. 



9 



Dulin's Red. 

Raised by Lodd Dulin, of Hopkinsville, Christian County, Ky., 
where it is considered a valuable and popular winter fruit. Tree 
moderately vigorous, rather upright, and makes a handsome orchard 
tree, very productive alternate years; young shoots brownish red, 
grayish. 

Fruit medium, oblate, very little conic, sides sometimes unequal ; 
skin entirely covered with light red, striped and splashed with dark 
red, and many light and brown dots ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep ; 
calyx half closed ; basin medium, regular ; flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse, breaking, tender, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; 
good to very good ; core medium. December, February. 




DiTlin"'s Eed. 



Esperen's Eeinette. 
Reinette d' Esperen. 

A foreign variety ; tree strong and vigorous, spreading, very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large oblate, or roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin light 
golden yellow, a shade of pale light red in the sun, and a few browai 
dots ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity large, broad, regular, thinly 
russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, 
rather coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; good to very good ; core 
smalL December, February. 

Fairy. 

A new English dessert apple, which is spoken of as very handsome, 
and of fine quality, and it is thought will rival in size and color the 
celebrated Lady apple. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, hardy, and 
prolific. 



10 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical ; skin lemon yellow, covered with 
bright lively crimson, shaded with streaks of a deeper tinge ; stalk of 
medium length, slender; cavity small, russety; calyx closed; basin 
small, plaited; flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a rich 
brisk flavor, and a fine delicate aroma. December, February. (Florist 
and Pomologist.) 

Fall Queex, or Haas. 

Gros Pommier. Haas. Horse of some. 

Gros Pomier. Maryland Queen. Hoss. 

Originated on the grounds of Gabriel Cerre many years since, adjoin- 
ing the then village of St. Louis (now city). Mo. It was at first called 
Gros Pommier, but now generally Fall Queen or Haas, and we retain 
this, as it is most commonly used. It is very popular through most of 
the West and Southwest as a profitable market fruit, and for family 
use. Tree hardy, very vigorous, upright, forming a beautiful symmetric 
head ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, angular or slightly 
ribbed ; skin smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded nearly over the whole 
surface with light and dark red, some rather obscure splashes and 
stripes, and a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, a little 
greenish; calyx closed; basin small or medium, slightly corrugated; 




Fall Queen, or Haas. 



flesh quite white, fine, often stained next the skin, and sometimes 
through the flesh, tender, very juicy, vinous, brisk subacid ; good to 
very good ; core medium or large. September, October. 



THE APPLE. 



11 



Fall Stripe. 
Saxton. 

An old variety which originated in Massachusetts or Connecticut. 
Tree vigorous, forming a handsome round head ; very productive alter- 
nate years ; an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular ; skin yellow, shaded, striped 
and splashed with light and dark red over the whole surface, having a 
few light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, slightly 
russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; skin yellow- 
ish, a little coarse, juicy, tender, subacid, slightly aromatic; good to 
very good ; core small. September. 

Franclin. 

Origin, Lancaster County, Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, with a 
round head, very productive alternate years, and a few the intervening 
ones. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin pale greenish white, covered 
with pale red, often deep red in the sun, sometimes obscure splashes 
and stripes, and a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
,rather large, sometimes a little russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, 
very slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small. September, October. 

General Lyon. 

A new variety, received from George S. Park, who writes that it was 
raised from seed of Ben Davis by the late Elias Peck, of Parksville, 
Missouri, and that the tree is hardy, and resembles its parent in growth ; 
very productive annually, a long keeper, and a good market fruit ; young 
shoots smooth, brownish red. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, flattened at the ends, 
sometimes a little oblique ; skin bright yellow, shaded with light and 
dark red nearly over the whole surface; sometimes a few faint stripes 
and a few light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, 
often slight green russet ; calyx open ; basin broad, not very deep, cor- 
rugated ; flesh yellowish, fine, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, 
rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. January, April. 

General Marion. 

' Originated with Henry Lyons, Columbia, S. C. Tree a strong, 
vigorous grower, quite spreading, not early coming into bearing, but 
uniformly productive when it attains suflicient age, valuable for its late 
keeping and productiveness ; young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or below; roundish oblate conic, slightly angular; 
skin pale yellow, shaded, and rather obscurely striped with light and 
dark red nearly over the whole surface, and moderately sprinkled with a 
light and gray dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium or small ; calyx half 
closed ; basin rather narrow, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, half 
fine, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core 
medium. January to April. 



12 



THE APPLE. 



Gillette's Winesap. 

Origin unknown, but supposed to have originated with the late H. 
N. Gillette, of Quaker Bottom, Ohio. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, 
a good and valuable apple, quite productive alternate years. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, a little oblique, sides sometimes 
unequal ; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with light red, rather thinly 
striped and splashed with darker red, and moderately sprinkled with 
light and brown dots ; some specimens have a mixed red and russet on 
the exposed side ; stalk short ; cavity medium, much russeted ; calyx 
open, or half closed ; basin rather large, regular ; flesh white, a little 
coarse, crisp, juicy, tender, mild subacid ; very good ; core small. De- 
cember, January. 

Goyeau. 

A chance seedling on the farm of Goyeau, Windsor, On- 
tario. Tree a vigorous grower, rather straggling and crooked ; comes 
rather early into bearing, and produces good crops annually. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, angular or slightly ribbed, and some- 
what irregular ; skin light pale yellow, many rather obscure light dots ; 
stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity rather large, uneven ; calyx 
closed ; basin quite large, furrowed ; flesh yellowish, fine, very tender, 
juicy, brisk subacid, excellent for culinary uses, and a fair table fruit. 
August, September. 

Grattan. 

This new large apple was grown from seed by Nehemiah Smith, of 
Grattan, but while quite young, before fruiting, was removed to the farm 
of Solomon Deal, of Oakfield, Mich. It is highly prized in that section 
for culinary purposes as well as for the table. Tree vigorous, upright, 
forming a round open head, producing good crops annually, and larger 
ones alternate years. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, regular ; 
skin smooth, bright yellow, moderately sprinkled with grayish dots ; 
stalk very short, small ; cavity large, deep, sometimes slightly russeted ; 
calyx open, or partially closed ; basin large, deep, nearly smooth ; flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, tender, juicy, brisk, subacid ; good to very 
good ; core small. September, December. 

Gros Pigeonnet. 

Of foreign origin. Tree strong, but a slow, grower ; productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, shaded, mottled, 
and rather obscurely striped and splashed, with light and dark rich red 
over most of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with small light dots ; 
stalk short, small ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium, 
furrowed ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, subacid ; good. 
December, February. 



THE APPLE. 



13 



Gros Yert. 
Large Green. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate ; skin greenish yellow, covered with a few 
rather obscure green and grayish dots ; stalk rather short, moderately 
stout ; cavity quite large, russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly 
corrugated; flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; 
good to very good ; core small. January, March. 

Hannah. 

Originated with Joseph Curtis, of Manchester, O. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, upright at first, but spreading when in bearing ; an annual, 
moderate bearer. 

Fruit roundish oblate conic, slightly angular ; skin pale dull green- 
ish yellow, striped, splashed and mottled over half the surface with light 
red, and moderately sprinkled with large and small white dots, a few 
being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx small, 
closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh greenish white, fine, tender, 
juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet ; good to very good ; core small. 
November, December. 

Hatcher. 
Hatcher's Seedling". 

Originated on the farm of the late O. C. Hatcher, near Franklin, 
Tenn. Tree an upright thrifty grower, not an early bearer, but pro- 




Hatclier. 



duces good crops annually ; a late keeper, and one of the most popular 
apples in Middle Tennessee. 



14 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medinm, roundisli incliniiig to conic, slightly angular ; sVin 
very dark ricli red, sometimes almost purplish., a few light dots ; stalk 
.short, small ; cavity medium, often slight russet ; calyx open ; basin 
medium, slightly plaited ; flesh yellow, fine, rather compact, juicy, mild, 
pleasant rich subacid, almost sweet ; very good ; core small. January, 
March. 

HAWKI^'s* Chiee. 

OrigLuated with S. Hawkins, Maple Grove, Minn. Tree hardy, 
healthy and vigorous, and adapted for a northern latitude. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic ; skin pale yellow, clear of the 
slightest blush or tinge; stalk short, stout; cavity shallow; calyx 
closed ; basin broad, deep ; flesh rather coarse, brittle, acid ; good ; core 
small. October. (Western Pomologist.) 

Origin, orchard of G-eneral Isaac Sandford, of Vermillion, HL 
Tree a moderate grower, forming a round head ; a moderate bearer at 
first, but when the tree has attained some age is very productive ; val- 
uable in its locality for late keeping and market. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes a little oblique ; skin en- 
tirely covered with dark red, sometimes obscure splashes and moderately 
sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, sm all ; cavity medium, much rus- 
set; calyx closed; basin broad, rather shallow, corrugated; flesh whi- 
tish, half fine, rather compact, mild subacid ; good to very good ; core 
small. January to May. 

HOYA GOLDEX ReLS"ETTE. 

Hayasclie Gold Beinette. Bemette de Hoy a. 

Of German origin. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading ; an early and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; skin golden yellow, shaded with dark 
red, faintly striped and splashed with light red. and sprinkled with a 
few Kght and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, slight russet ; 
calyx closed ; basin medium ; flesh yellowish, half fine, juicy, tender, 
subacid ; good ; core small. November, March. 

HuyTSMA2v's Favorite. 

A seedling on the farm of John Huntsman, of Fayette, Mo. Tree 
vigorous, not a very early bearer, but is very productive annually when 
the tree has attained sufficient age ; it is said to be a valuable and profi- 
table fruit in the locality where it originated ; young shoots smooth, red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, often a little oblique; skiu 
smooth, pale yellow, sometimes a shade of jDale red or deep yellow in 
the sun, and a few scattering grayish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
broad, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed, or nearly so ; basin 



15 



THE APPLE. 



large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, crisp, 
tender, juicy, mild rich subacid, slightly aromatic; very good; core 
rather small. December, March. 




Huntsman's Favorite. 



HUMISTOX. 

Origin Plymouth, Comi. Tree vigorous, upright, with long branches, 
forming a spreading head when in frnit, very productive every other 
year, hangs late on the tree, cooks well, but only second quality for 
eating. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conic, sides some- 
times unequal ; skin yellov/, a little gTeenish, shaded and rather ob- 
scurely striped and splashed with light and dark red over half or two- 
thirds its surface, a few light and gray dots ; stalk rather short, small ; 
cavity qnite large, slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, 
slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, 
subacid ; good ; core small. February, March. 

Illinois Geeexixg. 

Originated with Joseph Curtis, of Paris, 111. Tree hardy, -vigorous, 
upright, somewhat sjDreading, produces large crops annually, valuable as 
a late keeping market apple in its locality. 

Fruit large oblate, to roundish oblate, sometimes a little oblique ; 
skin greenish yellow, often a shade of dull red in the sun, and a few 
light and brown dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium, slight russet ; 
calyx half open ; basin large, deep, nearly smooth ; flesh yellowish, 
half fine, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid ; good ; core small. 
January, April. 



16 



THE APPLE. 



Iowa Russet. 

This new apple originated with Joseph L. Budd, Shellsburg, Iowa, 
who informs us that the tree is very hardy, vigorous, making a compact 
round head, an early, annual, and abundant bearer ; fruit even in srze, 
of good quality, and a valuable acquisition for the prairie country ; 
young shoots light reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, sometimes slightly oblique ; 
skin deep yellow, a shade of pale red when exposed to the sun, mod- 
erately sprinkled with grayish dots, and partially covered with patches 
and nettings of russet ; stalk short, small ; cavity quite large ; calyx 
closed ; basin round, quite deep, nearly smooth ; flesh yellowish, half 
fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, rather rich ; good to very 
good ; core small. January, March. 




Iowa Eusset. 



Irish Pippin. 

/ 

Originated with Stephen A. Porter, Norristown, Pa. Tree a free 
upright grower, forming a handsome head, very productive alternate 
years ; young shoots smooth, reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, sometimes roundish, slightly 
conical ; skin whitish, shaded with light bright red, striped and broken 
splashes of dark red, and a few light and brown dots ; stalk very short, 
small ; cavity medium, sometimes a little russeted ; basin small, corru- 
gated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly vinous ; very 
good ; core rather small. October, November. 

Johnson. 

Originated with Thomas Johnson, Ash Ridge, 111. Tree vigorous, 
upright, an annual and good bearer ; it is highly prized where it origi- 
nated. 



THE APPLE. 



17 



Fruit meclium to large, oblate, sometimes slightly oblique ; skin pale 
greenisk yellow, almost entirely covered -witli dark rich red, inclining 
to maroon, and moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk 
very short, small ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx open ; basin medium, 
sKghtly plaited ; flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, mild rich subacid, inclining 
to sweet ; very good ; core small. December, March. 




Irisli Pippin. 



Kansas Queex. 

Raised by Burrell Atkinson, Leavenworth, Kan. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, forming a handsome open head ; very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin 
entirely covered with light and dark red, sometimes almost purplish in 
the sun, moderately sprinkled with small light and gray dots ; stalk 
short, slender ; cavity deep, rather narrow ; calyx closed or nearly so ; 
basin medium, corrugated ; flesh quite white, rather firm, juicy, brisk 
vsubacid ; good ; core rather large. August, September. 

Kansas Sweet. 

A seedling raised by B. Atkinson, of Leavenworth, Kansas. Tree 
erect, compact, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, slightly conical ; skin gi^eenish yellow, 
covered with broken stripes of light red and crimson ; dots small, black, 
scattered ; stalk short, rather thick ; cavity regular, wide, deep ; calyx 
small, closed; basin shallow; flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, crisp, 
breaking, very tender and pleasant, sugar sweet ; quality excellent ; core 
medium. ISTovember to January. 



18 



THE APPLE. 



King Solomon. 

Origin unkno^Ti ; received from J. S. Downer & Son, of Fairview, 
Ky., who wiite me that it came from Georgia. Tree a strong, vigorous 
grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but very productive alternate 
years ; a handsome and good apple of its season ; young shoots dark 
reddish brown ; buds large. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly angular ; 
skin .orange yellow, a few scattered stripes and splashes of light red over 
the surface, and moderately sprinkled with brown dots; stalk short; 
cavity medium ; calyx large, open ; basin rather large or medium ; flesh 
yellow, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; 
good to very good ; core small. September. 

Kinnaied's Choice. 

Originated on the farm of the late Michael Kinnaird, of Franklin, 
Tenn. Tree a thrifty, vigorous gi'ower, not very upright or regular, 
similar to Winesap ; an early and annual bearer, producing heavier 
crops alternate years. 




Kinnaird's Choice. 



Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular, or ob- 
scurely ribbed, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yellow, almost covered 
with dark rich red, many small light dots near the crown, and larger 
ones and less number near the base ; stalk short, small, sometimes by a 
lip; cavity wide, deep, russeted; calyx closed; basin large, deep, fur- 
rowed ; flesh yellowish, half flne, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, rich sub- 
acid, slightly aromatic : very good ; core small. J anuary. 



THE APPLE. 



19 



Lallier's Prolific Red. 

A new variety raised by Eugene Lallier, of Leavenworth, Kansas. 
Specimens received from Dr. J. Stayman, who writes that the tree is 
moderately vigorous, forming a round head, unusually productive on 
rich bottom land, where nearly all others fail, and has shown no symp- 
tom of blight or disease of any kind ; use, table and market. 




Lallier's Prolific Red. 



Eruit medium, oblate, slightly conical ; skin pale greenish yellow, 
shaded with rather bright red, more or less faint stripes and splashes of 
rather dull red over most of the surface, and covered with numerous 
light dots in the sun and grayish ones in the shade ; stalk short ; cavity 
medium to large, sometimes thinly russeted ; calyx closed, or nearly so ; 
basin small or medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish, half fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small. 
October, February. 

Lambert. 
Keasbey's Favorite. 

Origin near Salem, N. J., on the premises of John H. Lambert. 
Tree very vigorous, rather upright, inclining to spread ; a good bearer, 
and keeps well. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly conical ; skin 
whitish yellow, nearly covered with pale light red and obscurely striped 
and splashed with darker red and numerous light dots ; stalk very short, 
small ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx large, closed ; basin large, 
deep, corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, rather firm, juicy, pleasant 
subacid, slightly aromatic ; very good ; core small. December to Feb- 
ruary. 



20 



THE APPLE. 



Landsberger Reinette. 
Reinette de Landsberg-, 

Originated with Justrigrath Burchardt, Hanover, Germany. Tree 
strong, vigorous, spreading, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular ; skin smooth, golden yellow, 
sometimes a shade of light red in the sun, and many light and brown 
dots ; stalk long, slender ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx closed ; basin 
medium, corrugated; flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, lively 
subacid, rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, J an- 
uary. 

Lelieur. 

Of foreign origin and a promising variety. Tree vigorous, upright, 
very productive. 

Truit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin yel- 
low, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red over the en- 




Lelieur. 



tire surface, and a few scattering light dots ; stalk short, slender ; cavity 
large, deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin quite large, moderate- 
ly deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid ; good to very good ; core small. November, February. 

Long's Russet. 

Originated with the late J. S. Long, of Fairview, Ky., and is con- 
sidered one of the best late keeping apples for that locality. Tree vigo- 
rous, upright, but spreading when in fruit, and makes a large handsome 
tree ; very productive annually ; young shoots reddish brown, grayish. 



THE APPLE. 



21 



Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly oblique ; skin greenish, near- 
ly covered with rough dull russet; stalk very short; cavity rather 
broad, deep ; calyx open ; basin medium, regular ; flesh white, green 
tinge, half fine, moderately juicy, half tender, pleasant subacid ; good ; 
core small. March, April. 



McAfee's Nonsuch. 



McAfee. 
McAfee's Red. 
Striped Pearmain. 
Snorter. 
Nonsuch. 
Zeeke. 

Gray's Keeper. 
Park's Keeper. 



Wyandotte. 
Gray Apple. 
Indian. 
Uncle Zeeke. 
Winter Pearmain. 
Large Striped Winter Pear- 
main. 

Striped Winter Pearmaia. 



Large Striped Pearmain. 
Storr's Wine. 
Missouri Superior. 
New Missouri. 
Valandingham's Wine. 
White Crow. 

Ladies' Favorite of some. 
Hubbardston Nonsuch, e: 
roneously. 



As this and Striped Winter Pearmain in the second revised edition 
have proved to be identical, we give a new description with the addition- 
al syns. An old variety, which originated in the orchard of George 
McAfee, near Harodsburg, Mercer County, Ky. We are indebted to 
Dr. William Howsley, of Leavenworth, Kansas, for its history, origin, 
etc. Tree very vigorous, forming a round spreading head. It does not 
come early into bearing, but is very productive when it attains some 
age. It is considerably grown through the West and South-west under 
the name of Striped Winter Pearmain, also more or less by the syns. as 
given above. It is valued in many localities as one of the best of its 



season ; in others of but little value. 



Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic ; skin yel- 
low, striped, splashed and marbled with light and dark bright red nearly 
over the surface, yet showing the yellow ground nearly all through, thickly 
sprinkled with large and small light dots, some areole ; stalk short to 
long, slender ; cavity large, deep, often thinly russeted ; calyx small, 
closed ; basin rather small, slightly plaited ; flesh yellowish, half fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, rich mild subacid, inclining to sweet, slightly aroma- 
tic ; very good ; core medium. October, February. 



Mann. 

A chance seedling in the orchard of Judge Mooney, of Granby, l^T. Y. 
Tree hardy, an upright grower, with rather slender branches, forming a 
round head ; an early and annual bearer, a late keeper, valuable for 
market and cooking, and a fair table fruit. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin deep 
yellow when fully ripe, often with a shade of brownish red where ex- 
posed, and thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots, a few being 
areole ; stalk short, rather small ; cavity medium or quite large, some- 
times slightly russeted; calyx generally closed; basin rather large, 
slightly corrugated; flesh yellowish, half fine, half tender, juicy, mild 
pleasant subacid; good to very good; core medium. January, April. 



22 THE APPLE. 




Mann. 



Marquis of Lorne. 
Raised from seed of the Gravenstien by William Sutton, of Port 




Marquis of Lome. 



Williams, Nova Scotia. Tree Yery vigorous, making a large spreading 



THE APPLE. 



23 



tree ; it is rather late coming into bearing, but produces good crops 
annually when established ; valuable for market and culinary uses. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish yel- 
low, shaded, mottled, and a few broken splashes and stripes of light and 
dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and brown 
dots ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx large, open ; 
basin large, irregular or ribbed ; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, 
tender, juicy, lively subacid; good to very good; core medium. No- 
vember. 

Mason's Stranger. 

Mason's Pippin. Old Field. Izzard. 

A chance seedling found on the farm of Dr. George Mason, Yirginia. 
Tree of vigorous growth, forming a large symmetric head, very pro- 
ductive annually; a popular and favorite apple where it originated; 
young shoots brownish red. 




Mason's Stranger. 



Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed ; skin light bright yellow, 
sometimes a shade of light red where exposed to the sun, and a few 
brownish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, slight russet ; calyx 
open ; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, rather compact, 
crisp, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet, somewhat spicy and rich ; 
very good ; core small. December, February. 

Missouri Pippin. 
Missouri Keeper. 

It is said to have originated in the orchard of Brink Hornsby, 
Johnson County, Mo. Tree hardy, a strong upright, rather spreading 
grower, an early and abundant annual bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, somewhat 
flattened at the ends; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and 



24 



THE APPLE. 



splashed with light and dark red, often quite dark in the sun, having 
many large and small light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
large, deep ; calyx closed, or half open ; basin rather abrupt, deep, 
slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, a little coarse, crisp or breaking, 
moderately juicy, subacid; good; core small. January, April. 

Monte Bello. 

Originated with Matthew Gray, Riverside, Monte Bello Township, 
111. Tree rather upright, hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous, an early 
bearer, very productive annually, a new variety, and A. C. Hammond, 
from whom specimens were received, writes that he considers it an 
apple of great promise. 




Monte Bello. 



Fruit above medium, oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow, shaded and 
mottled with light red, striped and splashed with dark rich red over the 
whole surface, and a few large light dots ; stalk very short, small ; 
cavity large, broad, russeted ; calyx small, nearly closed ; basin large, 
deep, smooth ; flesh quite white, fine, sometimes a little stained next 
the skin, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, vinous; very good; core 
small or medium. September, November. 

Morgan. 

Originated with Benjamin Morgan, Gloucester County, N. J., many 
years since. Tree a healthy moderate grower, not an early bearer, but 
produces good crops alternate years when the tree attains some age. 

Fruit medium, roundish ; skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a 
shade of pale red in the sun, and many brown dots ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity small, often a little russeted ; basin rather small, slightly corru- 
gated ; flesh white, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild sub- 
acid ; good ; core small. October, J anuary. 



THE APPLE. 



25 



Otoe Eed Streak. 

Originated with James H. Masters, Nebraska City, Otoe County, 
Nebraska. Tree an upright spreading grower, forming a round head ; 
an early and abundant bearer annually. 




Otoe Red Streak. 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides sometimes unequal; skin 
whitish yellow, nearly covered with light red, many stripes and broken 
splashes of dark rich red, moderately sprinkled with light and grayish 
dots ; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx 
closed ; basin large, deep, very slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, 
sometimes a little stained next the skin, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, 
sprightly subacid ; good to very good ; core small. November, May. 

Parry's White. 
Imperial White. Superior White. White Apple. 

Of unknown origin, supposed to be Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, 
upright, compact head, a regular bearer, and very productive ; use, table, 
cooking, and market. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin smooth, 
whitish, sometimes a slight tinge of red in the sun ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, a little uneven ; 
flesh fine, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, subacid; good. August. 

Perle d'Angleterre. 
Pearl of England. 

Of foreign origin. Tree a strong grower, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yellow, thinly 



25 



THE APPLE. 



sliaded with liglit red, some ratlier obscure stripes and splashes, and 
many brown dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity quite large, 
russeted ; calyx large, open ; basin large, broad, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, half fine, half tender, juicy, brisk subacid, rather rich ; 
good to very good ; core small. November, December. 

PEWAUKi:E. 

Raised from seed of Duchess of Oldenburg by George P. Pepper, of 
Pewaukee, AVis., who sends us specimens, and wiites that the tree is 
strong and ^^.gorous, centre upright, very spreading, an annual bearer, 
and one of the hardiest and best for the Xorthwest ; young shoots dark 
brownish red. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, striped, 
splashed and mottled vrith light and dark red over most of the surface, 
covered with a thin grayish bloom, and many large and small light 
dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; ca^T.ty small ; calyx closed ; 
basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, a little coarse, breaking, 
half tender, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic ; good; core small. Janu- 
ary to May. 

Pilot. 

An accidental seedling, found on the premises of John Pobbins, at 
the foot of Pilot Mountain, ZSTelson County, Ta. Tree hardy, of mod- 




Pilot, 



crate growth, forming a round head, rather slow coming into bearing, 
but when established produces large crops alternate years, and a few the 



THE APPLE. 



27 



interTening ones, and is considered a valuable variety in its locality ; 
young shoots reddish. bro^VQ. 

Pruit lai'ge, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin pale yello^vish 
green, shaded, splashed and striped vrith pale dull red nearly over the 
surface, and thickly sprinkled ^\ith large areole dots ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity rather large ; calyx half closed ; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh 
yellowish ^vhite, fine, rather firm, tender, juicy, rich subacid, slightly 
ai^omatic ; very good ; core small. December, January. 

Pom:sie Geise d'Ok. 
Swazie Pomme Grise. 

An old variety of unknown origin. I am informed it is consider- 
ably gi^own in Canada and some portions of "VTestern Xew York, and 
there were trees of it near ZSTiagara on the Colonel Swazie farm — where 
it probably originated — two feet in diameter. Tree hardy, upright, 
moderately vigorous, and a good bearer every other year. The fruit is 
more oblong, more golden in color, and more aromatic than the Pomme 
Grise, and is considered superior to it. 




Pomme G-rlse d'Or. 



Fruit small, oblate, or roundish oblate, conical; skin deep yellow, 
covered with a thin light cinnamon grayish russet, and many rather 
obscure light dots ; stalk short to long, slender ; cavity rather broad, 
deep; calyx closed; basin quite large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh 
whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich and aromatic ; very good 
or best ; core rather small. January to March or April. 

Presh's "V^I^-TEE. 

Originated at the Forest Xurseiy of J. S. Downer &: Son, of Faii'- 
view, Todd County, Ky., who write that the tree is a good gi'ower, up- 



28 



THE APPLE. 



rigliT, ratlier irregnlar. very productive alternate seasons, and an excellent 
vrinter apple ; yoiing shoots reddish, brown. 

Fruit medium to large roundish, slightly conic ; skin pale yellow, 
shaded with dark red in the sun. thinly shaded and rather obscurely and 
faintly splashed and striped in the shade, moderately sprinkled with 
light dots ; stalk short, small ; ca^uty medium, considerably russeted ; 
calyx open ; basin quite large, deep, smooth ; flesh yellowish, fine, a lic- 
tle firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, vinous; veiy good; core small. 
December, Maix-h. 

PKiycETO>-. 

Origin. Massachusetts. Tree a vigorotis grower, spreading ; a good 
bearer alternate years. 

Fruit mecliLmi, oblate, slightly angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded, 
striped and splashed with light and dark red over most of the surface, 
a few light and gray dots : stalk short, small; cavity medium, smooth, 
sometimes thinly russeted : calyx closed : basin large, deep, a little un- 
even : fiesh white, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; good to very 
good; core mediiun. October, January. 

Eelianxe. 

Oricdn. Berlin, "^is. ; received frcm G, X, Smith, who writes that it 

is A'aluable for that locality for its hardiness, vigor, and productiveness. 

Fruit conical, or oblong conical, slightly ribbed, or with broad shal- 
low furrows ; skin pale light yellow with broken stripes and shades of 
deep red where fully exposed ; stalk short ; cavity deep, open, sKght 
greenish russet ; calyx nearly closed : basin deep, broad, open, with 
many small sharp furrow? ; rir-h white, half fine, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core rather open at centre. 
Januaiy to March. — [Hural JS^eir-York^^r.) 

PaPLEY. 
Eiplev's Claret. 

This is said to have been raised by ]S". L. Eipley. of Collinsville, 
Madison County. 111. Tree said to be thrifty, well shaped and tolerably 
productive. 

Fruit mediimi to large, oblate, somewhat conical, sides unequal ; 
skin smo :'th and shining, ga-eenish ga^ound. nearly covered with a bril- 
liant crimson and marked with numerous white dots : stem medium 
length, slender ; calyx large, closed : flesh white, firm, moderately 
juicy, subacid ; very good ; core rather small and closed. Septem- 
ber. (W. C. Flagg. in -Toi'.rno.l of Horticulture.) 

Rochester Pippix. 

A hybrid raised by Jacob Moore, of Pochester. X. Y.. and judging 
from the specimens received, being of large size and excellent quality, 
is a very promising winter variety. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin smooth, pale 
gi-eenish yellow, shaded ^viih light brownish red in the sun, and a few 



THE APPLE. 



29 



greenish dots ; stalk short, small ; canity large, smooth, a little green- 
ish ; calyx closed ; basin medium or rather large, smooth ; flesh whitish, 
fine, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous refreshing flavor, slightly aromatic and 
rich ; very good or best ; core small. J anuary, March. 




Rochester Pippin. 



KOSE-BUD. 

Origin unknown, supposed to be 'Nevr Castle County, Del. Tree a 
strong, ^dgorous grower, forming a round, rather spreading top, very 
productive ; fruit hangs firmly to the tree, keeps well, and is useful for 
the table and kitchen. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin yellowish, 
shaded and rather obsciirely splashed and striped with light and dark 
red nearly over the sui-face, and moderately sprinkled with quite large 
light dots ; stalk of medium lengih, slender ; canity rather large, often 
sKghtly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin broad, moderately deep ; flesh 
whitish yellow, half fijie, breaking, juicy, mild subacid ; good ; core 
small. December, March. 

Rose Bee. 

Originated with John Rose, Loudon, Mercer County, Pa. Tree 
vigorous, upright, a good bearer alternate years, and some the inter- 
vening ones. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular ; 
skin pale whitish yellow, shaded with light red, striped and splashed 
^\T.th dark red, sometimes almost purplish, and a few light dots ; stalk 
short, rather stout ; ca%'ity rather small, often russeted ; calyx closed ; 



30 



THE APPLE. 



basin small, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, sometimes a little 
stained next the skin, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, brisk subacid ; 
good ; core medium. October, January. 

KosE Hed. 

Of unknown origin, supposed to be on the farm formerly owned by 
Gideon Ramsdell, Egypt, Mom-oe County, N. Y. Tree a thrifty, 
strong grower, upright, inclining to spread ; very productive and regu- 
lar bearer. 




Rose Red. 



Truit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin whitish, shaded, 
striped and splashed with light and dark red, sometimes quite dark, 
nearly over the whole surface, many light dots, a portion being areole ; 
stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep, smooth, a little greenish ; calyx 
half closed ; basin large, deep ; flesh yellowish, fine, very tender, juic^, 
vinous, lively subacid ; very good ; core small. Middle of September 
and November. 

Seager. 

The original tree grows on land owned by the Indians near Lumber- 
ville, Bucks County, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, productive; young 
shoots dark brown, buds large, long, prominent. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular ; skin pale 
yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark rich red, some 
of the splashes quite broad and broken, and a few light dots; stalk 
rather long, slender, curved ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin 
medium, corrugated; flesh white, tender, juicy, rather rich, mild sub- 



THE APPLE. 



31 



acid ; good to very good ; core rather small. Last of Augiist and 
September. 

Schuyler's Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of E-ensselaer Schuyler, Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
Tree vigorous, spreading, open head, a regular bearer, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish or roundish oblate, slightly conic, slightly 
angular ; skin pale yellow, a few scattering brown dots ; stalk rather 
short, slender ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin large, deep, 
slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, 
mild, pleasant sweet, slightly aromatic ; good to very good ; core small. 
September, October. 

SCRIBNER SpITZENBURGH. 

Originated on the farm of Elijah Scribner, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree 
vigorous, spreading, very productive alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded 
with bright deep red in the sun, sometimes obscure stripes and splashes 
and pretty thickly sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, moderately 
stout ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; calyx half closed ; basin medium, 
furrowed ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, 
slightly aromatic ; good to very good ; core small. December, February. 

Sherman's Favorite. 
Sherman's Sweet. 

Originated on the farm now owned by E. C. Sherman, of Wyoming, 
N. Y. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, very productive alternate 
years. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate, angular or slightly ribbed ; skin 
greenish yellow, sometimes brownish red in the sun, moderately 
sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity 
broad, not very deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin broad, rather 
deep ; flesh a little coarse, half tender, crisp, juicy, mild, rather rich 
sweet ; good to very good ; core medium. November, J anuary. 

SiLLIX. 

Originated on the farm of Thomas Sillix, Manellan Township, Pa. 
Tree moderately vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, not an early 
bearer, but very productive alternate years when the tree has attained 
some age. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, regular ; skin pale yellow, shaded 
with light and dark rich red over half or more of the surface, obscurely 
splashed and striped, and covered with numerous small light and gray 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity small, smooth ; calyx half closed ; basin 
medium, slightly corrugated; flesh yellow, fine, compact, moderately 
juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet, quite rich ; very good ; core small. 
December, March. 



32 



THE APPLE. 



Somerset. 

Of uncertain origin; supposed to have originated in tlie town of 
Somerset, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading; an annual bearer, but 




Somerset. 



heavier crops eYerj other year ; a rich, high-flavored apple, desirable for 
family use. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, much narrowed towards the 
calyx ; skin w-hitish yellow, some nettings and patches of russet, and a 
few brown dots; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity medium; 
cal}^ closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh quite white, fine, very ten- 
der, jviicy, rich, highly aromatic; very good or best; core medium. 
October. 

SOULARD. 

Kaised by Antoine Lessieur, of Portage des Sioux, a few miles above 
St. Louis, Mo. Tree very vigorous, ujDright, slightly spreading when in 
fruit ; an early and abundant bearer. This is highly prized in the 
neighborhood of its origin. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular, or ob- 
scurely ribbed ; skin v/hitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light 
and dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and 
brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity quite large, slight russet ; basin 
medium, corrugated ; flesh quite Avhite, very tender, very juicy, spright- 
ly subacid, vinous ; very good ; core rather large. October, IN ovember. 

Starr. 

This large early apple was an accidental seedling on the premises of 
the late John Starr, of Woodbury, N. J. The tree is said to be a 



THE APPLE. 



33 



■vigorous grower, forming a round, somewliat spreading head ; branches 
rather slender; a regular and abundant bearer; valuable as an early 




market sort, and for culinary uses ; young wood light reddish yellow 
brown, buds prominent. 




Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed : skin greenish white, or 
pale yellow at full maturityj sometimes a shade of light red in the sun, 



34 



THE APPLE. 



moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots; stalk short; cavity 
large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin of medium size, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid ; good to 
very good ; core medium ; ripens from the middle of July to the middle 
of September. 

Stayman's Summer. 

Originated on the grounds of Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan- 
sas. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregular, tough, wixy, droops 
like a weeping willow with ropes of fruit, never breaking a limb ; an 
early bearer and very productive, very nearly equal to Benoni and Sum- 
mer Pearmain, and handsomer. 

Fruit medium, round, regular, approaching conic ; skin smooth, 
greenish yellow, splashed and striped with red and purple, covered with 
a white bloom ; dots small, gray, scattered ; stem medium, rather slen- 
der ; cavity narrow, deep, irregular, russeted ; eye very small, closed ; 
basin narrow, shallow, furrowed ; core small, slightly open ; flesh green- 
ish white, very juicy, brittle, sprightly, high flavored, mild acid ; very 
good ; use, kitchen, table, and market. August, September. — ( Western 
Nomologist.) 

Stribling. 

Originated with the late William Stribling, Medon, Tenn. Tree a 
good grower, rather upright, forming a regular round head; an early 
annual and abundant bearer ; young shoots reddish brown. 




stribling. 



Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular ; skin whitish, neajly covered 
with stripes and splashes of light and dark rich red — some of the 



THE APPLE. 



35 



splashes almost piirplisli with rather conspicuous yellow dots; stalk 
short, small; cavity medium; calyx half open; basin rather small, 
slightly corrugated; flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, mild pleasant 
subacid ; good to very good. July at the South. 

Striped Sweet Pippin. 
Striped Pippin. 

An old variety of unknown origin, and was given as a syn. in former 
editions of this work to Striped Winter Pearmain, but has proved 
distinct. Tree vigorous, forming a round, rather low head ; an early 
and abundant bearer, but more heavily alternate years ; valuable for 
table or market ; young shoots olive brown, slightly downy at the end. 




striped Sweet Pippin. 



Pruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin bright 
yellow, shaded with dark rich red in the sun, striiDed, splashed and 
mottled with lighter red on the shaded side, and many light and gray 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin 
quite deep, rather abrupt, a little uneven; flesh white, fine, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant rich sweet, or very mild subacid ; very good ; core 
rather large. November, February. 

Summer King. 

King. Puckett. Cheese. 

Puckett's Summer. Summer Cheese. 

An old variety supposed to have originated in North Carolina, and 
has been cultivated in Warren and Todd Counties, Ky., for many years, 



36 



THE APPLE. 



where it is Mglily prized as one of their best and handsomest apples of 
its season. Tree upright, moderate grower, and productive alternate 
years ; young shoots reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin yellowish green, striped 
with crimson, red and orange ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; 
calyx closed ; basin medium, regular ; flesh whitish, yellow, fine, brittle, 
juic}', mild agreeable subacid flavor; core small. Aug-ust, September. — • 
( Western Gardener.) 

Summer Spitzenburgh. 

French Spitzenburgh. 

Originated with "Woolsey Ostrander, Plattekill, N. Y. Tree moder- 
ately vigorous, forming a round head ; an early and abundant bearer 
annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly angular ; skin whitish, 
almost entii'ely covered with two shades of red in stripes and splashes, 




Summer Spitzenburgh. 



some of which are quite dark, and covered with a thin bloom ; stalk 
short ; cavity medium, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; bamn 
medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish white, half tender, moder- 
ately juicy, subacid, and a little aromatic ; good to very good. August, 
September. 

Tuttle. 

Originated on the farm of Lyman Tuttle, Hamden, Conn. Tree 
upright, vigorous, an early and abundant bearer every other year of fair 



THE APPLE. 



37 



fruit, and valued in its locality for market and family use; young 
shoots dark brown, many light grayish dots. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides sometimes unequal ; skin 
pale yellow, -shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red, nearly 
covering the fruit, and moderately sprinkled with light russet and gray 
dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity large, russeted, sometimes extend- 
ing in rays on the base ; calyx closed ; basin small, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild pleasant subacid; very good; 
core medium. December, March. 

"Wealthy. 

A new variety, raised by Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior, near St, 
Paul, Minn. So far the tree has proved hardy, healthy, vigorous, 
spreading, very productive ; a beautiful and excellent fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish 
yellow, shaded with deep rich red in the sun, obscure broken stripes, 




Wealthy. 



splashes and mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with 
crimson, and many light dots ; stalk short to medium, slender ; cavity 
large, green russet ; calyx partially closed ; basin deep, abrupt, uneven ; 
flesh white, fine, sometimes stained with red, tender, juicy, vinous, 
lively subacid ; very good ; core small. December, February. 

Westeen Beauty. 

Musgrove's Cooper. Big Rambo. Ohio Beauty. 

Origin unkno^vn. William T. English, of Phinehart, O., seems to 
have brought it into notice, and furnished us specimens. Tree very 



38 



THE APPLE. 



vigorous, making a large, spreading, open head; an early and good 
bearer. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow, 
shaded with bright red in the sun, some rather obscure splashes and 
stripes of light red in the shade, thickly sprinkled with large light and 
gray dots, the light ones being areole ; stalk of medium length, slender ; 
cavity large, sometimes light russet ; calyx large, closed ; basin large, 
broad, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core rather small. October, 
February. 

Whitescarver. 

Originated with R. A. Whitescarver, of Laurel Mills, Ya., who 
informs me that the tree is vigorous, rather spreading or round head, 
an early and good bearer annually, but more so alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellowish green, a few 
light dots, a portion being areole ; stalk short ; cavity narrow ; calyx 
small ; basin broad, moderately deep ; flesh yellowish white, half fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core large, open. 
November, December. 

York Stripe. 

Origin York County, Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, an 
early bearer, and very productive alternate years. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin 
pale whitish yellow, shaded and rather thinly striped and splashed with 
light bright red over the whole surface, but quite faintly on the side 
least exposed to the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep, a little 
greenish ; calyx open or half closed ; basin large, deep, slightly corru- 
gated ; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, moderately juicy, mild 
subacid ; good ; core small. January, February. 



SIBEKIAN CEABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN 

APPLES. 

Bailey's Crimson Crab. 

Raised by William H. Bailey, of Plattsburgh, IST. Y. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright ; very productive. 

Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish, very slightly conic ; skin 
yellow, shaded over the whole surface with deep rich crimson, almost 
purplish in the sun, and covered with a light bloom ; stalk short to 
long, slender, in a medium or small cavity ; basin rather shallow, cor- 
rugated ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid and astringent. September. 



THE APPLE. 



39 



Brier's Sweet Crab. 

Origijiated with B. B. Brier, of Baraboo, Wis. Is the result of a 
fertilization of the Siberian Crab with the Bailey apple. Tree perfectly 
hardy, vigorous and productive. 

Fruit as large as the Transcendent ; shaped like the Bailey Sweet ; 
color pale yellow, beautifully pencilled and splashed with carmine ; flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, very sweet and rich ; quality best for dessert 
or preserves. (A. G. Tuttle, Manuscrij)t.) 

Lady Elgix. 
Geneva, Marengo Siberian, No. 4. 

This beautiful new Siberian apple originated on the farm of James 
Forbes, of Ridott Township, 111. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, slender 
branches, very productive, a pleasant dessert fruit, and said to be excel- 
lent for canning ; the slight acid or vinous flavor being preferred by 
some to the rich sweet of the peach. 

Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish oblate, regular; skin smooth, 
whitish yellow, nearly covered with bright rich red, a few light and 
gray dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin 
shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, 
slightly vinous ; very good. September, December. 

Mackie's Beauty Siberian. 

Originated with Matthew Mackie, Clyde, N. Y. Tree vigorous ; 
very productive. 

Fruit large of its class, roundish oblate ; skin whitish, nearly cov- 
ered with deep rich red, a light grayish bloom, and a few light dots ; 
stalk rather long, slender ; cavity quite large ; calyx closed ; basin 
broad, rather shallow, corrugated; flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid, a little astringent. September. 

Sylvan Sweet Crab. 

Baised by Mrs. C. P. Ailing, Sylvan, Richland County, Wis., from 
seed of Siberian Crab, and A. L. Hatch, of that town, describes the tree 
as vigorous, handsome, and suited to a northern latitude ; he says the 
flesh is tender, juicy, and sweet, and thinks it would make good cider. 

Fruit large, two inches or more in diameter, roundish oblate ; skin 
smooth, light yellow, nearly covered with bright red ; stalk long, slen- 
der ; cavity medium ; basin rather small ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant sweet ; core rather large ; ripens last of August and first 
of September. {Nomologist and Gardener.) 

Yan Wyck's Siberian. 

A chance seedling on the farm of Miss Caroline Yan Wyck, Fish- 
kill, Dutchess County, IS^. Y. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish, slightly conic ; skin smooth, 
whitish, shaded and mottled with light bright red, and covered with a 
thin bloom ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; 
calyx closed ; basin medium, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, rather firm, 
moderately juicy, rather rich, honeyed sweet ; good ; core small and close. 
September. 



40 



THE APPLE. 



Additional Synonyms. 

Alpian Syn. of Cannon Pearmain. 

Anderson " " " 

American Nonpareil " Domine. 

August Pippin " Sunamer Sweet Paradise. 

Bell's Favorite " Sops of Wine. 

Bully Pippin " Ewalt. 

Chillicothe Sweet " Bailey's Sweet. 

Crutchfield G-reening " Bullet. 

Champ Sweet " Hartford Sweet. 

Clay bank " Griffith. 

Conford " Pryor's Red. 

Dixie " Shockley. 

Duverson's June " Early Red Margaret. 

Early White " Cooper's Early White. 

Early July Pippin " Early Harvest. 

Early Red Sweet " Red June Sweet. 

Father Abram " Abram. 

Garvis Seedling " Buckingham. 

Glory of the West " Dutch Codlin. 

Hollman " Mckajack. 

Hazeldeen " Princely. 

Herr's June " Early Red Margaret. 

Holland's Red Winter " Winesap. 

Hutchinson's Pippin " Ben Davis. 

Joe Allen " " 

Jones's Early Harvest " Carolina Red June. 

July Branch " Jersey Sweet. 

Kentucky Red Streak " Ben Davis. 

Kirby's Red " Red Winter Pearmain. 

Lady's Blush " Ewalt. 

Long Island Graft " Fall Orange. 

Normanton Wonder Dumelow's Seedliag. 

New York Bellflower " Fall Orange. 

Regular " Cooper's Market. 

Red Abram " Abram, 

Rigley " Cooper's Market. 

Saille Sweet " Red and Green Sweet. 

Seneca Favorite " Quince. 

Speckled " Fall Orange. 

Striped Quarendon " Early Red Margaret. 

Striped Sweet Harvest " Red June Sweet. 

Striped Red Harvest " " " • 

Susy Clark " Carolina Red June. 

Summer Traveller " Early Red Margaret. 

Sweet Dumpling " Summer Sweet Paradise. 

Tenan Red " Ben Davis. 

Texan Red " Winesap. 

LTxbridge Spice " Capron's Pleasant. 

Van Kleek's Sweet " Hog Island Sweet. 

Virginia June ." Early Red Margaret. 

Virginia Sweet " Red and Green Sweet. 

Virginia Pippin " Ben Davis. 

Westbrook " Fall Orange. 

White Codlin " Dutch Codlin. 

mite Newell " Fall Orange. 

White, or Yellow June of some " Kirkbridge White. 

Wine Sweet " Winter Sweet Paradise. 

Wrigley " Cooper's Market. 

York and Lancaster " St. Lawrence. 



INDEX TO THE APPENDIX. 



APPLES. 

[Standard names are in Roman letters. The synonymous nam^es in Italic^.] 



PAGE 

Autumn Pomme Gris 1 

Bailey's Crimson Crab 38 

Baltzley 2 

Baltzlei/s Sweet 2 

BeUe du Havre 2 

Belle Dome da Havre 2 

Bell's Seedling 3 

Big Bambo 37 

Blenheim Pippin 3 

Blenheim Orange 3 

Blomning Orange 3 

Blenheim 3 

Boyd 3 

Brier's Sweet Crab 39 

Bunker HUl 4 

Buzby s Early 4 

Cadwallader's G-olden 5 

Calkins' Pippin 5 

Cheese 35 

Chester County 5 

Clayton 6 

Cline's Codlin 6 

Connecticut Red Cheek 6 

Connecticut Red Streak 6 

Connecticut Bed Side 6 

Cons 6 

Crains Spice 7 

Davage 7 

Dr. Fulcher 7 

Donahiie 7 

Duffield 8 

Duling 8 

DuUng^'s Siceet 8 

Dulin's Red. 9 

Esperens Reinette 9 

Fairy 

Fall Queen or Haas 10 

Fall Stripe 11 

Franclin 11 

French Spitzenhm^gh 36 

General Lyon 11 

General Marion 11 

Geneva 39 



PAOE 

Gillette's Winesap 12 

Goyeau 12 

Grattan 12 

Gros Pigeonnet 12 

GrosVert 13 

Gros Bommier 10 

Gros Bommier 10 

H'las 10 

Hannah 13 

Hatcher 13 

Ilatchefs Seeding 13 

Hawkins Chief 14 

Hiram 14 

Horse of some 10 

Hoss 10 

Hoy a Golden Reinette 14 

Hayasche Gold Reinette 14 

Huntsman's Favorite 14 

Humiston 15 

Illinois Greening 15 

Bnperial White 25 

Iowa Russet 16 

Irish Pippin 16 

Bzard 23 

Johnson 16 

Kansas Queen 17 

Kansas Sweet 17 

Keasheifs Favorite 19 

Kemptefs Bippinl 3 

King Solomon . 18 

King 35 

Kinnaird's Choice 18 

Lady Elgin. 39 

Lallier's Prolific Red 19 

Lambert 19 

Landsberger Reinette 20 

Large Green 13 

Lelieur 20 

Long's Russet 20 

Mackier Beauty Siberian 39 

IMcAfee's Nonsuch 21 

McAfee 21 



42 APPENDIX — APPLES. 



3lGAfee's Bed 21 

Missouri Superior 21 

Mann 21 

Ilaryland Queen 10 

Marquis of Lome 22 

Marengo Biberian No. 4 39 

Mason's Stranger 28 

Mason's Pifypin 23 

Missouri Pippin 23 

Missouri Keeper 23 

Monte BeUo 24 

Morgan 24 

Musgrove's Cooper 37 

Northicick Pippin 3 

Ohio Beauty 37 

Old Field 23 

Otoe Red Streak 25 

Parry's White , . 25 

Perle d'Angleterre 25 

Bearl of England 25 

Pewaukee 26 

Pilot 26 

Pomme G-rise d'Or 27 

Presh's Winter 27 

Princeton. 28 

Piickett 35 

PucketVs Summer 35 

Beinetie de Landsberg 20 

Beinette de Haya 14 

Bdnette d^Esperen 9 

Reliance 28 

Ripley 28 

Bipley's Claret 28 



' PAGE 

Rochester Pippin 28 

Rose Bee 29 

Rose Bud 29 

Rose Red 30 

Saxton 11 

Seager SO 

Schuyler's Sweet 31 

Scribner Spitzenburgh , 31 

Sherman's Favorite 31 

Sherman'' s Sweet 31 

SiUix 31 

Somerset 32 

Soulard 32 

Starr 33 

Stayman's Summer 34 

Stribling 34 

Striped Sweet Pippin 35 

Striped Pijpin 35 

Summer King 35 

Summer Cheese 35 

Summer Spitzenburgh 36 

Superior White 25 

Swazie Pomme Grise 27 

Sylvan Sweet Crab 39 

Tuttle 86 

Van Wyck's Siberian 39 

Wealthy 37 

Western Beauty 37 

Whitescarver 38 

White Ap)ple 25 

Woodstock Pippin 3 

York Stripe 3S 



